| 词条 | Murata rifle |
| 释义 |
| image= Murata gun.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=Type 22 Murata repeating rifle |name=Murata rifle |type=Bolt-action service rifle |origin=Empire of Japan |era=Meiji Empire |design_date=1880 |production_date=1885–1905 |service=1885-1918 |used_by=See Users |wars=First Sino-Japanese War Donghak Peasant Revolution Boxer Rebellion Russo-Japanese War World War I Siberian Intervention |spec_type= |caliber=11mm 8mm |part_length=840mm |cartridge=11×60mmR Murata 8×53mmR Murata |feed=Single-shot (Type 13, Type 16, Type 18, and civilian models) Repeating rifle 8-round tube magazine (Type 22 rifle), 5-round tube magazine (Type 22 carbine) |action=Bolt action |rate= |velocity=435m/s |weight=4.09kg |length=1294mm |variants=Type 13 Type 16 Type 18 Type 22 Type 22 carbine Civilian |number= }} The {{nihongo|Murata rifle|村田銃|Murata jū}} was the first indigenously produced Japanese service rifle adopted in 1880 as the Meiji Type 13 Murata single-shot rifle.[1] The 13 referred to the adoption date, the year 13 in the Meiji period according to the Japanese calendar. DevelopmentThe development of the weapon was lengthy as it involved the establishment of an adequate industrial structure to support it.[2] Before producing local weapons, the early Imperial Japan Army had been relying on various imports since the time of the Boshin War, and especially on the French Chassepot, the British Snider-Enfield and the Spencer repeating rifle.[2] This was about 300 years after Japan developed its first guns, derived from Portuguese matchlock designs, the Tanegashima or "Nanban guns". The combat experience of the Boshin War emphasized the need for a standardized design, and the Japanese Army was impressed with the metallic-cartridge design of the French Gras rifle. The design was invented by Major Murata Tsuneyoshi, an infantry officer in the Japanese Imperial Army.[3] Adopted in Emperor Meiji's thirteenth year of reign, the rifle was designated as the model 13 and went into production as the 11-millimeter Type 13 single-shot, bolt-action rifle in 1880.[3] Superficial improvements such as components, bayonet lugs, and minor configurations led to the redesignation of the Type 13 to the Type 18 rifle in 1885. Further modifications in the same year involving both tubular and box magazines led to the Type 22 rifle, which used a tubular magazine and was reduced to caliber 8mm. The Type 22 was the first Japanese military rifle to utilize smokeless powder and entered military service in 1889.[4] Three models of bayonets were produced for the rifles: Type 13 and Type 18 which were used with the single-shot variants and Type 22 which were compatible with the repeater variants. Combat historyThe Murata rifle was the standard infantry weapon of the Imperial Japanese Army during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and in the Boxer Rebellion. The Imperial Japanese Army was quick to recognize that the design of even the improved Type 22 version of the Murata rifle had many technical issues and flaws. Following the combat experience of the First Sino-Japanese War, a decision was made to replace it with the Arisaka Type 30 rifle, which had been designed in 1898, and which also used the more modern smokeless powder. The rifle performed well in any situation and terrain. However, due to insufficient production, many of the reserve infantry units sent to the front-lines during the latter stages of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 continued to be equipped with the Murata Type 22 rifle.[5] Type 22s likewise continued to be used into the earliest stages of the First World War, though in very small numbers. After 1918, the Murata rifle had been retired, and many veteran rifles were sold onto the civilian market as hunting guns, in which capacity they still function as of the 21st century. Filipino revolutionaries were looking for a possible purchase of weapons and the Murata rifle from Japan was usually proposed.[6] This was to be acquired through arms smuggling under a supposed loan.[7] However, there is no clear historical record of any successful arms smuggling that occurred.[8] There was some indication that unnamed personalities were arrested on suspicions of trying to acquire them from Japan.[9] Andres Bonifacio wanted to get Murata rifles to equip the Katipunan in order to match the firepower used by Spanish and colonial forces in the Philippines.[10]Variants
Users
See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Japanese MURATA Type 13 (M.1880) |website=MilitaryRifles.com |date=2008-08-28 |url=http://www.militaryrifles.com/Japan/Murata13.htm |accessdate=2009-07-19}} 2. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA88|title=Rifles of the World |author=John Walter|page=88|website=Books.google.com|accessdate=12 March 2019}} 3. ^1 Honeycutt & Anthony p. 8 4. ^Honeycutt & Anthony p. 16 5. ^1 {{cite book|last=Kowner|first=Rotem|authorlink=Rotem Kowner|year=2006|title=Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=0-8108-4927-5}} p. 247. 6. ^{{cite book|title=Affairs in the Philippine Islands. Hearings before the Committee|page=1687|date=June 28, 1902}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://philrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/From-4-Nodes-of-History.pdf|format=PDF|title=From Four Nodes of History : The Human Rights Challenge in the Philippine Security Sector|website=Philrights.org|accessdate=12 March 2019}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://thedailyguardian.net/opinion/arrests-in-october/|title=Arrests in October|date=18 October 2013|website=Thedailyguardian.net|accessdate=12 March 2019}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.visayandailystar.com/2015/May/23/tightrope.htm|title=DAILY STAR: TIGHT ROPE WITH MODESTO P. SA-ONOY|website=Visayandailystar.com|accessdate=12 March 2019}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556504.pdf|format=PDF|title=THE FILIPINO WAY OF WAR : IRREGULAR WARFARE THROUGH THE CENTURIES|author1=Fernando M. Reyeg|author2=Ned B. Marsh|date=December 2011|website=Apps.dtic.mil|accessdate=12 March 2019}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLBTkNZ8U44C&pg=PA370|title=Rifles: An Illustrated History of Their Impact|first=David|last=Westwood|date=12 March 2019|publisher=ABC-CLIO|accessdate=12 March 2019|via=Google Books}} 12. ^Chinese Warlord Armies 1911–30 by Philip Jowett, page 22.
External links
5 : Rifles of Japan|Bolt-action rifles|Early rifles|Single-shot rifles|Single-shot bolt-action rifles |
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