“Lipofuscin”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Lipofuscin is the name given to fine yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion.^[1]^[2] It is considered to be one of the aging or "wear-and-tear" pigments, found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, retina, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells.^[3] It is specifically arranged around the nucleus, and is a type of lipochrome.

Formation and turnover

It appears to be the product of the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and may be symptomatic of membrane damage, or damage to mitochondria and lysosomes. Aside from a large lipid content, lipofuscin is known to contain sugars and metals, including mercury, aluminium, iron, copper and zinc.^[4] Lipofuscin is also accepted as consisting of oxidized proteins (30–70%) as well as lipids (20–50%).^[5]

The accumulation of lipofuscin-like material may be the result of an imbalance between formation and disposal mechanisms: Such accumulation can be induced in rats by administering a protease inhibitor (leupeptin); after a period of three months, the levels of the lipofuscin-like material return to normal, indicating the action of a significant disposal mechanism.^[6] However, this result is controversial, as it is questionable if the leupeptin-induced material is true lipofuscin.^[7]^[8] There exists evidence that "true lipofuscin" is not degradable in vitro;^[9]^[10]^[11] whether this holds in vivo over longer time periods is not clear.

The ABCR -/- knockout mouse has delayed dark adaptation but normal final rod threshold relative to controls.^[12] Bleaching the retina with strong light leads to formation of toxic cationic bis-pyridinium salt, N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E), which causes dry and wet age-related macular degeneration.^[13] From this experiment, it was concluded that ABCR has a significant role in preventing formation of A2E in extracellular photoreceptor surfaces during bleach recovery.

Relation to diseases

Lipofuscin accumulation is a major risk factor implicated in macular degeneration, a degenerative disease of the eye,^[14] as well as Stargardt disease, an inherited juvenile form of macular degeneration.

Abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin known as lipofuscinosis^[1] is associated with a family of neurodegenerative disorders – neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, the most common of these is Batten disease.

Pathological accumulation of lipofuscin is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, certain lysosomal diseases, acromegaly, denervation atrophy, lipid myopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,^[15] and centronuclear myopathy. Accumulation of lipofuscin in the colon is the cause of the condition melanosis coli.

Possible therapies

Calorie restriction,^[4] vitamin E,^[4] and increased glutathione appear to reduce or halt the production of lipofuscin.

The nootropic drug piracetam appears to significantly reduce accumulation of lipofuscin in the brain tissue of rats.^[16]

Wet macular degeneration can be treated using selective photothermolysis where a pulsed unfocused laser predominantly heats and kills lipofuscin-rich cells, leaving untouched healthy cells to multiply and fill in the gaps.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} The technique is also used as a skin treatment to remove tattoos, liverspots, and in general make skin appear younger. This ability to selectively target lipofuscin has opened up research opportunities in the field of anti-aging medicine.

A tetrahydropyridoether can remove lipofuscin from retinal pigment epithelial cells.^[20] This opens up a new therapy option for the treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease, for which there is currently no treatment. The drug has now been granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of Stargardt disease by the European Medicines Agency.

Other uses

Lipofuscin quantification is used for age determination in various crustaceans such as lobsters and spiny lobsters.^[21]^[22] Since these animals lack bony parts, they cannot be aged in the same way as bony fish, in which annual increments in the ear-bones or otoliths are commonly used. Age determination of fish and shellfish is a fundamental step in generating basic biological data such as growth curves, and is needed for many stock assessment methods. Several studies have indicated that quantifying the amount of lipofuscin present in the eye-stalks of various crustaceans can give an index of their age. This method has not yet been widely applied in fisheries management mainly due to problems in relating lipofuscin levels in wild-caught animals with accumulation curves derived from aquarium-reared animals.

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Alberts|first1=Daniel Albert|title=Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary.|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4160-6257-8|page=1062|edition=32nd}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Medical Definition of LIPOFUSCIN|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/lipofuscin|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}
3. ^Young B, Lowe JS, Stevens A, Heath JW. Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Atlas. 6th ed. Elsevier
4. ^¹²Chris Gaugler, "Lipofuscin {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715160509/http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/chem4400/SJBR/lipofus.htm |date=2007-07-15 }}", Stanislaus Journal of Biochemical Reviews May 1997
5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Double |first1=KL |last2=Dedov |first2=VN |last3=Fedorow |first3=H |last4=Kettle |first4=E |last5=Halliday |first5=GM |last6=Garner |first6=B |last7=Brunk |first7=UT |title=The comparative biology of neuromelanin and lipofuscin in the human brain. |journal=Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS |date=June 2008 |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=1669-82 |doi=10.1007/s00018-008-7581-9 |pmid=18278576}}
6. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Katz | first1 = ML | last2 = Rice | first2 = LM | last3 = Gao | first3 = CL | year = 1999 | title = Reversible accumulation of lipofuscin-like inclusions in the retinal pigment epithelium | url = http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/1/175 | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science | volume = 40 | issue = | pages = 175–181 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Terman | first1 = Alexei | last2 = Brunk | first2 = Ulf T. | year = 1999 | title = Is Lipofuscin Eliminated from Cells? | url = http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/40/10/2463 | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science | volume = 40 | issue = | pages = 2463–2464 }}
8. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Davies | first1 = Sallyanne | last2 = Ellis | first2 = Steven | year = 1999 | title = Lipofuscin Turnover | url = http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/40/8/1887 | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science | volume = 40 | issue = | pages = 1887–1888 }}
9. ^{{cite journal|author=Terman, A, Brunk, UT |year=1998|title=On the degradability and exocytosis of ceroid/lipofuscin in cultured rat cardiac myocytes |journal=Mech Ageing Dev|volume=100 |pages=145–156 | pmid= 9541135|doi=10.1016/S0047-6374(97)00129-2|issue=2}}
10. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Terman | first1 = A | last2 = Brunk | first2 = UT | year = 1998 | title = Ceroid/lipofuscin formation in cultured human fibroblasts: the role of oxidative stress and lysosomal proteolysis | url = | journal = Mech Ageing Dev | volume = 104 | issue = | pages = 277–291 | pmid = 9818731 | doi=10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00073-6}}
11. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Elleder | first1 = M | last2 = Drahota | first2 = Z | last3 = Lisá | first3 = V | last4 = Mares | first4 = V | last5 = Mandys | first5 = V | last6 = Müller | first6 = J | last7 = Palmer | first7 = DN | year = 1995 | title = Tissue culture loading test with storage granules from animal models of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Batten disease): testing their lysosomal degradability by normal and Batten cells | url = | journal = Am J Med Genet | volume = 57 | issue = | pages = 213–221 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.1320570220 | pmid = 7668332 }}
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Weng J, Mata NL, Azarian SM, Tzekov RT, Birch DG, Travis GH | title = Insights into the function of Rim protein in photoreceptors and etiology of Stargardt's disease from the phenotype in abcr knockout mice | journal = Cell | volume = 98 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 | date = July 1999 | pmid = 10412977 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80602-9 }}
13. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Maeda A, Maeda T, Golczak M, Palczewski K | title = Retinopathy in mice induced by disrupted all-trans-retinal clearance | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 283 | issue = 39 | pages = 26684–93 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18658157 | pmc = 2546559 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M804505200 }}
14. ^John Lacey, "Harvard Medical signs agreement with Merck to develop potential therapy for macular degeneration", 23-May-2006
15. ^{{cite journal |author1=Joakim Allaire |author2=François Maltais |author3=Pierre LeBlanc |author4=Pierre-Michel Simard |author5=François Whittom |author6=Jean-François Doyon |author7=Clermont Simard |author8=Jean Jobin |year=2002 |title=Lipofuscin accumulation in the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Muscle and Nerve |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=383–389 |doi=10.1002/mus.10039}}
16. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Paula-Barbosa | first1 = M. | display-authors = etal | year = 1991 | title = The effects of Piracetam on lipofuscin of the rat cerebellar and hippocampa; neurons after long-term alcohol treatment and withdrawal | journal = Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 834–838 | doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00610.x}}
17. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Roy | first1 = D | last2 = Pathak | first2 = DN | last3 = Singh | first3 = R | year = 1983 | title = Effect of centrophenoxine on the antioxidative enzymes in various regions of the aging rat brain. | pmid = 6416880| journal = Exp Gerontol | volume = 18 | issue = 3| pages = 185–97 | doi=10.1016/0531-5565(83)90031-1}}
18. ^Amenta F, Ferrante F, et al., Reduced lipofuscin accumulation in senescent rat brain by long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1989 Sep-Oct;9(2):147-53.
19. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Huang | first1 = SZ | last2 = Luo | first2 = YJ | last3 = Wang | first3 = L | last4 = Cai | first4 = KY | date = Jan 2005 | title = Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on livers in aged rats. | pmid = 15609412| journal = World J Gastroenterol | volume = 11 | issue = 1| pages = 132–5 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v11.i1.132 | pmc=4205372}}
20. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Julien | first1 = S | last2 = Schraermeyer | first2 = U | date = Oct 2012 | title = Lipofuscin can be removed from the retinal pigment epithelium of monkeys | url = | journal = Neurobiol Aging | volume = 33 | issue = 10| pages = 2390–7 | doi = 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.009 }}
21. ^{{cite journal |author1=Ingebrigt Uglem, Mark Belchier |author2=Terje Svåsand |lastauthoramp=yes|year=2005 |title=Age determination of European lobsters (Homarus gammarus L.) by histological quantification of lipofuscin |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=95–99 |jstor=1549930 |doi=10.1651/c-2448}}
22. ^{{cite journal |author1=Kerry E. Maxwell |author2=Thomas R. Matthews |author3=Matt R. J. Sheehy |author4=Rodney D. Bertelsen |author5=Charles D. Derby |year= 2007|title=Neurolipofuscin is a measure of age in Panulirus argus, the Caribbean spiny lobster, in Florida |journal=The Biological Bulletin |volume=213 |issue=1 |pages=55–66 |url=http://www.biolbull.org/content/213/1/55.full |jstor=25066618}}