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词条 Mucilage
释义

  1. Occurrence

  2. Human uses

  3. Ecological implications for plants

  4. Plant sources

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

Mucilage is a thick, gluey substance produced by nearly all plants and some microorganisms. These microorganisms include protists which use it for their locomotion. The direction of their movement is always opposite to that of the secretion of mucilage.[1] It is a polar glycoprotein and an exopolysaccharide. Mucilage in plants plays a role in the storage of water and food, seed germination, and thickening membranes. Cacti (and other succulents) and flax seeds are especially rich sources of mucilage.[2]

Occurrence

Exopolysaccharides are the most stabilising factor for microaggregates and are widely distributed in soils. Therefore, exopolysaccharide-producing "soil algae" play a vital role in the ecology of the world's soils. The substance covers the outside of, for example, unicellular or filamentous green algae and cyanobacteria. Amongst the green algae especially, the group Volvocales are known to produce exopolysaccharides at a certain point in their life cycle. It occurs in almost all plants, but usually in small amounts. It is frequently associated with substances like tannins and alkaloids.[3]

Mucilage has a unique purpose in some carnivorous plants. The plant genera Drosera (sundews), Pinguicula, and others have leaves studded with mucilage-secreting glands, and use a "flypaper trap" to capture insects.[4]

Human uses

Mucilage is edible. It is used in medicine as it relieves irritation of mucous membranes by forming a protective film. Traditionally, marshmallows were made from the extract of the mucilaginous root of the marshmallow plant (Althaea officinalis) as a cough medicine. The inner bark of the slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), a North American tree species, has long been used as a demulcent and is still produced commercially for that purpose.[5]

Mucilage mixed with water has been used as a glue, especially for bonding paper items such as labels, postage stamps, and envelope flaps.[6]

Differing types and varying strengths of mucilage can also be used for other adhesive applications, including gluing labels to metal cans, wood to china, and leather to pasteboard.[7]

During the fermentation of nattō soybeans, extracellular enzymes produced by the bacterium Bacillus natto react with soybean sugars to produce mucilage. The amount and viscosity of the mucilage are important nattō characteristics, contributing to nattō's unique taste and smell.

The mucilage of two kinds of insectivorous plants, sundew (Drosera)[8] and butterwort (Pinguicula),[9] is used for the traditional production of a variant of the yoghurt-like Swedish dairy product called filmjölk.[10][11]

Ecological implications for plants

The presence of mucilage in seeds affects important ecological processes in some plant species, such as tolerance of water stress, competition via allelopathy, or facilitation of germination through attachment to soil particles.[12][13][14] Some authors have also suggested a role of seed mucilage in protecting DNA material from irradiation damage.[15] The amount of mucilage produced per seed has been shown to vary across the distribution range of a species, in relation with local environmental conditions of the populations.[16]

Plant sources

The following plants are known to contain far greater concentrations of mucilage than is typically found in most plants:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Aloe vera
  • Basella alba (Malabar spinach)
  • Cactus
  • Chondrus crispus (Irish moss)
  • Corchorus (jute plant)
  • Dioscorea polystachya (nagaimo, Chinese yam)
  • Drosera (sundews)
  • Drosophyllum lusitanicum
  • Fenugreek
  • Flax seeds
  • Kelp
  • Liquorice root
  • Marshmallow
  • Mallow
  • Mullein
  • Okra
  • Parthenium
  • Pinguicula (butterwort)
  • Psyllium seed husks
  • Salvia hispanica (chia) seed
  • Talinum triangulare (waterleaf)
  • Ulmus rubra bark (slippery elm)
  • Plantago major (greater plantain)
{{div col end}}

See also

  • Marine mucilage

References

1. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.biologydiscussion.com/protists/modes-of-locomotion-in-protists-5-modes/52116|title=Modes of Locomotion in Protists: 5 Modes|date=2016-09-06|work=Biology Discussion|access-date=2017-10-26|language=en-US|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224225039/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/protists/modes-of-locomotion-in-protists-5-modes/52116|archivedate=2017-12-24|df=}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/webchap9secretory/9.1-2.htm|title=Mucilage cell, cactus|website=www.sbs.utexas.edu|access-date=2017-10-26|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615085638/http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/webchap9secretory/9.1-2.htm|archivedate=2017-06-15|df=}}
3. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Paul |editor-first=Eldon A. |date=2006 |title=Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gk1KRzYtxfYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |location= |publisher=Academic Press |edition=3rd |page=33 |isbn=9780080475141 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224225039/https://books.google.com/books?id=gk1KRzYtxfYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |archivedate=2017-12-24 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cp/TrappingMechanisms.php|title=Carnivorous Plant Trapping Mechanisms|last=|first=|publisher=|date=|website=International Carnivorous Plant Society|access-date=29 March 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406144219/http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cp/TrappingMechanisms.php|archivedate=6 April 2016|df=}}
5. ^{{cite web| url=https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/slippery-elm| title=Slippery Elm| publisher=University of Maryland Medical Center| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025939/https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/slippery-elm| archivedate=2015-11-17| df=}}
6. ^{{cite news |last=Spitzenberger |first=Ray |date=August 23, 2007 |title=Glue, Paste or Mucilage: Know the Difference? |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2235&dat=20070823&id=yYdWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rw8GAAAAIBAJ&pg=1895,2656822&hl=en |dead-url= |newspaper=East Bernard Express |location=East Bernard, TX |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=March 29, 2016}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Dawidowsky|first=Ferdinand|title=Glue, Gelatine, Animal Charcoal, Phosphorus, Cements, Pastes, and Mucilage|year=1905|publisher=Henry Carey Baird & co.|isbn=978-1-113-00611-0|pages=1}}
8. ^{{cite web | url = http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/drosera/drose/welcome.html | title = Den virtuella floran: Drosera L.: Sileshår | accessdate = 2007-07-18 | author1 = Arne Anderberg | authorlink = | author2 = Anna-Lena Anderberg | date = 1999-10-13 | publisher = Naturhistoriska riksmuseet | language = Swedish | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070704172816/http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/drosera/drose/welcome.html | archivedate = 2007-07-04 | df = }}
9. ^{{cite journal | year = 2002 | title = Filmjölk från Linnés tid | journal = Verumjournalen | volume = 2002 | pages = 10 | url = http://www.verum.se/verumjournalen/Verumjournalen_2002.pdf#page=10 | language = Swedish | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-07-18 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=KAP03 |fix-attempted=yes }}
10. ^{{cite book | last = Östman | first = Elisabeth | title = Iduns kokbok | chapter-url = http://runeberg.org/idunskok/0165.html | accessdate = 2007-07-18 | publisher = Aktiebolaget Ljus, Isaac Marcus' Boktryckeriaktiebolag | location = Stockholm | language = Swedish | chapter = Recept på filmjölk, filbunke och långmjölk | page = 161 | year = 1911 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081029081321/http://runeberg.org/idunskok/0165.html | archivedate = 2008-10-29 | df = }}
11. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.jarnriket.com/bergsman/ramdokument/21-051_mjoelken.htm | title = Vad gjorde man med mjölken? | accessdate = 2007-08-05 | publisher = Järnriket Gästrikland, Länsmuseet Gävleborg | language = Swedish|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070322031437/http://www.jarnriket.com/bergsman/ramdokument/21-051_mjoelken.htm |archivedate = 2007-03-22}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Harper|first=J. L.|last2=Benton|first2=R. A.|date=1966-01-01|title=The Behaviour of Seeds in Soil: II. The Germination of Seeds on the Surface of a Water Supplying Substrate|jstor=2257664|journal=Journal of Ecology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=151–166|doi=10.2307/2257664}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hasegawa|first=K.|last2=Mizutani|first2=J.|last3=Kosemura|first3=S.|last4=Yamamura|first4=S.|date=1992-10-01|title=Isolation and identification of lepidimoide, a new allelopathic substance from mucilage of germinated cress seeds|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=100|issue=2|pages=1059–1061|issn=0032-0889|pmc=1075667|pmid=16653018|doi=10.1104/pp.100.2.1059}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lu|first=Juanjuan|last2=Tan|first2=Dunyan|last3=Baskin|first3=Jerry M.|last4=Baskin|first4=Carol C.|date=2010-06-01|title=Fruit and seed heteromorphism in the cold desert annual ephemeral Diptychocarpus strictus (Brassicaceae) and possible adaptive significance|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/105/6/999/93660/Fruit-and-seed-heteromorphism-in-the-cold-desert|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=105|issue=6|pages=999–1014|doi=10.1093/aob/mcq041|issn=0305-7364|pmc=2876001|pmid=20348559|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411065749/https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/105/6/999/93660/Fruit-and-seed-heteromorphism-in-the-cold-desert|archivedate=2017-04-11|df=}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Xuejun|last2=Zhang|first2=Wenhao|last3=Dong|first3=Ming|last4=Boubriak|first4=Ivan|last5=Huang|first5=Zhenying|date=2011-09-02|title=The Achene Mucilage Hydrated in Desert Dew Assists Seed Cells in Maintaining DNA Integrity: Adaptive Strategy of Desert Plant Artemisia sphaerocephala|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=9|pages=e24346|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024346|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3166310|pmid=21912689|bibcode=2011PLoSO...624346Y|df=}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Villellas|first=J.|last2=García|first2=M. B.|date=2013-09-01|title=The role of the tolerance–fecundity trade-off in maintaining intraspecific seed trait variation in a widespread dimorphic herb|journal=Plant Biology|language=en|volume=15|issue=5|pages=899–909|doi=10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00684.x|pmid=23126286|issn=1438-8677|df=|hdl=10261/87756}}

External links

{{Wiktionary}}
  • Mucilage McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 5th edition.
  • Mucilage Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition (2007).
  • {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Mucilage|volume=18|page=954}}

3 : Adhesives|Carnivorous plants|Polysaccharides
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