| 词条 | Muthuraja |
| 释义 |
|image = |caption = |group = Muthuraja |popplace = Tamil Nadu |languages = Tamil |religions = Hinduism |related-c = Mutharaiyar dynasty }}Muthuraja also known as Kudiyaanavar and Ambalakarar is a Tamil speaking community prevalent in southern India.[1] They were historically zamindars and landlords.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} Their primary occupation is agriculture and trade.[2] The Muthuraja people are the descendants of the Muttaraiyar line of kings who ruled the districts of Trichy, Thanjavur and Pudukottai between the sixth and the ninth century.[3] The Muthuraja people are spread throughout rural area around Trichy region. The community is mostly distributed in the Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai,Tanjore, Karur,Namakkal and Perambalur districts of Tamil Nadu.[4] EtymologyThe etymology of the community name, Mutharaiyar, is unclear. In Tamil, they were called as Muthuraja, Muthurayar etc. while in Kannada they were called Muttarasa.[5] One theory is that it may be derived from Mu or Mundru meaning "three" and tharai meaning "earth", that is roughly translated as People of three territories. It may also mean Lord of three territories as araiyar also meant king.[6][7][8] The word Muthi also means old so according to some scholars, their name could also mean Princes of 3 territories.[9] One of their titles was Lord of Tanjore.[10] Some of the chiefs of the Muttaraiyar family used the title Maaran like Kuvavan Maaran, Suvaran Maaran, Maaran Parameswaran etc.[11] They are commonly known as KaavalKarar, derived from Tamil word Kaaval meaning "protect" in reference to their earlier occupations as village guards and soldiers.[12][13] Their title Ambalakkarar is derived from the Tamil word ambalam meaning panchayat or "village council", as they served as the heads of these councils.[12] OriginAccording to Tamil historians, the Muttarayar are said to have invaded kingdoms in Tamilakkam around the 2nd century CE from Erumainadu, which is identified with the area in and around modern Mysore in Karnataka.[14] They seem to have established themselves as Lords of the Tanjore district in Tamilakkam around this time. The most famous of the dynasty were Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar, also called Kuvavan Maaran, his son Maaran Parameswaran, alias Ilangovadiaraiyan, and Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II, alias Suvaran Maaran.[15][16] During the 7th to 8th centuries, they served as feudatories of the Pallavas and controlled the fertile plains of the Kaveri region. An inscription in the Vaikuntha Perumal temple in Kanchipuram mentions a Muttaraiyar chief receiving Nandivarman II Pallavamalla at the latter's coronation.[17] According to historian T. A. Gopinatha Rao, this chief was Perumbidigu Muthurayar II,[18] who is styled as Kalvara Kalvan in this epigraph.[19] According to historian Mahalingam, he fought along with Udayachandra, the Pallava general of Nandivarman II, in at least twelve battles against the Cheras and Pandyas.[20] The Sendalai inscription of Perumbidigu Muthurayar II states that Tanjore and Vallam were under his control.[21] When the medieval Cholas came to power in 850, Vijayalaya Chola wrested control of Tanjore from the Muthuraja chieftains and turned them into vassals.[22][23][24]{{full|date=January 2019}} The early rulers of the dynasty seem to have encouraged Jainism. The Jain acharya Vimalachandra from Sravanabelagola is said to have visited Suvaran Maaran's court and challenged the Saivas, Kapalikas, Pasupatas and Buddhists.[25] During the post Vijayanagar era many of the soldiers and poligars were drawn from the ranks of the Muthuraja community.[26] LiteratureOne of the most notable Muthuraja people was Peru Mutharaiyar, who was known for his great wealth and grand feasts. Two stanzas (200, 296) of Nālaṭiyār, a Jain work of ancient Tamil literature, is dedicated to him.[27] Another work called Muttolaayiram which is part of the Tamil anthology lauds the exploits of the Mutturaja chieftains.[14] See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEZuAAAAMAAJ|title=Caste Today|last=Fuller|first=Christopher John|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195637953|location=|pages=72|quote=They all agree that the very name Valaiyar is demeaning, and they tend to reject it accordingly; they have started using the name Mooppanar but this is not yet very widespread. Many people call themselves Ambalakkarars.}} 2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=ButtAAAAMAAJ|title=The Valayar of South India: Society and religion|last=Setty|first=E. Desingu|date=1990|publisher=Inter-India Publications|year=|isbn=9788121002387|location=|pages=293|language=en}} 3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gmdDAAAAYAAJ&q=muthuraja+descendants&dq=muthuraja+descendants&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwieyZ_2-NvfAhWM6Y8KHW44CHsQ6AEIVjAI|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli pt. 1-2)|author=Madras (India : State), B. S. Baliga|page=278}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ|title=India's Communities|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195633542|location=|pages=2426–2429|language=en}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Epigraphia Indica, Volume 27, Volumes 13-14 of [Reports]: New imperial series, India Archaeological Survey|author=Archaeological Survey of India, India. Dept. of Archaeology|publisher=Manager of Publications, 1985|page=223}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Journal of Ancient Indian History, Volume 5|publisher=D.C. Sircar, 1972 - India|author=University of Calcutta. Dept. of Ancient Indian History and Culture|page=78}} 7. ^Journal of Indian history, Volume 19, page 40 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/library/ldpam/ldpam07/ldpam072/html/ldpam072ind.htm|title=A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Tamil Language|last=|first=|date=|website=www.tamilvu.org|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|page=200|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-03}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=The Kalabhras in the Pandiya country and their impact on the life and letters there|author=M. Arunachalam|publisher=University of Madras, 1979 - Kalabhras - 168 pages|page=38}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Classical Age |editor-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor-last=Majumdar |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin |year=1954 |page=266 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532401}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=History of Kongu, Volume 1|author=V. Ramamurthy|publisher=International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilization, 1986 - Kongu Region (India)|page=232}} 12. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkppAgAAQBAJ|title=Sacred Groves and Local Gods: Religion and Environmentalism in South India|last=Kent|first=Eliza F.|date=2013-03-26|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780199895472|location=|pages=33–34|language=en}} 13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uHkAAAAMAAJ|title=Annual Convocation ... Handbook of Research Activities|last=Delhi|first=University of|date=1991|publisher=University of Delhi|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=293|language=en}} 14. ^1 {{cite book|title=Bulletin, Volume 3, Issue 2|author=Anthropological Survey of India|publisher=India. Dept. of Anthropology|page=8}} 15. ^{{cite book|title=Feudatories of South India, 800-1070 A.D.|author=Ve Pālāmpāḷ|publisher=Chugh Publications |year=1978|page=135}} 16. ^{{cite book|title=Hero-stones in Tamilnadu|author=Naṭan̲a Kācinātan̲|publisher=Arun Publications |year=1978|page=20}} 17. ^{{cite book|title=Geographical Names in Ancient Indian Inscriptions|author=Parmanand Gupta|publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 1977 - India - 176 pages|page=55}} 18. ^{{cite book|title=Social and cultural history of Tamilnad, Volume 1|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Ennes |year=1993|page=66}} 19. ^{{cite book|title=Geographical Names in Ancient Indian Inscriptions|author=Parmanand Gupta|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1977|page=55}} 20. ^{{cite book|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|author=D Dennis Hudson|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008|page=541}} 21. ^{{cite book|title=Sources of the history of India, Volume 3|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |year=1980|page=342}} 22. ^{{cite book|title=The political structure of early medieval South India|author=Kesavan Veluthat|publisher=Orient Longman, 1993|page=112}} 23. ^{{Cite book|title=Journal of Indian History, Volumes 19-20|author=University of Allahabad. Department of Modern Indian History, University of Kerala. Dept. of History, University of Kerala|page=40}} 24. ^{{cite book|title=Indian History|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|page=B55}} 25. ^{{Cite book|title=Political, Legal And War Philosophy In Ancient India|author=H.S. Bhatia|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications, 2001|page=180}} 26. ^{{cite book|title=Barriers broken: production relations and agrarian change in Tamil Nadu|author=Venkatesh B. Athreya, Göran Djurfeldt, Staffan Lindberg|publisher=Sage Publications, 1990|page=25}} 27. ^{{cite book|title=Studies in South Indian Jainism: South Indian Jainism|author=M. S. Ramaswami Ayyangar, B. Seshagiri Rao|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications |year=1982|page=56}} 2 : Pudukkottai state|Social groups of Tamil Nadu |
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