“Modern Whig Party”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Modern Whig Party is a political party in the United States founded in 2007. The party describes itself as a mainstream, middle-of-the-road grassroots^[3] movement representing voters who do not strictly accept Republican^[4] and Democratic positions.^[5]^[6]

The party's general platform supports fiscal responsibility,^[7] strong national defense, and integrity and pragmatism in government. Members of the party have won a handful of local elections, but did so under other party labels or as independents. In recent years the party has not nominated candidates for any major office. The Modern Whig Party underwent a major overhaul of its structure and leadership in late 2014 and re-launched in the early spring of 2015.

History

The whig party was started by Henry Clay,^[8] William H. Harrison^[9][https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/william-henry-harrison], Daniel Webster,^[10] and Horace Greeley. according to the Encyclopedia Brittanica,^[11] (2019) "Whig Party, in U.S. history, major political party active in the period 1834–54 that espoused a program of national development but foundered on the rising tide of sectional antagonism. ".^[12] The whig party was the original Party of Abraham Lincoln Party,^[12]^[13] It arose due to the fact that: "Jackson had shattered the National Republican Party”.^[14] The party became a major force in America politics and while it "captured most of congress and the white house by 1864",^[14] It also managed to capture the Presidency, placing several U.S. Whig Party Presidents, like William Henry Harrison,^[15] James Madison,^[15] James Monroe,^[15] John Quincy Adams,^[15] and Abraham Lincoln^[15] until the eve of the civil war when the party dissolved as it split into Northern and Southern Whigs),^[14] ending in the rise of the current two party system.

Re-Branding of the Whig Party^[16] (2007)

According to The News & Observer, the Modern Whig Party was founded by U.S. troops while they were in "the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan."^[24] The Modern Whig Party was organized as a grassroots^[17]^[18] movement in the beginning of 2007. It is currently active as of (2019), and reflects an ideology of centrism,^[18] multiculturalism,^[19] individualism,^[20] and aims to serve the needs of the community by identifying the most basic human rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution.^[21]

Merger

In December 2018, the Modern Whig Party joined several other third parties and established The Alliance Party.^[22]

Media coverage

In the spring of 2010 Time rated the Modern Whig Party, the U.S. Marijuana Party, the Pirate Party, the Tea Party movement, and the American Secessionists as among the "top 10 most popular alternative political movements worldwide."^[23] Opinion columns in The News & Observer before 2010 were favorable toward the party.^[24]

Membership

In its first authentic electoral test, Gene L. Baldassari running on the Modern Whig ticket sought the 14th District seat in the New Jersey Assembly in the November 2, 2009, general election. He received 859 votes for just over 0.6 percent of the vote.^[25]^[26]

Immediately after the election of November 4, 2008, a push began to attract moderate and conservative Democrats, and members of the Republican Party (GOP) who felt disenchanted with both the GOP's failings and its perception as moving further to the right.^[27]

On December 12–13, 2009, the Modern Whig Party held its first national leadership council meeting in Washington, D.C.; fourteen people were in attendance.^[28]

On November 5, 2013, Robert Bucholz, running on the Modern Whig Party ticket, was elected as Judge of Election for the Fifth Division in Philadelphia's 56th Ward. He beat Democrat Loretta Probasco by 36 votes to 24.^[29]^[30] He is the first member ever to be elected to office in any state under the party name.^[31]^[32]

State and territorial affiliates with ballot access

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=Values |url=http://action.modernwhig.org/values |website=modernwhig.org |accessdate=28 June 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|url= http://action.modernwhig.org/current_office_holders |title=Officeholders |publisher= Modern Whig Action |accessdate=2016-12-15}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/resources/major-american-political-parties-of-the-19th-century|title=Major American Political Parties|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/republican-party-founded|title=Richard Cavendesh|last=|first=|date=|website=hystorytoday.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.modernwhig.info |title=The Modern Whig Party |publisher=Modernwhig.info |date= |accessdate=2009-11-04}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abqjournal.com/news/metro/292319194747newsmetro07-29-09.htm|title=Whigs Revived |publisher=Albuquerque Journal|date=July 29, 2009|accessdate=October 8, 2013}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.creators.com/read/ben-shapiro/02/12/the-republican-party-becomes-the-whig-party|title=The Republican Party Becomes the Whig Party|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Clay|title=Henry Clay: The American Statesman|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/william-henry-harrison|title=William H Harrison|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Clay|title=Daniel Webster|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
11. ^{{Citation|chapter=Whig Party (1834–1856)|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=9780872895522|doi=10.4135/9781452240206.n153|title=Student's Guide to Elections|year=2008}}.
12. ^¹{{Citation|chapter=Whig Party (1834–1856)|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=9780872895522|doi=10.4135/9781452240206.n153|title=Student's Guide to Elections|year=2008}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Howe|first=Daniel Walker|date=Winter 1995|title=Why Abraham Lincoln Was a Whig|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|volume=16|issue=1|issn=1945-7987|hdl=2027/spo.2629860.0016.105}}
14. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Whig-Party|title=Whig Party {{!}} History, Beliefs, Significance, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}}
15. ^¹²³⁴{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidentsusa.net/partyofpresidents.html|title=Political Parties of the Presidents|website=www.presidentsusa.net|access-date=2019-02-01}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.modernwhig.org/|title=The Modern Whig Institute|website=The Modern Whig Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/resources/major-american-political-parties-of-the-19th-century|title=Major American Political Parties of the 19th Century|website=Norwich University Online|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}}
18. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://action.modernwhig.org/blog|title=Blog|website=The Modern Whig Institute|access-date=2019-02-01}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/prospects-for-partisan-realignment-lessons-from-the-demise-of-the-whigs/|title=Prospects for partisan realignment: Lessons from the demise of the Whigs|last=Wallach|first=Philip A.|date=2017-03-06|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}
20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Fox|first=Dixon Ryan|date=1918–2012|title=The Economic Status of the New York Whigs|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=33|issue=4|pages=501–518|doi=10.2307/2141604|issn=0032-3195|jstor=2141604}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/on-this-day-the-whig-party-becomes-a-national-force|title=On this day, the Whig Party becomes a national force - National Constitution Center|website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}}
22. ^http://action.modernwhig.org/
23. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975807_1975805_1976014,00.html | work=Time | title=Top 10 Alternative Political Movements | date=2010-03-29}}
24. ^¹{{cite news |last1=Christensen |first1=Rob |date=2009-04-26 |title=Whigs rise again |url=http://www.newsobserver.com/politics/story/1501272.html |deadurl=yes |department=Politics |newspaper=The News & Observer |location=Raleigh, NC |publisher=The McClatchy Company |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429173911/http://www.newsobserver.com/politics/story/1501272.html |archivedate=2009-04-29 |accessdate=2013-12-09}}
25. ^{{cite web |title=NJ General Assembly 14 |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=495661 |website=Our Campaigns |publisher=Our Campaigns |accessdate=24 December 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Official List Candidate Returns for General Assembly For November 2009 General Election|url=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2009-official-gen-elect-gen-assembly-tallies-120109.pdf|website=NJelections.org|publisher=New Jersey Department of State - Division of Elections|accessdate=February 2, 2018|page=14}}
27. ^"Republicans are Bald, Put on your Whigs" by Kyle Munzenrieder on Nov. 7, 2008 in Miami New Times
28. ^{{cite web|last=Dubbins |first=Andrew |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2238557/ |title=America says it wants a third party. Why not the Modern Whigs? |publisher=Slate.com |date=2009-12-14 |accessdate=2013-09-29}}
29. ^{{cite web|author=Alex Wigglesworth, For Philly.com |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/Philly_elects_first_Whig_in_157_years.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109003252/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/Philly_elects_first_Whig_in_157_years.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-11-09 |title=Philly elects first Whig in 157 years |publisher=Philly.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-10}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/20131107_A_rare_Phila__win_-_for_a_Whig_.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111011055/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/20131107_A_rare_Phila__win_-_for_a_Whig_.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-11-11 |title=Rare Phila. win — for a Whig! |publisher=Philly.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-10 |df= }}
31. ^{{cite web|last=Jacobs |first=Ben |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/07/whigs-win-for-first-time-in-150-years.html |title=First Win For Whigs In 150 Years |publisher=The Daily Beast |date= |accessdate=2013-11-10}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/whig-wins-philly-160-years-article-1.1509947 |title=First Whig, Robert Bucholz, elected in Philadelphia in nearly 160 years |publisher=NY Daily News |date= |accessdate=2013-11-10}}
33. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2009/12/big_whigs.html | title=America says it wants a third party. Why not the Modern Whigs? | work=Slate | date=2009-12-14 | accessdate=27 September 2013}}
34. ^{{cite news | url=http://ballot-access.org/2014/09/25/modern-whig-party-places-a-nominee-for-county-office-on-the-ballot-in-mccracken-county-kentucky/ | title=Modern Whig Party Places a Nominee | work=Ballot-Access.org | date=2014-09-25 | accessdate=24 February 2016}}