“List of capitals in the United States”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Washington, D.C. has been the federal capital city of the United States since 1802. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments.

Capitals of the United States

State capitals

The dates listed in the following table indicate the year in which the city started to continuously serve as the state's sole capital. Most states have changed their capital city at least once. In the case of the thirteen original states, "statehood" in the table refers to date of ratification of the United States Constitution.

Insular area capitals

An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district. Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below.

Former colonial, territorial, and state capitals

Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii

Prior to becoming a territory of the United States in 1898, Hawaii was an independent country. Five sites served as its capital:

Republic of Texas

Before joining the United States under the Texas Annexation in 1845, Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas. Seven cities served as its capital:

Native American capitals

Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style. Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status. Since they did business with the U.S. Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense.

Cherokee Nation

New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge. Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers. The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation. Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements.^[6]

The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee on the Georgia state line in order to evade the Georgia state militia. The log cabins, limestone springs and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears.^[6]

Tahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal. After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick. The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma. The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas, along the Oconaluftee river deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina. Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army sent for the "round up," fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina in order to remain in their homeland.^[7] In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary.

Muscogee Creek Nation

After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta. However, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over three million acres (half of their land) of what is now Arkansas, after some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War.^[8]

Served as the National capital after the American Civil War. It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal. The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs.

Iroquois Confederacy

The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse," was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York.^[9] These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations. Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation.^[10] Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy."^[11]

Seneca Nation of Indians

The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years. Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir. The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital.

Navajo Nation

Window Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America. It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line. Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings.

Unrecognized national capitals

There have been a handful of nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence.

Vermont Republic

Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic. Two cities served as the capital of the Republic:

State of Franklin

The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created, not long after the end of the American Revolution, from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government. Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee. Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years.

State of Muskogee

The State of Muskogee was a short-lived Native American state in Florida, created by the Englishman William Augustus Bowles, who was its "Director General", author of its Constitution and designer of its flag.^[12] It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. It existed from 1799 to 1803. It had one capital:

Republic of West Florida

The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived republic involving the area known today as Louisiana's Florida Parishes — at the time the westernmost portion of Spanish West Florida. The area was soon seized by the United States under President James Madison and incorporated into the Territory of Orleans. None of the Republic of West Florida was within the boundaries of modern Florida.

Republic of Indian Stream

The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire.

California Republic

Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt). The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself, to join the advancing American army and therefore became part of the United States.

The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation. There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:

Confederate States

The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) had two capitals during its existence. The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861, after Virginia seceded on May 23.

The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U.S.A.), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies.

Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals

Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War. State governments operated where and as they could. The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783. A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico.

Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic. Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously-running capital in the United States. Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt. An even older Spanish city, St. Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years.

See also

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/college-hall.html|title=United States Capitols|publisher=}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/federal.html|title=United States Capitols|publisher=}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/fraunces-tavern.html|title=United States Capitols|publisher=}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=U.S. Capital for a Day|first=Sandra|last=Heiler|url=http://townofbrookevillemd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/1814-revised-07-12-14.pdf|publisher=Town of Brookeville, Maryland|accessdate=May 18, 2018}}
5. ^{{cite book|last1=Burton|first1=Harold H.|last2=Waggaman|first2=Thomas E.|title=The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building|date=1952|publisher=Historical Society of Washington|location=Washington, DC.|pages=141|jstor=40067303}}
6. ^¹{{Cite book|title=Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation|last=Ehle|first=John|publisher=Anchor Books Doubleday|year=1988|isbn=0385239548|location=New York|pages=|quote=}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncpedia.org/qualla-boundary|title=Qualla Boundary {{!}} NCpedia|website=www.ncpedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-09-18}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcn-nsn.gov/culturehistory/|title=Muscogee Creek Nation -Culture/history|last=|first=|date=|website=Muscogee Creek Nation|publisher=|access-date=}}
9. ^{{Citation|last=nysmuseum|title=Haudenosaunee or Iroquois?|date=2014-09-30|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSXL33JiKLY|accessdate=2017-01-24}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/onondaga.html|title=Haudenosaunee Confederacy|website=www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com|access-date=2017-01-24}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/grandcouncil.html|title=Haudenosaunee Confederacy|website=www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com|access-date=2017-01-24}}
12. ^{{cite book|last1=Landers|first1=Jane|title=Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=London|pages=102–103}}
13. ^The State of Muskogee, State Flags of Florida, Cultural, Historical and Information Programs, Office of Cultural and Historical Programs website, Florida Department of State, Government of Florida, retrieved October 31, 2007.
14. ^Capitals of Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. Updated October 29, 2001. Accessed June 9, 2005.
15. ^Frequently Asked Questions About Alaska {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050613082221/http://sled.alaska.edu/akfaq/akchron.html |date=2005-06-13 }}. Statewide Library Electronic Doorway. Updated September 21, 2004. Accessed June 9, 2005; based on Alaska Blue Book 1993–94, 11th ed., Juneau, Department of Education, Division of State Libraries, Archives & Museums. ExploreNorth: The History of Sitka {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050218022426/http://explorenorth.com/library/communities/alaska/bl-Sitka.htm |date=2005-02-18 }}. Department of Community and Economic Development, Alaska Community Database Online. Accessed June 9, 2005.
16. ^Capitals before the Capitol {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307203440/http://azcapitol.lib.az.us/before_capitol.htm |date=2005-03-07 }}. Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records. Accessed June 9, 2005.
17. ^Educational Materials: Facts {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050626082624/http://www.sos.arkansas.gov/educational_facts.html |date=2005-06-26 }}. Arkansas Secretary of State. Accessed June 9, 2005. Washington State Park 19th century village in SW Arkansas. Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism, Confederate Capital Old Division of State Parks. 2003. Accessed June 9, 2005.
18. ^¹²The name Arkansas has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions. The region was organized as the Territory of Arkansaw on July 4, 1819, but the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Arkansas on June 15, 1836. The name was historically pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑr|k|ə|n|s|ɔː}}, {{IPAc-en|ɑr|ˈ|k|æ|n|z|ə|s}}, and several other variants. In 1881, the Arkansas General Assembly passed the following concurrent resolution (Arkansas Statutes, Title 1, Chapter 4, Section 105):

Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings.

And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants.

Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the Native Americans and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is an innovation to be discouraged.

Citizens of the State of Kansas often pronounce the Arkansas River {{IPAc-en|ɑr|ˈ|k|æ|n|z|ə|s}} in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state.
19. ^{{cite book|editor-last=Ebbert|editor-first=Brian S.|author=E. Dotson Wilson|title=California's Legislature|publisher=State of California|year=2006|location=Sacramento, California|pages=157–165|accessdate=2006-10-03|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pdf/caleg11.pdf }}
20. ^Early Capitol and Legislative Assembly Locations Colorado State Archives, Colorado State Capitol Virtual Tour. Updated June 20, 2003. Accessed June 9, 2005.
21. ^From December 3, 1859, to December 3, 1861, Denver City was formally the City of Denver, Auraria, and Highland.
22. ^On November 15, 1902, the City of Denver became the City and County of Denver.
23. ^Florida State History. Florida Division of Historical Resources.
24. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶The Spanish name La Florida originally referred to all of the American continent north of Mexico. As other European nations colonized North America, the extent of La Florida shrank to encompass only the Spanish territorial claims in the southeastern portion of the present United States.
25. ^Jackson, Edwin L. Story of Georgia's Capitols and Capital Cities {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009145856/http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/capital.htm |date=2007-10-09 }}. Carl Vinson Institute of Government. University of Georgia. 1988
26. ^Chronological History of Idaho. Idaho Office of the Governor. Created 2000. Accessed June 9, 2005.
27. ^Past Capitols; based on Illinois Bluebook, 1975–1976. Created March 5, 2005. Accessed June 10, 2005.
28. ^Sabin, Henry. Making of Iowa, chapter 24: Locating a Capital. Originally published 1900 by A. Flanagan Co. of Chicago and New York; published online by Iowa History Project, posted August 25, 2004. Accessed June 10, 2005.
29. ^Harding, Eldon. Stories from the Kansas State Capital: Choosing a Capital City--Why Topeka? {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312124956/http://www.kshs.org/features/feat401j.htm |date=2005-03-12 }}. Kansas State Historical Society. April 2001. Accessed June 10, 2005.
30. ^{{cite book|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Daniel|title=Ghost Towns of Kansas|date=1988|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=0700603689|pages=61–65}}
31. ^Kentucky's State Capitols {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813184609/http://www.kdla.ky.gov/resources/KYCapitol.htm |date=2006-08-13 }}. Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Accessed July 24, 2006.
32. ^Note: The Louisiana Capitals information may be incorrect or incomplete. See {{cite web |url=http://www.state.la.us/about_history2.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615095136/http://www.state.la.us/about_history2.htm |archivedate=2006-06-15 |df= }} and elsewhere.
33. ^Students Questions Frequently Ask {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313224804/http://www.state.me.us/legis/senate/about/generalinfo/Students/questions_students_ask-1.htm |date=2005-03-13 }}. Maine State Senate. Accessed June 10, 2005.
34. ^Historical Chronology. Maryland State Archives. Accessed July 24, 2006.
35. ^Michigan in Brief State of Michigan. Updated March 7, 2005. Accessed June 10, 2005.
36. ^Saint Paul's 150th birthday {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411134310/http://www.stpaul.gov/leisure/history/stpaul150.html |date=2005-04-11 }}. City of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Accessed June 9, 2005.
37. ^Bunn, Mike and Clay Williams, Capitals and Capitols: The Places and Spaces of Mississippi's Seat of Government {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050511074101/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature44/capitals_capitols.html |date=2005-05-11 }}. Mississippi History Now. Mississippi Historical Society Online. Posted September 2003. Accessed June 10, 2005.
38. ^Lambert, Kirby. Montana's crown jewel of architecture: The Montana state capitol {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927054932/http://www.gradewinner.com/p/articles/mi_qa3951/is_200207/ai_n9146543 |date=2011-09-27 }} Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Montana Historical Society. Summer 2002. Accessed June 10, 2005.
39. ^Rocha, Guy Nevada State Archives Historical Myth a Month: Myth #28, Las Vegas: Nevada's Next State Capital {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030822030013/http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/nsla/archives/myth/myth28.htm |date=2003-08-22 }}. Updated July 14, 2003. Accessed June 9, 2005; originally published as Sierra Sage, Carson City/Carson Valley, Nevada. May 1998 edition.
40. ^New Hampshire Senate Page For Kids. New Hampshire General Court. Accessed June 9, 2005. New Hampshire History in Brief. New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources. Created 1989. Accessed June 9, 2005.
41. ^[https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/legislative_records_guide.aspx Oregon Legislative Assembly History]. Oregon State Archives. Accessed February 17, 2012.
42. ^¹²{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=S.A.|authorlink=|title=Pioneer Days of Oregon History|journal=|publisher=J.K. Gill Company|year=1905|doi=|id= }}
43. ^The History of Pennsylvania's Capital. Pennsylvania Department of Education. Accessed July 24, 2006.
44. ^Capital Cities. Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. 2002. Accessed March 12, 2006.
45. ^Early History of Montpelier, Vermont {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212023906/http://www.vermonthistory.org/links/monthist.htm |date=2005-02-12 }}. Vermont Historical Society. Accessed June 9, 2005; adapted from Esther Munroe Swift, Vermont Place-Names: Footprints of History, 1977, 1996, and Montpelier Heritage Group, Three Walking Tours of Montpelier, Vt., 1991.
46. ^About Our Capital {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625024032/http://legis.state.va.us/cap_tours/about_our/cap_timeline.html |date=2006-06-25 }}. Virginia General Assembly. Accessed July 20, 2006.
47. ^The History of Olympia. City of Olympia. Accessed June 9, 2005.
48. ^Cravens, Stanley H."Capitals and Capitols in Early Wisconsin" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623000950/http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/pubs/feature/capitols2.pdf |date=2006-06-23 }}. Wisconsin Blue Book {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209084953/http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/bb/ |date=2006-02-09 }}, 1983–1984 edition.
49. ^Saban, Mary Thompson, Wyoming Sage: Brief History of Wyoming. Updated January 17, 2004. Accessed June 10, 2005.
50. ^http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=4124
51. ^{{citation |author=Carter II, Edward C. |title=Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington, 1798-1818 |journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society |date=1971–1972 |pages=139}}