“List of birds of the Gambia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

This is a list of the bird species recorded in the Gambia. The avifauna of the Gambia include a total of 576 species, one of which has been introduced by humans and two of which are globally threatened. The country, which is very small and almost completely surrounded by Senegal, has no endemic species.

The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. Not all species will fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.

Grebes

Grebes are small to medium-sized diving birds. They breed on fresh water, but often visit the sea whilst migrating and in winter. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers; however, their feet are placed far back on their bodies, making them quite ungainly on land. There are 19 species worldwide. Of these, one species has been recorded in the Gambia.

Shearwaters

Shearwaters are medium-sized, long-winged seabirds. Highly pelagic, they come ashore only to breed, nesting on islands and rocky cliffs. They generally glide low above the water on stiff wings, and feed on fish, squid and similar oceanic food. There are 23–27 species worldwide. (Some experts split Audubon's shearwater into several distinct species, while others consider those distinctive forms to be subspecies.)

Austral storm petrels

The austral storm petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.

Northern storm petrels

Tropicbirds

Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.

Gannets and boobies

Gannets and boobies are large seabirds with long beaks and long, pointed wings. They eat fish, which they hunt by plunge-diving from heights of up to 30 m and chasing their prey underwater. They nest colonially on islands and along coasts, either on the ground or in trees.

Cormorants

Cormorants are medium to large seabirds, found primarily along the coast, but occasionally ranging some way inland in aquatic environments. Their plumage is generally dark, though most species have areas of brightly coloured skin on the face. They are primarily fish eaters. Their bills are long, thin and sharply hooked, and their four-toed feet are webbed. Because their plumage is only semi-waterproof, they often stand out of the water with their wings outstretched to dry out their feathers.

Darters

Darters are large waterbirds, found primarily in fresh and brackish water habitats. Because their plumage is not entirely waterproof, they often stand out of the water with their wings outstretched, drying off. Darters are strongly sexually dimorphic; males generally have much darker plumage than do females. They eat primarily fish, which they catch by diving from the water's surface.

Frigatebirds

Frigatebirds are large seabirds typically found soaring over tropical oceans. They have long wings and a deeply forked tail; their plumage is either black (males) or black-and-white (females and young). Males have coloured inflatable throat pouches, which are used in courtship. Frigatebirds spend most of their time in the air. They are kleptoparasites and often chase other seabirds to get them to drop their catches of fish; they also scoop fish from the water's surface.

Pelicans

Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

Herons, egrets and bitterns

Herons, egrets and bitterns are long-legged birds typically associated with wetlands; herons and egrets are long-necked, while bitterns tend to be shorter-necked and quite secretive. Birds in this family often wade in shallow waters, preying on various aquatic organisms (including fish and frogs) as well as reptiles, amphibians and the occasional small bird. In flight, they hold their neck retracted in a gentle S-curve.

Hamerkop

Hamerkops are medium-sized, all-brown wading birds named for their hammer-headed appearance, which is created by the combination of their shaggy backwards-pointing crests and their heavy black bills. Typically found in wetland areas, they forage in shallow water for amphibians, small fish, crustaceans, insects, worms and small mammals. They build enormous, complex nests—which they generally use for only a matter of months—and occupy their territories year-round.

Ibises and spoonbills

Storks

Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills. They occur in most of the world's warmer regions and tend to live in drier habitats than herons, to which they're closely related. They build large stick nests and sometimes nest colonially. Many species are migratory. Most storks eat a variety of small vertebrates and invertebrates; some eat carrion. Seven species have been recorded in the Gambia.

Flamingos

Ducks and geese

Osprey

Kites, vultures, hawks and eagles

Secretarybird

Falcons

Francolins, quail and pheasants

Partridges

Guineafowl

Cranes

Flufftails

Crakes, gallinules and coots

Finfoots

Bustards

Buttonquail

Jacanas

Painted-snipes

Oystercatchers

Stilts and avocets

Thick-knees

Coursers

Lapwings, plovers and dotterel

Lapwings, plovers and dotterels are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, generally in habitats near water, although there are some exceptions. There are 66 species worldwide; of these, 33 species have been recorded in Africa and 15 in the Gambia.

Sandpipers, curlews, stints, godwits, snipes and phalaropes

Skuas

Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Sandgrouse

Doves and pigeons

Old World parrots

African and New World parrots

Turacos

Cuckoos

Barn owl

True owls

Nightjars

Swifts

Mousebirds

Kingfishers

Bee-eaters

Rollers

Hoopoe

Woodhoopoes

Hornbills

Tinkerbirds

Honeyguides

Woodpeckers

Larks

Swallows and martins

Wagtails and pipits

Cuckooshrikes

Bulbuls, greenbuls, bristlebills and nicators

Thrushes

Cisticolas

African warblers

Cettid warblers

Locustellid warblers

Acrocephalid warblers

Phylloscopid warblers

Hyliotid warblers

Old World warblers

Old World flycatchers

Wattle-eyes

Fairy flycatchers

Paradise flycatchers

Ground babblers

Laughingthrushes

Tits

Treecreepers

Penduline tits

Sunbirds

White-eyes

Orioles

Shrikes

Bushshrikes

Helmetshrikes

Drongos

Piapiac, crows and ravens

Starlings

Weavers

Estrildid finches

Indigobirds and whydahs

Buntings

Canaries and seedeaters

Sparrows

See also

References

1. ^this information is from Barlow's A Field Guide to Birds of The Gambia and Senegal, unless otherwise noted
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸{{Cite book |last1=Barlow |first1=Clive |last2=Wacher |first2=Tim |year=1997 |title=A Field Guide to Birds of The Gambia and Senegal |publisher=Pica Press |location=London |postscript=}}
3. ^{{Cite book |last=Orta |first=Jaume |editor=Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott & Jordi Sargatal |contribution=Family Anhingidae (Darters) |year=1992 |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn= 84-87334-10-5 |pages=355 |postscript=}}
4. ^{{Cite book |last= Elliott |first= Andrew |contribution= Family Scopidae (Hamerkop) |title= Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks |year= 1992 |editor= Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott & Jordi Sargatal |publisher= Lynx Edicions |location= Barcelona |pages= 432–433 |isbn= 84-87334-10-5 |postscript= }}
5. ^{{cite journal |last= Mikkola |first= Anita and Heimo |title= First record of Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus in The Gambia |journal= Bulletin of the African Bird Club |date=March 2002 |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 45}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last=Ranner |first=Andreas |author2=Graham Tebb |author3=Markus Craig |title=First record of Little Crake Porzana parva in The Gambia |journal=Bulletin of the African bird Club |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=March 2000 |pages=51–52}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last= Kirk |first= Gordon |author2=Clive Barlow |title= Second confirmed record of Forbes's Plover Charadrius forbesi for The Gambia |journal= Bulletin of the African Bird Club |date=August 2002 |volume= 9 |issue= 2 |pages= 138–139}}
8. ^{{cite journal |journal=Bulletin of the African Bird Club |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=September 2009 |pages=209–210 |title=Three records of Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria in The Gambia |first=Clive R. |last=Barlow}}
9. ^{{cite journal |title=First record of Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus for The Gambia |first=John |last=High |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=March 2006 |pages=77–78 |journal=Bulletin of the African Bird Club}}
10. ^{{cite journal |last= Crewe |first= Mike D. |author2=Brian J. Small |date=August 2002 |title= Temminck's Horned Lark Eremophila bilopha—a new species for The Gambia |journal= Bulletin of the African Bird Club |volume= 9 |issue= 2 |pages= 136–138}}
11. ^¹{{cite journal |last= Barnett |first= Linda K. |author2=Craig Emms |title= New species and breeding records for The Gambia |journal= Bulletin of the African Bird Club |date=March 2001 |volume= 8 |issue= 1 |pages= 44–45}}
12. ^{{cite journal |last= Barlow |first= Clive |title= First Records of Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina for The Gambia and Senegal |journal= Bulletin of the African Bird Club |date=March 2007 |volume= 14 |issue= 1 |pages= 72–73}}
13. ^{{cite journal |last= Barlow |first= Clive |title= First Record of Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus for The Gambia |journal= Bulletin of the African Bird Club |date=March 2007 |volume= 14 |issue= 1 |pages= 74–75}}
14. ^{{cite journal |last= Crewe |first= Mike D. |author2=Megan A. Crewe |author3=Tombong Sanyang |title= First Record of Rüppell's Warbler Sylvia rueppelli for The Gambia |journal= Bulletin of the African Bird Club |date=March 2008 |volume= 15 |issue= 1 |pages= 91–92}}