| 词条 | Moraxella osloensis |
| 释义 |
| color = lightgrey | name = Moraxella osloensis | image = | image_caption = | regnum = Bacteria | phylum = Proteobacteria | classis = Gammaproteobacteria | ordo = Pseudomonadales | familia = Moraxellaceae | genus = Moraxella | species = M. osloensis | binomial = Moraxella osloensis | binomial_authority = }}Moraxella osloensis is a Gram-negative oxidase-positive, aerobic bacterium within the family Moraxellaceae in the gamma subdivision of the purple bacteria.[1]M. osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.[1] In nature, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors M. osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug.[1] LifecycleThis bacterium has been identified as one of the natural symbionts of a bacteria-feeding nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), which is an endoparasite of slugs, including the slug Deroceras reticulatum[1] (grey garden slug) which is one of the most serious agricultural and garden slug pests.[1] In nature, bacteria colonize the gut of nematode-infective juveniles which represent a specialized stage of development adapted for survival in the unfavorable environment.[1] The infective juveniles seek out and enter the slug's shell cavity through the posterior mantle region.[1] Once inside the shell cavity, the bacteria are released, and the infective juveniles resume growth, feeding on the multiplying bacteria.[1] The infected slugs die in 4–10 days, and the nematodes colonize the entire carcass and produce next-generation infective juveniles, which leave the carcass to seek a new host.[1] The bacteria are responsible for killing the slugs; nematodes without bacteria do not cause death.[1] BiochemistryThe lipopolysaccharide, that is an endotoxin, from M. osloensis is a molluscicide for Deroceras reticulatum when applied by injection.[2] The lethality of these nematodes to slugs has been shown to correlate with the number of M. osloensis cells carried by infective juveniles.[1] Tan and Grewal (2001)[1] demonstrated that the 72-hour-old M. osloensis cultures inoculated into the shell cavity were highly pathogenic to the slug.[1] They further reported that M. osloensis produced an endotoxin which was identified to be a rough type lipopolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 5300 KD, and the purified lipopolysaccharide was toxic to the slug with an estimated 50% lethal dose of 48 μg when injected into the shell cavity.[1] Infections of humansAlthough M. osloensis rarely infects humans, it can sometimes be found in a variety of tissues, where it sometimes causes disease.[3][4] Antibiotics{{which|date=February 2019}} are usually effective against such infections.[4] SmellinessM. osloensis has been found to be the bacterium responsible for locker-room smell or shower-curtain odor.[5]ClassificationThe species M. osloensis was proposed in 1967; the bacteria which are now considered to be M. osloensis would previously have been considered to be Moraxella nonliquefaciens or Mima polymorpha (var.) oxidans.[4] See also
ReferencesThis article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.[6] 1. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=L. |last2=Grewal |first2=P. S. |title=Pathogenicity of Moraxella osloensis, a Bacterium Associated with the Nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, to the Slug Deroceras reticulatum |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=67 |issue=11 |pages=5010–6 |year=2001 |pmid=11679319 |pmc=93264 |doi=10.1128/AEM.67.11.5010-5016.2001 }} 2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Tan L, Grewal PS |title=Characterization of the first molluscicidal lipopolysaccharide from Moraxella osloensis |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=3646–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12788774 |pmc=161526 |url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12788774 |doi=10.1128/aem.69.6.3646-3649.2003}} 3. ^{{cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Xiang Y. |last2=Tarrand |first2=Jeffrey J. |title=Moraxella osloensis Blood and Catheter Infections During Anticancer Chemotherapy: Clinical and Microbiologic Studies of 10 Cases |journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=581–7 |year=2004 |pmid=15080311 |doi=10.1309/QBB3-AVCM-GWA3-K1XK }} 4. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Sugarman B, Clarridge J |title=Osteomyelitis caused by Moraxella osloensis |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1148–9 |year=1982 |pmid=7107844 |pmc=272268 |url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7107844 }} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kubota |first1=H. |last2=Mitani |first2=A. |last3=Niwano |first3=Y. |last4=Takeuchi |first4=K. |last5=Tanaka |first5=A. |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Kawamura |first7=Y. |last8=Hitomi |first8=J. |title=Moraxella Species Are Primarily Responsible for Generating Malodor in Laundry |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=78 |issue=9 |pages=3317–24 |year=2012 |pmid=22367080 |pmc=3346475 |doi=10.1128/AEM.07816-11 }} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite journal |last1=An |first1=Ruisheng |last2=Sreevatsan |first2=Srinand |last3=Grewal |first3=Parwinder S |title=Moraxella osloensis Gene Expression in the Slug Host Deroceras reticulatum |journal=BMC Microbiology |volume=8 |issue= |pages=19 |year=2008 |pmid=18226222 |pmc=2266756 |doi=10.1186/1471-2180-8-19 }} Further reading
External links
2 : Moraxellaceae|Gram-negative bacteria |
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