词条 | Mount Coffin |
释义 |
| name = Mount Coffin | photo = Gerald_W._Williams_Collection,_Ford_-47,_courtesy_Oregon_State.jpg | photo_caption = Mount Coffin as it was in 1900 | elevation = | location = Longview, Washington, U.S. | coordinates = {{coord|46.1287229|N|122.9878905|W|type:mountain_region:US-WA_scale:100000_source:GNIS|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | range_coordinates = | coordinates_ref = [1] | topo = USGS Kelso }}Mount Coffin was a promontory in what is now Longview, Cowlitz County, Washington, U.S.. It served as native burial grounds for the Skillute, a Chinook Jargon speaking tribe who practiced above-ground interment of their deceased. The memaloose illahee, or cemetery was named by Lieutenant William Robert Broughton of George Vancouver's expedition aboard {{HMS|Chatham|1788|6}} in 1792. The landmark was leveled for its gravel during construction of the Port of Longview.[2] Physical observationMount Coffin was {{convert|240|ft|m}} tall and was formed by sediment carried by the Columbia River and Cowlitz River, which coagulated at the merging point of these two entities. The material consisted of basalt sediment, mainly material derived from volcanic ash.[2] Historical RecordPrehistory and Expeditionary TimesIn 1792, Lieutenant William Robert Broughton of Vancouver’s expedition aboard HMS Chatham explored the lower Columbia; he recorded: "a remarkable mount, about which were placed several canoes, containing dead bodies; to this was given the name of Mount Coffin." [3]
In November 1805, William Clark reported the hill as a "very remarkable Knob rising from the edge of the water". He said it was about {{convert|80|ft|m|sigfig=1}} high, and "about 200 paces around at its Base." [5] William Clark described interaction with the indigenous population: trading beaver skins, berries, salmon, and wappato. Merriwether Lewis commented between their variance in speech from the tribes that lived farther inland. Due to the Skillute’s trading patterns along the Pacific coast they spoke a different pidgin that adopted coastal variances than the tribes who lived farther inland.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} In 1835, John Kirk Townsend explored Mount Coffin, he reports:
Because the Skillute practiced infant head flattening, postmortem examination of the cerebrum became a point of interest by physicians. In 1825, John Scouler found an opportunity "to procure a specimen of their compressed skulls." [3] Again in 1847, a bateau captain described as a "curio hunter", stripped "valuables from a body on Coffin Rock." [3] Another contentious point of contact is described: Fever, pestilence, and disease ravaged among the living indigenous population. Symptoms described by one trader representing McLoughlin, a chief agent at the Hudson’s Bay Company in Fort Vancouver, Washington, about {{convert|40|mi|km|sigfig=1}} from Mount Coffin, were descriptions characteristic of malaria, an endemic disease with fatal termination. The Industrial RevolutionIn 1900 Frederick Weyerhaeuser bought {{convert|900,000|acre|km2}} of railroad grant land, looked favorably towards prospects in the Northwestern United States and soon began western operations.[8] At the end of World War I, Robert Alexander Long purchased from the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company a {{convert|23,851|acre|km2|0}} tract in southwestern Washington that rest adjacent to Mount Coffin; it contained nearly {{convert|2500000000|board feet|m3|sigfig=2}} of timber, he soon expanded to more than {{convert|70,000|acre|km2}}. In 1922 studies of possible mill sites indicated: to dike the valley located at the mouth of the Cowlitz River would be economical. Rather than executing these plans, the area was developed into a city that would host investors; the city is now Longview, Washington. In June 1924, the Long–Bell lumber mill opened as the largest lumber producer in the world.[7] Frederick Weyerhaeuser opened a mill adjacent to the Long-Bell operation, encompassing Mount Coffin. Shortly after, in 1929, Mount Coffin was dynamited and quarried. After cutting {{convert|8700000000|board feet|m3|sigfig=2}} of lumber, Long’s two great sawmills were dismantled in 1960.[9] Weyerhaeuser continued pulp and paperboard manufacturing. In 1964, a federal suit was filed against Weyerhaeuser in Longview, Washington, for "discharge of refuse into navigable waterways." [10] In 1979 the United States General Accounting Office listed the Weyerhaeuser Company in Longview as a potential superfund site caused by metal contamination. Since then, Weyerhaeuser Company has innovated ways of utilizing clarifiers, biomass fuels, hog fuel, and newsprint sludges to create steam and cogenerated electricity, from such organic wastes, to decrease pollution.[11] As of 2009, Weyerhaeuser reported "a net loss of $1.212 billion for the fourth quarter, or $5.73 per share, on net sales from continuing operations of $1.8 billion."[12] References1. ^{{cite gnis |id=1531788 |name=Mount Coffin |accessdate=2013-01-30}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Wesselius | first = Allen "Doc" | title = A Lasting Legacy: The Lewis and Clark Place Names of the Pacific Northwest-Part III | journal = Columbia | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 23–31 | date = Fall 2001 | url = http://columbia.washingtonhistory.org/magazine/articles/2001/0301/0301-a3.aspx | accessdate = 2013-01-30}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book | last = Nisbet | first = Jack | title = Visible Bones: Journeys Across Time in the Columbia River Country | publisher = Sasquatch Books | year = 2003 | location = Seattle | pages = 111–130 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q_DjC5d6PF0C&printsec=frontcover | isbn =978-1-57061-376-0}} 4. ^{{cite book | last = Carey | first = Charles Henry | title = History of Oregon | publisher = The Pioneer historical publishing company | year = 1922 | location = University of Michigan | pages = 145 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yrt5AAAAMAAJ}} 5. ^{{cite book | last1 = Clark | first1 = William | author2 = Meriwether Lewis | author3 = Gary E. Moulton | author4 = Thomas W. Dunlay | title = The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: November 2, 1805-March 22, 1806 | volume = Vol. 6. | issue = Edition 5 | pages = 27 | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | location = Lincoln | year = 1990 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=arAkfzdVj64C | isbn = 978-0-8032-2893-1 | accessdate = April 9, 2009}} 6. ^{{cite journal | last = Barber | first = Edwin A. | title = Aboriginal Funereal Customs in the United States | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 197–204 | year = 1877 | jstor = 2447828| doi = 10.1086/271866}} 7. ^1 {{cite web | last = Wilma | first = David | title = Cowlitz County – A Thumbnail History. | work = HistoryLink.org – The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History | publisher = Washington State Department of Archeology and Historic Preservation | year = 2005 | url = http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=7482 | accessdate = April 9, 2009}} 8. ^1 {{cite book | last1 = Kirk | first1 = Ruth | last2 = Alexander | first2 = Carmela | title = Exploring Washington's Past: A Road Guide to History | publisher = University of Washington Press | year = 1995 | location = Seattle | pages = 332 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BNAYPXb22sYC | isbn = 978-0-295-97443-9}} 9. ^{{cite journal | last = Morgan | first = Murray | authorlink = | title = R. A. Long's Planned City: The Story of Longview by John M. McClelland, Jr. | journal = Journal of Forest History | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–106 | year = 1977 | jstor = 3983470}} 10. ^{{cite journal | last = Eames | first = Diane D. | title = The Refuse Act of 1899: Its Scope and Role in Control of Water Pollution | journal = California Law Review | volume = 58 | issue = 6 | pages = 1444–1473 | year = 1970 | jstor = 3479704| doi = 10.2307/3479704 }} 11. ^{{cite conference | first1 = J.A. | last1 = Deshaya | first2 = James D. | last2 = Kerstetter | title = | booktitle = 1994 Washington State directory of Biomass Energy Facilities | pages = 8–39 | publisher = Washington State Energy Office, U.S. Department of Energy | year = 1994 | location = Olympia | url = http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/259197-0TrTI9/webviewable/259197.pdf}} 12. ^{{cite press release | title = Weyerhaeuser News Release - Weyerhaeuser Reports Fourth Quarter Results | publisher = Weyerhaeuser Co | year = 2009 | url = http://www.weyerhaeuser.com/Company/Media/NewsReleases/NewsRelease?dcrId=09-02-06_WY4QEarningsRelease | accessdate = April 9, 2009}} External links
2 : Mountains of Cowlitz County, Washington|Mountains of Washington (state) |
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