| 词条 | Mother of the Forest |
| 释义 |
The Mother of the Forest (667 BCE – 1854 CE){{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} was an ancient and huge Sequoiadendron giganteum tree. The tree lived in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in eastern central California, United States.[1] The dead tree's remains are within the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees State Park, in Calaveras County, California. HistoryWhen the 92 giant sequoias in the valley were discovered and documented in 1852 by Augustus T. Dowd, the Mother of the Forest was the second largest tree after the Discovery Tree, which in 1853 got the name The Big Stump.[2][3] The Mother of the Forest was said to stretch {{convert|328|ft|m}} into the air,[4] with a girth of {{convert|93|ft|m}}.[5] At the time of the California Gold Rush, people were searching California for undiscovered riches. As photography wasn’t developed enough yet to satisfy people’s curiosity, trees were felled and transported to big cities to prove their existence at great costs.{{sfn|Farmer|2013|page=12-}} In 1854 after unsuccessful exhibitions of the Discovery Tree, William Lapham, George L. Trask and George Gale set about to have the bark from the trunk of the Mother of the Forest removed, ready to be reassembled at exhibitions. Workers made holes in the tree using pump-augers, and inserted rods into the holes to support the weight of the scaffolding and the workers while the bark was sawed off.[6] Over 90 days, 60 tons of bark was removed in {{convert|8|ft|m}} high and {{convert|2|to|5|ft}} wide sections up to the height of {{convert|116|ft|m}}.[7] The bark was {{convert|18|in|cm}} thick at the base,[5][8] and on average {{convert|11|in|cm}}.[6] Gale sent samples of the tree to foresters in the east where it was discovered to be 2,520 years old.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} The removed sections of the bark were shipped by sea around Cape Horn to New York, where they were reassembled in 1855 in the shape of the tree for a "vegetable wonders of the gold regions" exhibition in the New York Crystal Palace. After New York, the bark was shipped in 1856 to London, where the sections accommodated by the building in Hyde Park attracted so much attention that all the sections were placed in their full length permanently in The Crystal Palace in London's Sydenham the next year. It was presented to the public as the trunk of a 3,000 year old tree, and was a financial success.[9] It stayed there until the nave of the palace, along with the bark and other exhibits, were destroyed in a fire in 1866.{{sfn|Farquhar|1965|page=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NYNkTjLYeYAC&pg=PA84 84] }}{{sfn|Farmer|2013|page=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fbi_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}[10] The Mother of the Forest in Calaveras Grove did not survive for long once the bark had been removed. In 1856 the tree still had full foliage,[4] but within five years no leaves remained. The plan for the remaining tree was to build a spiral staircase around the bare section and create a vista for visitors high up in the tree.[11] Hutchings’ 1886 book makes a mention of names and dates of visitors having been carved into the tree at different heights, especially at the top.{{sfn|Hutchings|1886|page=224}} In 1908, with the tree unprotected by its fire resistant bark, a fire swept through the area and burned away much of what was left of the tree.{{sfn|Hawken|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lv7TazHZFAIC&lpg=PT52&ots=8QXN8Xs_Db&dq=father%20of%20the%20forest%20paul%20hawken&pg=PT51#v=onepage&q&f=false 51]}} LegacyDespite or due to the 1850s exhibitions, the destruction of the big trees was met with public outcry.[12] In 1864, on introducing the bill that would become the Yosemite Grant, senator John Conness opined that even after people had seen the physical evidence of the Discovery Tree and the Mother of the Forest, they still didn’t believe the trees were genuine, and that the areas they were from should be protected instead.[13] In 1903, after having spent several days under the Yosemite sequoias with John Muir, president Theodore Roosevelt gave a speech saying that "As regards some of the trees, I want them preserved because they are the only things of their kind in the world."[14] The tree and its environments were owned by several lumber companies around the turn of the century, with plans to cut the remaining trees down, as sequoia and giant sequoia with their thick trunks were seen as great sources of lumber at the time.[15] This again caused a chorus of public outcry by locals and conservationists, and the area continued to be treated as a tourist attraction. The Yosemite protection was gradually extended to most sequoias,[2] and Calaveras Grove was joined to California State Parks in 1931.[16][17] Present dayTo this day, what is left of Mother of the Forest stands as a large fire-blackened snag along the loop trail through the North Grove, at the far end of the loop.[3] Saw marks made when the bark was cut away are still visible on the trunk, which stands over 100 feet tall. See also
References
1. ^{{cite book | author=USFS | authorlink =United States Forest Service | title =Report on the Big Trees of California | publisher =Govt. Print. Off. | date =1900 | location =Original from the University of Michigan | pages =13 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XAs2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=%22Mother+of+the+Forest%22&source=web&ots=4XZkJiMAAa&sig=Ibzx0z1Dp6XX9zkhYFqgupv35uA&hl=en | doi = | id = }} 2. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Hartesveldt|first1=Richard J.|title=The Giant Sequoia of the Sierra Nevada|date=1975|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service|page=3|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/science/hartesveldt/}} 3. ^1 California State Parks 2006 Guide to the North Grove Trail of Calaveras Big Trees 4. ^1 {{cite news |title=Excursion to Mammoth Cave, Big Trees |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18560515.2.13&srpos=4&e=-------en--20-SDU-1--txt-txIN-%22mother+of+the+forest%22-------1 |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |volume=11 |number=1603 |date=15 May 1856 }} 5. ^1 {{cite book |title=Outlines of creation |date=1858 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7yYuAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA168&dq=%22wellingtonia+gigantea%22 |last=Noyce |first=Elisha |page=168 |publisher=Ward Lock & Co |location=London}} 6. ^1 {{cite |title=The Mammoth Trees of California |work=Hutchings’ California Magazine |date=March 1859 |number=33|page=392 |url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/hutchings_california_magazine/33.pdf}} 7. ^{{cite book |title=Description of the Mammoth Tree from California, now erected at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham |date=1857 |publisher=R. S. Francis |location=London |page=5 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bKpWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=1854}} 8. ^[https://www.sierracollege.edu/ejournals/jsnhb/v2n2/img/BigTree/BigTrees19.jpg Advertisement for the 1856 exhibition at Crystal Palace, Sydenham] 9. ^{{cite book |title=The Crystal Palace Penny Guide |page=10 |date=August 1864 |publisher=Crystal Palace Printing Office, Sydenham |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MVA4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA10&dq=%22New+World%22}} 10. ^{{cite journal |first=Francis Peloubet |last=Farquhar|date=March 1925 |title=Exploration of the Sierra Nevada |journal=California Historical Society Quarterly |volume=4 |issue=1 |pp=3-58 |issn=0008-1175}} 11. ^{{cite news |title=New-York Daily Tribune |date=August 22, 1855 |page=6 |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1855-08-22/ed-1/seq-6/}} 12. ^{{cite news |title=How a giant tree's death sparked the conservation movement 160 years ago |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/jun/27/giant-tree-death-conservation-movement |last=Hickman |first=Leo |date=27 June 2013 |accessdate=12 January 2017 |publisher=The Guardian}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=The Congressional Globe |date=May 18, 1864|work=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875 |url=https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=066/llcg066.db&recNum=350 |page=2301 |quote=From the Calaveras grove some sections of a fallen tree were cut during and pending the great World’s Fair that was held in London some years since. One joint of the tree was sectionized and transported to that country in sections, and then set up there. The English who saw it declared it to be a Yankee invention, made from beginning to end; that it was an utter untruth that such trees grew in the country; that it could not be}} 14. ^{{cite book |title=John Muir: His Life and Letters and Other Writings |date=1996 |last1=Muir |first1=John |last2=Gifford |first2=Terry |publisher=The Mountaineers Books |isbn=9780898864632 |page=376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5gBcjZkQ5IC&pg=PA376}} 15. ^{{cite|newspaper=The Strand Magazine |title=Timber Titans |last=Dollar |first=George |volume=14 |number=79 |date=July 1897 |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheStrandMagazineAnIllustratedMonthly/TheStrandMagazine1897bVol.XivJul-dec#page/n95/mode/2up}} 16. ^{{cite book |title=Calaveras Big Trees |last=Kramer |first=Carol |date=2010 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |url= https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MPdcyeVvr44C }} 17. ^{{cite book |title=Our National Park Policy: A Critical History |last=Isne |first=John |publisher=Routledge |date=2013 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Km2MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115&dq=1931}} Sources{{refbegin}}
Further reading
5 : Individual giant sequoia trees|Individual trees in California|1850s individual tree deaths|History of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|History of Calaveras County, California |
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