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词条 List of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States
释义

  1. A

  2. B

  3. C

  4. D

  5. E

  6. F

  7. G

  8. H

  9. I

  10. J

  11. K

  12. L

  13. M

  14. N

  15. O

  16. P

  17. Q

  18. R

  19. S

  20. T

  21. U

  22. V

  23. W

  24. X

  25. Y

  26. Z

  27. See also

  28. Notes

  29. Sources

{{See also|List of automobile manufacturers of the United States}}

This is a list of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States. They were discontinued for various reasons, such as bankruptcy of the parent company, mergers, or being phased out.

{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}

A

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • ABC (1906–1910)
  • Abbott-Detroit (1909–1916; Abbott 1917–1918)[1]
  • Able (1917–1919)
  • Ace (1920–1922)
  • Acme (1903–1911)
  • Adams-Farwell (1899–1912)
  • Adria (1921–1922)
  • A.E.C. (or Anger) (1913–1915)[2]
  • Aerocar (1905–1908)
  • Aero Car (1921)
  • Aerocar (1946)
  • Aero-Type (Victor Page model)[3]
  • Ahrens-Fox (1913)
  • Airscoot (1947)
  • Airway (1949–1950)[4]
  • Ajax (1914–1915)
  • Ajax (1920–1921)
  • Ajax (1925–1926)
  • Ajax Electric (1901–1903)[5]
  • Aland (1916–1917)
  • Albany (1907–1908)
  • Albatross (1939)
  • ALCO (1909–1913)[6]
  • Alden-Sampson (1904, 1911)
  • Aldo (1910–1911)
  • Alena Steam Car (1922)
  • All-Steel (1915–1916)
  • Allen (1913–1922)
  • Allen (1913–1914)
  • Allen Kingston (1907–1910)
  • Allis-Chalmers (before 1919)
  • Allstate (1952–1953)
  • Alpena (1910–1914)
  • Alsace (1920–1921)
  • Alter (1914–1917)
  • Altham (1896–1899)
  • Altman (1901)
  • Aluminum (1920–1922) (see Pomeroy)[7]
  • Amalgamated (1917–1919)
  • Ambassador (1921–1925)[3]
  • Amco (1917–1922)
  • America (1911)
  • American (1899)[3]
  • American (1902–1903)[3]
  • American (1906–1914)
  • American (1911–1912)[3]
  • American (1914)[3]
  • American (aka American (Balanced) Six) (1917–1924)[3]
  • American Austin (1929–1934; American Bantam 1938–1941)[3]
  • American Beauty (1918–1920) (see Pan-American)[8]
  • American Berliet (1906–1908)
  • American De Dion (1900–1901)
  • American Electric (1896–1902)
  • American Electric (1913–1914)
  • American Fiat (1910–1918)
  • American Gas (1902–1904)
  • American Junior (1916–1920)
  • American Juvenile Electric (1907)
  • American Mercedes (1904–1907)
  • American Mors (1906–1909)[3]
  • American Motors (or AMC) (1966–1987)
  • American Napier (1904–1912)
  • American Populaire (1904–1905)
  • American Power Carriage (1899–1900)[3]
  • American Simplex (1906–1910; Amplex 1910–1913)
  • American Steam Car (1924–1931)
  • American Steamer (1922–1924)
  • American Tri-Car (1912)
  • American Underslung (1905–1914)
  • American Waltham (1898–1899)
  • American Wheelock[9]
  • Ames (1910–1915)[3]
  • Ams-Sterling (1917)[3]
  • Anahuac (1922)
  • Anchor Buggy (1910–1911)
  • Anderson (1907–1910)[10]
  • Anderson (1906)[10]
  • Anderson (1916–1925)[3]
  • Anger (see A.E.C.)[11]
  • Angus (see Fuller)[3]
  • Anheuser-Busch (1905)[12]
  • Anhut (1909–1910)[13]
  • Ann Arbor (1911–1912)
  • Anna (1912)
  • Ansted (1926–1927)
  • Ansted-Lexington (1922)
  • Anthony (1899–1900)[3]
  • Apollo (1906–1907)
  • Apollo (1962–1964)
  • Apperson (1902–1926)
  • Apple (1917–1918)
  • Aptera (2005–2011)
  • Arabian (1915–1917)[14]
  • ArBenz (1911–1918)[3]
  • Ardsley (1905–1906)
  • Argo (1914–1916)
  • Argo Electric (1912–1916)
  • Argonne (1919–1920)
  • Ariel (1905–1907)
  • Aristos (see Mondex-Magic)[3]
  • Armstrong Electric (1885–1902)
  • Arnolt (1953–1954)[15]
  • Arrow Cyclecar (1914)
  • Artzberger (1904)[16]
  • Astra (1920)
  • Atlas (1906–1907)
  • Atlas (1907–1911; Atlas-Knight 1912–1913)
  • Auburn (1900–1936)
  • Auburn (1912–1915)[17]
  • Aultman (1901)
  • Aurora (1905–1906)[3][18]
  • Aurora (1907–1909)[19]
  • Aurora (1957–1958)
  • Austen (see Roper)[3]
  • Austin (1901–1921)[3]
  • Auto-Bug (1909–1910)[3]
  • Auto Cub (1956)
  • Auto Cycle (1906–1907)[3]
  • Auto Dynamic (1900–1902)[3]
  • Autoette (1910–1913)
  • Autoette (1948–1970)
  • Automatic (1921)[3]
  • Automobile Fore Carriage (1900)[20]
  • Automobile Voiturette (see Gasmobile)[3]
  • Automotor (1901–1904)[3]
  • Auto Parts (see King-Remick)[21]
  • Auto Tricar (1914)[3]
  • Auto Two (see Buffalo)[3]
  • Auto Vehicle (see Tourist)[3]
  • Avanti (1963–2007)
{{colend}}

B

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Babcock (1909–1913)[22]
  • Babcock Electric (1906–1912)
  • Baby Moose (1914)
  • Bachelle Electric (1900–1903)[3]
  • Bacon (1901, 1919–1920)[3]
  • Badger (1910–1911)[23]
  • Bailey (1907–1910)[3]
  • Bailey Electric (1907–1916)
  • Baker-Bell (1913)
  • Baker & Elberg Electric (1894–1895)
  • Baker Electric (1899–1916)[24]
  • Balboa (1924–1925)[3]
  • Baldner (1900–1903)[3]
  • Baldwin (1899–1901)[3]
  • Ball Steam (1868, 1902)[3]
  • Balzer (1894–1900)
  • Banker (1905)[3]
  • Bantam (1914)[25]
  • Barbarino (1923–1925)[3]
  • Bar Harbor (1900–1902)
  • Barley (1916–1929)
  • Barnes (1907)
  • Barnes (1910)
  • Barnes Steam Trap (1899)
  • Barrows Electric (1895–1899)[26]
  • Bates (1904–1905)
  • Bauer (1914–1916)[3]
  • Bauer (1925–1927)
  • Bay State (1907–1908)[3]
  • Bay State (1922–1926)
  • Beardsley (1914–1917)[3]
  • Beebe (1905–1906)
  • Beechcraft (1946)[27]
  • Beggs (1919–1923)[3]
  • Belden (1907–1911)[3]
  • Bell (1916–1922)[28]
  • Bellefontaine (1908)
  • Belmont (1909–1910)
  • Belmont (1916)[29]
  • Bendix (1908–1909)[3]
  • Benham (1914)
  • Ben Hur (1917–1918)[30]
  • Benner (1909)[3]
  • Bentel (1916–1919)
  • Berg (1903–1905)[31]
  • Berg Electric (1920–1921)
  • Bergdoll (1910–1913)[3]
  • Berwick Electric (1904)
  • Berkshire (1905–1912)[3]
  • Berliet (see American Berliet)[3]
  • Bertolet (1908–1910)[3]
  • Bethlehem (see Ideal)[32]
  • Beverly (1904)[3]
  • Bi-Autogo (1908–1912)[33]
  • Biddle (1915–1922)
  • Biesel (1914)
  • Bimel (1916–1917)[3]
  • Binghamton Electric (1920)
  • Binney & Burnham (1901–1902)
  • Birch (1916–1923)[34]
  • Birmingham (1921–1923)[3]
  • Black (1893, 1896–1900)
  • Black (1908–1910; Black-Crow 1909–1910)[35]
  • Blackhawk (1903)[3]
  • Blackhawk (1929–1930)
  • Bliss (1906)
  • B.L.M. (1906–1907)[3]
  • Blomstrom (1902–1903, 1907–1908)[3]
  • Blood (1902–1906)
  • BMC (1952)[36]
  • Boardman (1946)[27]
  • Bobbi-Kar (1945–1947)[27]
  • Boisselot (1901)[3]
  • Borbein (1900, 1904–1909)[3]
  • Borland Electric (1910–1916)[3]
  • Boss Steam Car (1897–1909)[37]
  • Boston-Amesbury (1902–1903)[3]
  • Boston High Wheel (1907)[3]
  • Bour-Davis (1915–1922)
  • Bournonville (see Rotary)[3]
  • Bowman (1921–1922)[3]
  • Bradfield (1929–1930)
  • Bradford (see Holley)
  • Bradley (1920–1921)
  • Bramwell (1904–1905)[3]
  • Bramwell-Robinson (1899–1902)[3]
  • Brasie (1914–1916)[3]
  • Brazier (1902–1903)[3]
  • Brecht (1901–1903)[37]
  • Brennan (1902–1908)[3]
  • Brew-Hatcher (1904–1905)
  • Brewster (1915–1925, 1934–1937)
  • Briggs and Stratton (1919–1923)[3][38]
  • Briggs-Detroiter (1912–1917) (see Detroiter)
  • Brightwood (see Orson)[3]
  • Briscoe (1913–1923)
  • Bristol (1903–1904)[37]
  • Broc Electric (1909–1916)[39]
  • Brogan (1946–1950)[27]
  • Brook (1920–1921)[3]
  • Brooks Steamer (1927)[3]
  • Brown (1914)[3]
  • Brown (1916)
  • Brown-Burtt (see Cannon)[3]
  • Brownie (1916)[40]
  • Browniekar (1908–1911)[40]
  • Brunn (1906)
  • Brush (1907–1912)
  • Bryan Steam Car (1918–1923)
  • Buckeye (1895)[41]
  • Buckmobile (1903–1905)
  • Buffalo (1900–1902)
  • Buffalo Electric (1912–1915)
  • Buffum (1901–1907)
  • Buggy Car (1908–1909)[3]
  • Bugmobile (1907–1909)[42]
  • Burdick (1909)[40]
  • Burg (1910–1913)[40]
  • Burns (1908–1912)[40]
  • Burrows (1914–1915)
  • Bush (1916–1924)
  • B-Z-T (1915)
{{colend}}

C

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • C-A-C (1914–1915)
  • Cady (1899)[43]
  • California (1899)
  • California (1900–1902)
  • California (1910)[44]
  • California (1923–1925)
  • Caloric (1903–1904)
  • Camelot (1981)[43]
  • Cameron (1903–1920)[45]
  • Campbell (1918–1919)[40]
  • Canda (1900–1902)[40]
  • Cannon (1902–1906)
  • Cantono Electric (1904–1907)[40]
  • Car de Luxe (1906–1910)
  • Car-Nation (aka Carnation) (1912–1915)
  • Carbon Motors Corporation (2003-2013)
  • Cardway (1923–1924)[40]
  • Carhart (1871)[46]
  • Carhartt (1910–1912)
  • Carlson (1904)[40]
  • Carrol (see Compressed Air)[40]
  • Carroll (1908)[47]
  • Carroll Six (1921–1922)
  • Carter Steam (1901)[48]
  • Carter Twin-Engine (1907–1908)
  • Cartercar (1905–1916)
  • Carthage (1914–1915)[40]
  • Case (1911–1927)[49]
  • Cavac (1910)
  • C.B. (1917–1918)[40]
  • Ceco (1914–1915)[50]
  • Centaur (1902–1903)[40]
  • Central (1905–1906)[40]
  • Century (1900–1903)[51]
  • Century Electric (1911–1915)[40]
  • Century Steamer (1906)[37]
  • Century Tourist (1901)[40]
  • C-F (1907–1909)
  • Chadwick (1904–1916; 1960)[40]
  • Chalfant (1905–1912)[40]
  • Chalmers-Detroit (1908–1910; Chalmers 1911–1924)
  • Champion (1916)[40]
  • Champion (1919–1924)
  • Chandler (1913–1929)
  • Chapman Electric (1899–1901)[40]
  • Charles Abresch Company
  • Chase (1907–1912)[40]
  • Checker (1922–1982)
  • Chelsea (1914)[40]
  • Chicago (1895–1899)
  • Chicago (1902)[52]
  • Chicago Electric (1899–1901)[53]
  • Chicago Electric (1913–1916)
  • Chicago Motor Buggy (1908)
  • Chicago Steam Car (1905–1907)[54]
  • Chief (1908)[8]
  • Christie (1904–1910)[55]
  • Christman (1901–1905, 1907)[40]
  • Church-Field (1912–1913)
  • Church Pneumatic (1913–1914)
  • Cincinnati Steamer (1903–1904)[37]
  • CinO (1910–1913)[40]
  • Citicar (1974–1976)
  • Clark (1901)[37]
  • Clark (1910–1912)
  • Clark Electric (1903–1905)[40]
  • Clark Electric (1909–1910)
  • Clark-Hatfield (1908–1909)
  • Clarkmobile (1903–1904; Clark 1910–1911)[56]
  • Clark Steam Car (1900–1909)
  • Classic (1916–1917, 1920)[40]
  • Cleburne (see Luck Utility)[40]
  • Clénet Coachworks (1975–1980)
  • Clermont (see Coats Steam Car)[57]
  • Cleveland (1902–1904)[58]
  • Cleveland (1905–1909)
  • Cleveland (1914)[58]
  • Cleveland (1919–1926)[58]
  • Cleveland Electric (1909–1910)
  • Climber (1919–1924)[59]
  • Clinton E. Woods Electric (1897–1901)[60]
  • Clipper (1902)[60]
  • Clipper (1956)[61][62]
  • Clough Steamer (1869)[60]
  • Cloughley (1896–1903)[40]
  • Club Car (1910–1911)[40]
  • Clyde Special (see Coyote Special)[40]
  • Clymer (1908)[63]
  • Coates-Goshen (1908–1910)
  • Coats Steam Car (1921–1923)
  • Coda (2009–2013)
  • Coey (1913–1917)
  • Coggswell (1910–1911)[40]
  • Colburn (1906–1911)[64]
  • Colby (1911–1914)[40]
  • Cole (1909–1925)[65]
  • Colonial (1921–1922)[40]
  • Colonial Electric (1912)
  • Colt (1907)[66]
  • Columbia (1897–1913)
  • Columbia Electric (see Columbian Electric or Leader)[40]
  • Columbia Six (1916–1924)[67]
  • Columbian Electric (1914–1917)[68]
  • Columbus (1907–1908)[40]
  • Columbus Electric (1903–1915)[69]
  • Comet (1907–1913)
  • Comet (1913–1914)
  • Comet (1914)
  • Comet (1917–1922)[70]
  • Comet (1946–1951)[15]
  • Commerce (1907–1908)[40]
  • Commerce (1922)
  • Commercial[71]
  • Commodore (1921–1922)[40]
  • Commonwealth (1917–1922)[40]
  • Comuta-Car (1979–1982) (see Citicar)[72]
  • Compound (1904–1908)
  • Conrad (1900–1903)[37]
  • Continental (1907–1908)
  • Continental (1910–1914)
  • Continental (1914)[73]
  • Continental (1933–1934)[40]
  • Continental (1956–1957)
  • Corbin (1904–1912)
  • Corbin (1999–2003)
  • Corbitt (1907–1914)[40]
  • Cord (1929–1932,1936–1937)
  • Corinthian (1922–1923)[40]
  • Cornelian (1914–1915)[40]
  • Cornish-Friedberg (see C-F)[40]
  • Correja (1909–1914)
  • Corwin (see Gas-au-lec)[74]
  • Cosmopolitan (1907–1910)[75]
  • Cotta Steam (1901–1903)[37]
  • Country Club (1903–1904)[40]
  • Courier (1904–1905)
  • Courier (1909–1911)[40]
  • Courier (1923)
  • Courier Clermont (1912) (see Courier)
  • Covert (1902–1907)
  • Coyote Special (1909–1910)
  • Craig-Toledo (1907)[40]
  • Crane (1912–1914; Crane-Simplex 1922)[76]
  • Crane & Breed (1912–1917)
  • Crawford (1904–1923)
  • Crescent (1913–1914)[67]
  • Crestmobile (1901–1905)
  • Cricket (1913–1914)
  • Criterion (see Kitto)[40]
  • Crompton (1902–1905)[37]
  • Crosley (1939–1952)
  • Crouch (1894–1900)[37]
  • Crow (1911; Crow-Elkhart 1911–1923)[77]
  • Crowdus Electric (1899–1902)[40]
  • Crown (1905–1907)[40]
  • Crown (1908–1910)
  • Crown (1913–1914)
  • Crowther (1915–1916; Crowther-Duryea 1917)[40]
  • Croxton-Keeton (1909–1910; Croxton 1911–1914)[78]
  • Cruiser (1917–1919)[40]
  • Culver (1905)[40]
  • Cunningham (1907–1936)[79]
  • Cunningham (1951–1955)[15]
  • Curtis (1920–1921)
  • Cutting (1909–1913)
  • C.V.I. (1907–1908)[40]
  • Cyclomobile (1920–1921)
{{colend}}

D

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • D.A.C. (1922–1923)
  • Dagmar (1922–1927)
  • Dale (1974)
  • Daniels (1916–1924)[80]
  • Dan Patch (1910–1911)[81]
  • Darby (1909–1910)[82]
  • Darling (1901–1902)[83]
  • Darling (1917)
  • Darrin (1946, 1955–1958)[15]
  • Dart (1910)
  • Dart (1914)
  • Davenport (1902)[84]
  • Davis (1908–1929)
  • Davis (1914)
  • Davis (1947–1949)[15]
  • Davis Steam Car (1921)[85]
  • Davis Totem (1921–1922)
  • Dawson (1904)[40]
  • Dawson Auto-Mobile (1899–1901)[86]
  • Day (1911–1914)
  • Dayton (1914)
  • Dayton Electric (1911–1915)[87]
  • Deal (1905–1911)[88]
  • Decatur (1910–1911)[89]
  • Decatur (1914–1915)[90]
  • Decker (1902–1903)[40]
  • Deere-Clark (1906; Deere 1907)[91]
  • Deering Magnetic (1918–1919)[40]
  • De La Vergne (1895–1896)
  • Delling (1924–1927)[37]
  • Delmore (1921–1923)[40]
  • Delorean (1975–1982)
  • De Luxe (1906–1908)
  • De Mars Electric (1905–1906; Blakeslee Electric 1906; Williams Electric 1906–1907; Byrider Electric 1907–1910)[58]
  • DeMot or DeMotCar (1910–1911)[40]
  • De Motte (1904)
  • Denneed (1916)[58]
  • Derain (1908–1911)[92]
  • Desberon (1901–1904)[40]
  • De Schaum (1908–1909)
  • De Shaw (1907–1909)
  • Des Moines (1902)
  • De Soto (1913–1914)[93]
  • DeSoto (1928–1961)[94]
  • De Tamble (1908–1913)[40]
  • Detroit (1904–1908)
  • Detroit (1904)
  • Detroit Cyclecar (1913–1914)
  • Detroit-Dearborn (1910–1911)
  • Detroit Electric (1907–1939)
  • Detroiter (1912–1917)[40]
  • Detroit-Oxford (1905–1906) (see also Oxford)
  • Detroit-Speedster (1913–1914; Saginaw Speedster 1914)[40]
  • Detroit Steam (1922) (see also Trask-Detroit)
  • De Vaux (1931–1932)
  • De Vaux Continental (1932–1934)
  • DeWitt (1909–1910)
  • Dewabout (1900–1901)[40]
  • Dey Electric (1917–1919)[40]
  • Dey Griswold (1895–1898)[95]
  • Diamond (1914–1915)[96]
  • Diamond T (1905–1911)
  • Diana (1925–1928)
  • Dile (1914–1917)
  • Dingfelder (1903)
  • Disbrow (1917–1918)[58]
  • Dispatch (1910)[40]
  • Dixie (1908–1910)[97]
  • Dixie (1916)[40]
  • Dixie Flyer (1916–1923)[40]
  • D.L.G. (1907)
  • Doble (1914–1918, 1922–1931)
  • Dodge (1914–1915)
  • Dodgeson (1926)
  • Dodo (1912)[32]
  • Dolson (1904–1907)
  • Dorris (1906–1926)
  • Dort (1915–1924)
  • Douglas (1918–1919)[40]
  • Dovell (circa 1980s)
  • Downing (1914–1915)[58]
  • Downing-Detroit (1913–1915)
  • Dragon (1906–1908)
  • Dragon (1920–1921)
  • Drake (1921–1922)[40]
  • Drexel (1916–1917)[40]
  • Driggs-Seabury (1915; Driggs 1921–1923)[40]
  • Drummond (1916–1917)[40]
  • Dual-Ghia (1956–1958)[15]
  • Duck (Jackson model)[98]
  • Dudly Bug (1913–1915)[40]
  • Dudgeon Steam (1857, 1866)[37]
  • Duer (1907–1910)[40]
  • Duesenberg (1920–1937)
  • Dumont (see Santos Dumont)[99]
  • Dunn (1916–1918)[40]
  • Duplex (1908–1909)[40]
  • Du Pont (1919–1931)
  • Duquesne (1904–1906)[40]
  • Duquesne (1912–1913)
  • Durant (1921–1931)
  • Durocar (1906–1911)[40]
  • Duryea (1893–1917)
  • Dyke (or St Louis) (1899–1901; Dyke-Britton 1904)[100]
  • Dymaxion (1933)[101]
{{colend}}

E

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Eagle (1905)[83]
  • Eagle (1905–1907)
  • Eagle (1909)
  • Eagle (1988–1998)
  • Eagle Electric (1915–1916)[40]
  • Eagle Rotary (or Eagle) (1914–1915; Eagle-Macomber 1916–1918)[40]
  • Earl (1907–1908)[102]
  • Earl (1921–1923)
  • Eastman (1898–1900)[37]
  • Eastman (1901–1902)[103]
  • Eaton Electric (1898–1900)[104]
  • Eck (see Boss Steam Car)[40]
  • Eclipse (1905–1906)
  • Eclipse (1916)
  • Eclipse Steam (1900–1903)[37]
  • Economy (1908–1911)
  • Economy (1916–1919; Economy-Vogue 1920; Vogue 1921–1922)[40]
  • Economycar (1914)[105]
  • Eddy Electric (1900–1901)[40]
  • Edsel (1958–1960)
  • Edwards-Knight (1912–1913)[40]
  • Edwards (1954–1955)[15]
  • E.H.V. (see Compound)[40]
  • Eichstaedt (1898–1902)[40]
  • Eisenhuth (1896–1900)
  • Elberg (see Baker & Elberg Electric)[106]
  • Elberon (Columbia model)[37]
  • Elbert (1914–1915)[40]
  • Elcar (1915–1931)
  • Elco (1915–1917)[107]
  • Eldredge (1903–1906)
  • Electra (1914–1915)[40]
  • Electric Vehicle (1897–1907)
  • Electronomic (see Hood Steamer)[40]
  • Elgin (1916–1924)[40]
  • Elite (Johnson model)[108]
  • Elite (1901–1902)[37]
  • Elkhart (see Crow-Elkhart, Pratt-Elkhart, Sterling, or Komet)[109]
  • Elliott (1897–1899)[109]
  • Ellis (see Triumph Electric)[109]
  • Ellsworth (1907)[109]
  • Elmore (1893–1912)
  • El Morocco (1956–1957)[15]
  • Emancipator (1909)[109]
  • Emerson (1885; Emerson-Fisher 1896)
  • Emerson (1917)[110]
  • E-M-F (1909–1912)[109]
  • Empire (1901–1902)
  • Empire (1910–1919)
  • Empire Steam Car (1925–1927)
  • Empire Steamer (1899–1902)
  • Empire Steamer (1904)
  • Endurance Steam Car (1922–1924)
  • Enger (1909–1917)[111]
  • Engler (1914–1915)
  • Entz (1914)[109]
  • Erie (1899–1902)[112]
  • Erie (1916–1919)
  • Erie & Sturgis (1897)
  • Erskine (1927–1930)[109]
  • Eshelman (1953–1961)
  • Essex (1906)[37]
  • Essex (1919–1932)
  • Etnyre (1910–1911)
  • Euclid (1908)[58]
  • Eureka (1900)
  • Eureka (1906–1907)
  • Eureka (1907–1909)
  • Eureka (1907–1909)
  • Evansville (see Simplicity)[109]
  • Everitt (1909–1912)
  • Everybody's (1907–1909)[109]
  • Ewing (1908–1910)[113]
  • Excalibur (1965-1997)
  • Excel (1914)
{{colend}}

F

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Fageol (1900, 1917)[109]
  • Fal-Car (or F.A.L.) (1909–1914)[114]
  • Falcon (1907–1909)[115]
  • Falcon (1913–1914)
  • Falcon (1922)[116]
  • Falcon (1922)[117]
  • Falcon-Knight (1927–1929)[109]
  • Famous (1908–1909)[109]
  • Fanning (1901–1903)[109]
  • Fargo (1929)
  • Farmack (1915–1916)[109]
  • Farner (1922–1923)[109]
  • Faulkner-Blanchard (1910)
  • Fawick Flyer (1908–1912)
  • Fay (1912)
  • Federal (1907–1909)[118]
  • Federal Steam (1901–1902)[37]
  • Fenton (1913–1914)[119]
  • Ferris (1920–1922)[58]
  • Fey Touring (1897–1906)[120][121]
  • Fiberfab (circa 1960s)
  • Fidelia (1913–1914)[58]
  • Field (1886, 1905)[37]
  • Fina-Sport (1953–1954)
  • Findlay (1910)
  • Firestone-Columbus (1909–1915)[109]
  • Fischer-Detroit (1914)
  • Fisher (1901–1905)[109]
  • Fisker (2007–2014)
  • Flagler (1914)[122]
  • Flanders 20 (1910–1912)[123]
  • Flanders Electric (1912–1914)[124]
  • Flanders Six (1913)
  • Flexbi (1904)[109]
  • Flint (1923–1927)[125]
  • Flint Roadster (1902–1904)
  • Flyer (1913–1914)
  • Forest City (see Jewell)[126]
  • Fort Pitt (see Pittsburgh Six)[109]
  • Fort Plain (1897, 1902, 1903) {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}
  • Foster (1889)
  • Foster (1901–1904)[37]
  • Fostoria (1906–1907)[109]
  • Fostoria (1915–1916)
  • Fouch (1914–1915)
  • Fournier-Searchmont (see Searchmont[127]
  • Fox (1921–1923)[109]
  • Franklin (1902–1934)
  • Frayer-Miller (1904–1910)[109]
  • Frazen (1951–1962)
  • Frazer (1946–1951)
  • Frederickson (1914)[109]
  • Fredonia (1902–1904)
  • Fremont (1920–1922)[109]
  • Friedman (1900–1903)[128]
  • Friend (1920–1921)
  • Fritchle Electric (1905–1920)[109]
  • Frontenac (1906–1913)
  • Frontenac (1921–1925)[125]
  • Frontmobile (1917–1918)[109]
  • F.R.P. (1914–1916)[109]
  • F.S. (1911–1912)[109][129]
  • Fuller (1908–1910)[109]
  • Fuller (1909–1910)
  • F.W.D. (1910–1912)[130]
{{colend}}

G

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Gabriel (1910–1912)[131]
  • Gadabout (1913–1915)
  • Gaethmobile (1902–1904, Gaeth 1905–1910)
  • Gale (1905–1907)[132]
  • Galloway (1908–1911)[133]
  • Gardner (1920–1931)
  • Garford (1908, 1911–1913)[109]
  • Gary Six (1914)
  • Gas-au-lec (1905–1906)
  • Gaslight (1960-circa 1961)
  • Gasmobile (1899–1902)
  • Gaylord (1911–1913)
  • Gaylord (1955–1956)
  • Gearless (1907–1909)[134]
  • Gearless (1919–1922)
  • Gearless Steamer (see Super-Steamer)[37]
  • Gem (1917–1919)
  • General (1902–1904)[131]
  • General Electric (1891–1898, 1902–1903)[135]
  • General Electric (1898–1900)[136]
  • General Motors Corporation (1908–2009)
  • Geneva (1901–1904)[137]
  • German-American (1902–1903)[109]
  • Geo (1989–1997)
  • Geronimo (1917–1920)[109]
  • Ghent (1916–1918)[109]
  • Gillette (1916)[109]
  • G.J.G. (1909–1914)
  • Glasspar (1949–1953)[138]
  • Gleason (1909–1913)[109]
  • Glide (1903–1920)[109]
  • Globe Four (1921–1922)[58]
  • Glover (1920–1921)[109]
  • Golden Eagle (1906)[139]
  • Graham Electric (1903)
  • Graham Motorette (1902–1903)
  • Graham-Paige (1928–1930; Graham 1930–1941)
  • Gramm (1902)[109]
  • Granite Falls (see Lende)[109]
  • Grant (1913–1922)[140]
  • Graves & Condon (see Crown (1908–1910))[109]
  • Gray (1922–1926)
  • Gray Light Car (1920)
  • Great Arrow (1904–1909) (see also Pierce-Arrow)[141]
  • Great Eagle (1910–1918)
  • Great Smith (see Smith)
  • Great Southern (1910–1914)
  • Great Western (1910–1916)[141]
  • Greenleaf (1902)
  • Gregory (1920–1922)[109]
  • Greyhound (1914–1916)[8]
  • Grinnell Electric (1910–1915)
  • Griswold (1907)
  • Grout (1900–1912)[142]
  • Gurley (1899–1901)[109]
  • G.V. (1907)[143]
  • Gyroscope (1908–1909)
{{colend}}

H

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Haase (1902–1904)
  • Hackett (1916–1919)
  • H.A.L. (1916–1918)[58]
  • Hall (1903–1904)[109]
  • Hall (1914–1915)
  • Halladay (1905–1922)[144]
  • Hamilton (1917)[109]
  • Hamlin-Holmes (1919–1929; Hamlin 1930)[109]
  • Hammer-Sommer (1902–1904; Hammer 1905–1906)
  • Handley-Knight (1921–1923; Handley 1923)[109]
  • Hanger (1916)[145]
  • Hanover (1921–1927)[109]
  • Hanson (1918–1925)[109]
  • Harding (1916–1917)[146]
  • Hardy (see Flint Roadster)[109]
  • Harper (1907–1908)[109]
  • Harrie (1925)[109]
  • Harris (1910)[109]
  • Harrison (1905–1907)
  • Harroun (1917–1922)
  • Hartley (1895–1899)[37]
  • Hartman (1914–1918)[109]
  • Harvard (1915–1921)[147]
  • Harwood-Barley (1911–1915)[148]
  • Hasbrouck (1900–1902)[109]
  • Hatfield (1907–1908)[149]
  • Hatfield (1916–1924)[150]
  • Havers (1908–1914)
  • Hawk (1914)
  • Hawley (1906–1908)[109]
  • Hay-Berg (1907–1908)[151]
  • Haydock (see Cosmopolitan)[109]
  • Haynes-Apperson (1896–1905; Haynes 1904–1925)
  • Hayward (1913)[109]
  • H.C.S. (1920–1925)[109]
  • Healey (circa 1905– circa 1916)[109]
  • Heine-Velox (1903–1908, 1921–1923)
  • Hendel (1903–1904)[109]
  • Henderson (1912–1914)[152]
  • Henney (1921–1931)[109]
  • Henney (1960–1964)
  • Henry (1910–1912)
  • Henry J (1951–1954)
  • Hercules (1914–1915)[109]
  • Hercules Electric (1907)
  • Herff-Brooks (1915–1916)
  • Herreshoff (1909–1914)
  • Hertel (1895–1900)[109]
  • Hertz (1924–1927)[109]
  • Heseltine (1916–1917)[109]
  • Hewitt (1906–1907)[153]
  • Hewitt-Lindstrom (1900–1901)
  • Heymann (1898–1907)[109]
  • Hicks (1899–1900)
  • Hidley Steam Car (1901)
  • Highlander (1919–1922)[109]
  • Hill (1904–1908)[109]
  • Hilton (1920–1921)
  • Hines (1908–1910)[109]
  • Hitchcock (1909)
  • Hobbie Accessible (1908–1909)
  • Hoffman (1901–1904)[154]
  • Hoffman (1931)
  • Holden (1915)[155]
  • Holland (1902–1903)[37]
  • Holley (1900–1904)
  • Hollier (1915–1921)
  • Holly Six (1913–1915)[156]
  • Holmes (1906–1907)[157]
  • Holmes (1918–1923)
  • Holsman (1901–1911)
  • Hol-Tan (1908)
  • Holtom (1919, 1934)
  • Holyoke (1899–1903)[158]
  • Homer Laughlin (1916)[109]
  • Hood Steamer (1899–1901)
  • Hoosier Scout (1914)[109]
  • Hoover (1913–1914)
  • Hoskins (1920)[109]
  • Houpt (1909; Houpt-Rockwell 1910)[109]
  • House Steamer (1867)[159]
  • Howard (1895–1903)[158]
  • Howard (1895, 1901–1904, 1908)
  • Howard (1911, 1916–1917, 1919)
  • Howard (1913–1914)
  • Howey (1907–1908)[109]
  • Hudson (1901–1902)
  • Hudson (1909–1957)
  • Huffman (1919–1925)
  • Hummer (1992–2010)
  • Hupmobile (1909–1940)
  • Hupp-Yeats (1911–1919)
  • Huselton (1911–1914)
  • Hydromotor (1914–1917)[109]
{{colend}}

I

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Ideal (1902)
  • Ideal (1902–1903)
  • Ideal (1907–1908)
  • Ideal Electric (1910–1911)
  • Illinois (1907)
  • Illinois (1909–1912)
  • Illinois Electric (1897–1901)[160]
  • Imp (1913–1914)[109]
  • Imperial (1903–1904)[109]
  • Imperial (1907–1908)
  • Imperial (1908–1916)[161]
  • Imperial (1908–1916)
  • Imperial (1955–1975, 1981–1983)
  • Imperial Electric (1903–1904)[109]
  • Independent Harvester (1910–1911)[109]
  • Indiana (1901)[8]
  • Indianapolis (see Black)[109]
  • International (1899) (see Strathmore)[162]
  • International (1899) (see Walters)[163]
  • International (1900) (see Klock)[164]
  • International (1900)[163]
  • International (1901–1903) (see Toledo)[165]
  • International Cyclecar (1914) (see Economycar)[166]
  • International Harvester (1907–1980)
  • Inter-State (1909–1919)[109]
  • Intrepid (see Rotary)
  • Iroquois (1903–1907)[32]
{{colend}}

J

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Jackson (1903–1923)
  • Jacquet Flyer (1921)
  • Jaeger (1932–1933)
  • James (1909–1911)[109]
  • Janney (1906)
  • Jarvis-Huntington (1912)[109]
  • Jaxon Steam (1903)[167]
  • Jeannin (1908)
  • Jeffery (1902–1917)
  • Jenkins (1907–1912)[109]
  • Jewell (1906–1907; Jewel 1908–1909)[109]
  • Jewett (1922–1927)
  • Johnson (1905–1912)[168]
  • Jones (1914–1920)[169]
  • Jones-Corbin (1903–1907)[169]
  • Jonz (1909–1912)[169]
  • Jordan (1916–1931)
  • JPL (1913)[170]
  • Julian (1918, 1925)[169]
  • Junior R (1924)
{{colend}}

K

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Kaiser (1947–1955)
  • Kalamazoo (see Michigan)[169]
  • Kane-Pennington (see Pennington)[169]
  • Kansas City (1906–1908; Kansas City Wonder 1909)[171]
  • Kato (1907–1913)[169]
  • Kauffman (1909–1912)[169]
  • K-D (1912–1913)[169]
  • Kearns (1909–1916)[169]
  • Keene Steamobile (1900–1901)[37]
  • Keeton (1912–1914)[172]
  • Keller (1948–1950)[15]
  • Keller-Kar (1914)
  • Kelsey (1897–1902, 1920–1924)[173]
  • Kenmore (1910–1912)[169]
  • Kennedy (1915–1917)
  • Kennedy Electric (1898–1903)
  • Kensington (1899–1904)[37]
  • Kent (1916–1917)[169]
  • Kent's Pacemaker (1900)
  • Kenworthy (1920–1921)[169]
  • Kermath (1907–1908)
  • Kessler (1920–1921; Kess-Line 8 1922)
  • Keystone (1899–1900)
  • Keystone (1900)[174]
  • Keystone (1914–1915)
  • Keystone Six (1909–1910)
  • Kiblinger (1907–1909)[169]
  • Kidder (1899–1903)[37]
  • Kimball Electric (1910–1912)[169]
  • King (1896, 1911–1923)[8]
  • King Midget (1947–1970)[175]
  • King-Remick (1910)
  • Kinner (custom cars after World War One)[176]
  • Kirk (see also Yale)[177]
  • Kissel (1906–1930)
  • Kleiber (1924–1929)[169][178]
  • Kline Kar (1910–1923)[169]
  • Klink (1907–1910)[169]
  • Klock (1900–1901)[169]
  • Klondike (1916–1920)
  • Knickerbocker (1901–1903)[169]
  • Knox (1900–1914)
  • Kobusch (1906)
  • Koehler (1910–1912)[169]
  • Komet (1911)
  • Konigslow (see Ottocar)[169]
  • Koppin (1914)
  • Krastin (1902–1904)[179]
  • K-R-I-T (or Krit) (1909–1915)
  • Krueger (1905–1906) (see Eclipse)[169]
  • Kunz (1902–1905)[180]
  • Kurtis (1949–1950, 1954–1955)
  • Kurtz-Automatic (1920–1925)[179]
{{colend}}

L

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Laconia (1914)[169]
  • Lad's Car (1912–1914)
  • LaFayette (1919–1924)[169]
  • La Marne (1919–1921)[179]
  • Lambert (1906–1917)
  • Lancamobile (1900–1901)[169]
  • Lane (1900–1911)[167]
  • Lanpher (1906–1916)[169]
  • Lansden Electric (1901–1903, 1906–1910)[181]
  • La Petite (1905)[169]
  • Larsen (see Falcon)[169]
  • LaSalle (1927–1940)
  • La Salle-Niagara (1905–1906)[182]
  • Laurel (1916–1920)[169]
  • Lauth (1905; Lauth-Juergens 1908–1909)[169]
  • La Vigne (1913–1914)
  • Lawter (1909)
  • LCE (1915–1916)[169]
  • L&E (1924–1934)[169]
  • Leach (1899–1901)[159]
  • Leach (or Leach-Biltwell) (1920–1923)[169]
  • Leader (1905–1912)[169]
  • Lenawee (1903–1904)
  • Lende (1902–1909)[169]
  • Lenox (1911–1917)[169]
  • Lenox Electric (see Maxim-Goodridge Electric)[169]
  • Leon Rubay (1923)[179]
  • Lescina (1916)[169]
  • Lewis (1914–1916)[183]
  • Lewis Motocycle (1895)[184][185]
  • Lexington (1909–1927)
  • Liberty (1916–1924)
  • Light Steamer (1901–1902)[186][187]
  • Light Six (1914)
  • Lincoln (1908–1909)
  • Lincoln (1912–1913)[188] (see also Sears Roebuck)
  • Lincoln Highway (1914)
  • Lindsley (1908–1909)[169]
  • Lion (1909–1912)
  • Liquid Air (1899–1902)
  • Little (1911–1913)
  • Little Detroit Speedster (1913–1914)
  • Littlemac (1930–1932)[169]
  • Little Princess (1913–1914)
  • Locke (See Puritan)[37]
  • Locomobile (1899–1929)
  • Logan (1904–1908)[169][189]
  • Logan (1903–1908)
  • Logan (cyclecars; 1914)[550]
  • Lone Star (1919–1922)
  • Long Distance (1901–1903)
  • Longest (1906)[169]
  • Loomis (1900–1904)[37]
  • Lord Baltimore (1913)
  • Lorraine (1907–1908)
  • Lorraine (1920–1921)
  • Lorraine (1920–1922)[169]
  • Los Angeles (1914)[169]
  • Lowell-American (1908–1909)[169]
  • Lozier (1900–1918)[190]
  • L.P.C. (see Lewis)[169]
  • Luck Utility (1911–1914)
  • LuLu (1914–1915)
  • Lucra (2006–current)
  • Luverne (1904–1917)
  • Luxor (1924–1927)
  • Lyman (1904)[169]
  • Lyman & Burnham (1903–1905)[169]
  • Lyons-Knight (1913–1915)[37]
{{colend}}

M

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Mackle-Thompson (1903)[169]
  • Macomber (1913)[169]
  • Macon (1915–1917)[169]
  • Madison (1915–1919)[169]
  • Magic (see Mondex-Magic)[169]
  • Mahoning (1904–1905)[169]
  • Maibohm (1916–1922)[169]
  • Mais (circa 1912)
  • Majestic (1917)
  • Malcolm (1900)[169]
  • Malcolm Jones (or Malcolm) (1914–1915)
  • Malden Steam (1898, 1902)[191]
  • Manexall (1920) (see Cyclomobile)[169]
  • Manistee (1902)[169]
  • Marathon (1906–1914)
  • Marble-Swift (1903–1905)
  • Marion (1901)
  • Marion (1904–1915; Marion-Handley 1916–1918)
  • Marion Flyer (1910)
  • Marmon (1902–1933)
  • Marlboro (1900–1903)[169]
  • Marquette (1912)[192]
  • Marquette (1930)
  • Marr (1903–1904)
  • Marsh (1899–1905)
  • Marsh (1920–1923)[193]
  • Marshall (1920–1922)
  • Martin (1898–1900)[169]
  • Martin (1910)
  • Martin (1928–1932)
  • Martin-Wasp (see Wasp)[169]
  • Marvel (1907)
  • Maryland (1907–1910)
  • Maryland Steamer (1900–1901)
  • Mason (1898–1899)[194]
  • Mason (1906–1914)[195]
  • Massillon (1909)[169]
  • Master (1907)[196]
  • Matheson (1903–1912)
  • Maxim Motor Tricycle (1895; Maxim-Goodridge Electric 1908)[169]
  • Maxwell-Briscoe (1904–1913; Maxwell 1913–1925)
  • Mayer (1899–1901)[169]
  • Mayfair (1925)[169]
  • Maytag (1910–1911)[197]
  • M.B. (1908–1911)
  • McCue (1909–1911)[198]
  • McCurdy (1922)[169]
  • McFarlan (1909–1928)
  • McGill (1917)[169]
  • McIntyre (1909–1915)[169]
  • McKay Steamer (1899–1902)[37]
  • Mecca (1915–1916)[169]
  • Med-Bow (see Springfield)[169]
  • Media (1899–1900)[169]
  • Mel Special (1918–1924)[169]
  • Menominee Electric (1915)
  • Mercer (1909–1919)
  • Mercury (1913–1914)[169]
  • Mercury (1918–1920)
  • Mercury (1939–2010)
  • Merit (1921–1922)[179]
  • Merkel (1905–1907)[199]
  • Merkur (1985–1989)
  • Merz (1914)[169]
  • Meteor (1900–1901)
  • Meteor (1904–1905)[200]
  • Meteor (1908–1910)
  • Meteor (1915–1930)
  • Meteor (1919–1922)
  • Metropol (1913–1914)[169]
  • Metropolitan (1922–1923)[201]
  • Metz (1909–1921)[202]
  • Metzger (see Everitt)[169]
  • Michigan (1903–1908)
  • Michigan (1908–1914)
  • Michigan Steamer (1901)[48]
  • Middleby (1909–1913)[169]
  • Midland (1908–1913)[203]
  • Midwest (see Highlander)[169]
  • Mier (1908–1909)[169]
  • Milac (1916)[169]
  • Milburn Electric (1915–1923)[169]
  • Miller (1911–1914)
  • Mills (1876)[37]
  • Mills Electric (1917)
  • Milwaukee Steamer (1900–1902)[191]
  • Minneapolis (see Colby)[169]
  • Mino (1914)[169]
  • Mitchell (1903–1923)[204]
  • Mitchell-Lewis (see Mitchell)[169]
  • Mobile (1900–1903)[191]
  • Model (1903–1907)[205]
  • Modoc (1912–1914)[169]
  • Mohawk (1903–1905)[169]
  • Moline (see Stephens or Illinois)[206]
  • Moline (1904–1913; Moline-Knight 1914–1919)
  • Moller (1920–1922)[169]
  • Monarch (1905–1908)
  • Monarch (1907–1909)
  • Monarch (1914–1917)
  • Mondex-Magic (1914–1915)[169]
  • Monitor (1909–1911)
  • Monitor (1915–1922)[169]
  • Monroe (1914–1923)[8]
  • Moon (1905–1930)
  • Moore (1906–1909)
  • Moore (1916–1920)
  • Mora (1906–1911)[207]
  • Morgan (1900–1902)[208]
  • Morris & Salom (1895–1897)
  • Morrison Electric (1888–1895)
  • Morriss-London (1919–1923)[169]
  • Mors (see American Mors)
  • Morse (1902)[209]
  • Morse (1905–1906)
  • Morse (1910–1916)
  • Morse (1914–1916)
  • Motor Bob (1914)
  • Motorette (1911–1914)[169]
  • Moyea (1903–1904)[169]
  • Moyer (1911–1915)[169]
  • M.P.M. (1914–1915)[169]
  • Mueller (1896–1899; also Mueller-Benz)[210]
  • Multiplex (1912–1913)[169]
  • Muncie (see Warner)[169]
  • Muntz (1950–1954)[211]
  • Murdaugh (1901–1903)[169]
  • Murray (1902–1903)
  • Murray (1916–1921; Murray-Mac 1921–1929)[169]
{{colend}}

N

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Nance (1911)[169]
  • Napoleon (1916–1919)[212]
  • Nash (1917–1957)
  • Nash-Healey (1951–1954)
  • National (1900–1924)
  • Nelson (1917–1921)[169]
  • Neustadt-Perry or Neustadt (1901–1908, 1915)[169]
  • New England Electric (1899–1901)
  • New England Steamer (1898–1899)[191]
  • New Era (1901–1902)[169]
  • New Era (1916)
  • New Era (1933–1934)[213]
  • New Home (1899–1901)[169]
  • New York (1907)
  • New York Six (1927–1928)
  • Niagara (1900–1902)
  • Niagara (1903–1905)[214]
  • Niagara Four (1915–1916)
  • Nichols Shepard (1910–1911)[169]
  • Nielson (1906–1907)[215]
  • Noble (1902)[179]
  • Noma (1919–1923)[169]
  • Northern (1902–1908)[216]
  • Northway (1921–1922)[169][217]
  • North Western or Northwestern (see Haase or Logan)[169]
  • Norton (1901–1902)[216][218]
  • Norwalk (1910–1922)[169][219]
  • Nu-Klea (1959–1960)
  • Nyberg (1911–1913)[216]
{{colend}}

O

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Oakland (1907–1931)
  • Oakman-Hertel (see Hertel)[220]
  • Ogren (1915–1917, 1919–1923)[221]
  • Ohio (1900–1902) (see Packard)[222]
  • Ohio (1909–1912)
  • Ohio Electric (1910–1918)[223]
  • Ohio Falls (see Pilgrim)[220]
  • Okey (1896–1907)[220]
  • Oldsmobile (1897–2004)
  • Olympian (1917–1921)
  • Omaha (1899)[220]
  • Omaha (1912–1913)
  • Omar (see Browniekar)[220]
  • Only (1909–1913)[220]
  • Orient (1899–1908)
  • Orlo (1904)
  • Ormond Steamer (1904–1905)[191]
  • Orson (1910–1912)[220]
  • Otto (1910–1911; Ottomobile 1912)[220]
  • Otto-Kar or Ottokar (1902–1904)[224]
  • Otto-mobile (1899)[220]
  • Overholt (see Illinois)[191]
  • Overland (1903–1926, 1939)
  • O-We-Go (1914)
  • Owen (1899–1901)[225]
  • Owen (1910–1911)
  • Owen Magnetic (1915–1922)
  • Owen Schoeneck (see O-S)[220]
  • Owen Thomas (1908–1910)[220]
  • Oxford (1900)[191]
{{colend}}

P

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Pacific (1900–1904)[220]
  • Pacific Special (1911–1913)
  • Packard (1895–1898)[226]
  • Packard (1899–1958)
  • Paco (1908–1909)
  • Paige-Detroit (1908–1911; Paige 1911–1928; Graham-Paige 1928–1930)
  • Page (1906–1908)
  • Palmer (1905–1906)[179]
  • Palmer-Singer (1908–1914)[220]
  • Pan (1919–1921)[220]
  • Panam (1902–1903)[220]
  • Pan-American (1917–1922)[220]
  • Paragon (1906)[220]
  • Parenti (1920–1922)[220]
  • Parry (1910; New Parry 1911–1912)[227]
  • Parsons Electric (1905–1906)[179]
  • Partin (1913; Partin-Palmer 1913–1917)[228]
  • Paterson (1909–1923)
  • Pathfinder (1912–1917)[220]
  • Patterson-Greenfield (1916–1919)[220]
  • Pawtucket (1901–1902)[191]
  • Payne-Modern (1907–1908)[220]
  • Peerless (1900–1933)
  • Peerless Steam (1901)[229]
  • Pence (circa 1905)[230]
  • Peninsular (see Marquette)[229]
  • Penn (1901)[231]
  • Penn (1908)[231]
  • Penn (1910–1913)[231]
  • Pennant (1924–1925)
  • Pennington (1894–1900)[232]
  • Pennsy (1916–1918)[220]
  • Pennsylvania (1907–1911)[8]
  • People's (1900–1902)[233]
  • Perfection (1907–1908)[220]
  • Perfex (1912–1913)[220]
  • Perrett Electric (1900)
  • Peter Pan (1914–1915)[98]
  • Peters-Walton (1915; Peters Tricar 1916)
  • Petrel (1909–1912)[234]
  • Phelps (1903–1905)
  • Phianna (1917–1922)[220]
  • Phillips (1980-198?)[235]
  • Phipps-Grinnell (1911; Phipps Electric 1912)[220]
  • Pickard (1909–1912)[220]
  • Piedmont (1917–1922)
  • Pierce-Arrow (1900–1938)
  • Pierce-Racine (1904–1911)[180]
  • Piggins (1908–1910)
  • Pilgrim (1911)
  • Pilgrim (1913–1914)
  • Pilgrim (1915–1918)
  • Pilliod (1915–1916)[220]
  • Pilot (1909–1924)[220]
  • Pioneer (1907–1912)[220]
  • Pioneer (1914)
  • Pittsburgh Six (1908–1911)
  • Planche (see Roebling-Planche)[220]
  • Plass (1897)
  • Playboy (1947–1951)
  • Plymouth (1910)[220]
  • Plymouth (1928–2001)[220]
  • Pneumobile (1914–1915)[220]
  • Pomeroy (1902)
  • Pomeroy (1920–1924)[236]
  • Ponder (see Bour-Davis)[220]
  • Pontiac (1907–1908)[237]
  • Pontiac (1926–2010)
  • Pope-Hartford (1904–1914)[220]
  • Pope-Robinson (1903–1904)
  • Pope-Toledo (1903–1909)
  • Pope-Tribune (1904–1908)[220]
  • Pope-Waverley (1903–1908)
  • Port Huron (see Havers)[220]
  • Porter (1900–1901)[238]
  • Porter (1919–1922)[239]
  • Portland (1914)[220]
  • Postal (1906–1908)[220]
  • Powell (1930s–1960s)
  • Powell (1955–1956)[240]
  • Powercar (1909–1911)[220]
  • Pratt-Elkhart (1909–1911; Pratt 1911–1915)[220]
  • Premier (1902–1926)
  • Premocar (1920–1923)[220]
  • Prescott (1901–1905)[191]
  • Primo (1910–1912)[220]
  • Princess (1914–1918)[220]
  • Prospect (1902, 1907–1908)[220]
  • Pullman (1905–1917)[8]
  • Pungs Finch (1904–1910)
  • Puritan (1902–1905)[37]
  • Puritan (1913–1914)
{{colend}}

Q

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Queen (1904–1907)
  • Quick (1899–1900)
  • Quinby (1899)
{{colend}}

R

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • R.A.C. (1910–1911)
  • Railsbach (1914)[220]
  • Rainier (1905–1911)[220]
  • Raleigh (1921–1922)[220]
  • Rambler (1900–1914)
  • Rambler (1958–1969)
  • Randall (1902–1903)[241]
  • Randall Three-Wheeler (1903–1905)
  • Ranger (1907–1910)[242]
  • Ranger (1920–1922)
  • Rapid (1902–1909)[220]
  • Rauch & Lang (1905–1932)[243]
  • Raulang (see Rauch & Lang)[220]
  • Rayfield (1911–1915)
  • R.C.H. (1912–1915)[220]
  • Read (1913–1914)[244]
  • Reading (1910–1913)[245]
  • Reading Steamer (1901–1903)[37]
  • Real Cyclecar (1914; Real Light Car 1914–1915)[220]
  • Reber (1902–1903)
  • Red Bug (1924–1930)[246]
  • Red Jacket (1904–1905)[220]
  • Reed (see Massillon)
  • Rees (1921)[220]
  • Reeves (1896–1898, 1905–1912)[247]
  • Regal (1908–1918)[220]
  • Regas (1903–1905)[220]
  • Reliable Dayton (1906–1909)[220]
  • Reliance (1904–1906)[220]
  • Remington (1895, 1900–1904)[248]
  • Remington (1914–1916)
  • REO (or Reo) (1905–1975)
  • Republic (1910–1916)[220]
  • ReVere (1918–1926)[220]
  • Rex (1914)[220]
  • RiChard (1914–1919)[249]
  • Richelieu (1922–1923)[220]
  • Richmond (1902–1903)
  • Richmond (1904–1917)[220]
  • Rickenbacker (1922–1927)
  • Ricketts (1909–1911)[220]
  • Riddle (1916–1926)[220]
  • Rider-Lewis (1908–1911)[220]
  • Riker Electric (1897–1902)[220]
  • Ritz (1914–1915)[220]
  • Riviera (1907)[220]
  • R-O (see Owen)[220]
  • Roader (1911–1912)[220]
  • Roamer (1916–1929)[220]
  • Robe (1914–1915)[32]
  • Robinson (1900–1902)[220]
  • Robson (1909)[220]
  • Rochester (1901)[250]
  • Rochester (1901–1902)
  • Rockaway (1902–1903)
  • Rockaway (1903–1904)
  • Rock Falls (1919–1925)[220]
  • Rockne (1932–1933)[220]
  • Rockway (1910–1911)[220]
  • Rockwell (1910–1911)[220]
  • Rodgers (1921)[251]
  • Roebling-Planche (1909)[220]
  • Rogers (1899–1900) (see also Steamobile)[252]
  • Rogers (1911–1912)[253]
  • Rogers & Hanford (1899–1902)[179]
  • Rollin (1924–1927)[179]
  • Rolls-Royce (1921–1935)[220][254]
  • Roosevelt (1929–1930)
  • Roper (1860–1896)[220]
  • Ross Steamer (1905–1909)
  • Ross (1915–1918)
  • Rotary (1903–1905)
  • Rotary (1921–1923)[220]
  • Royal Electric (1904–1905; Royal Princess 1904–1905)[255]
  • Royal Tourist (1904–1911)[179]
  • Rubay (see Leon Rubay)[220]
  • Rugby (1920s)
  • Rushmobile (see Brecht)[220]
  • Russell (1903–1904)[179]
  • Rutenber (1902)
  • Ruxton (1929–1930)
  • R&V Knight (1920–1924)[220]
{{colend}}

S

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Saginaw (1914)[220]
  • Saginaw Eight (1916)[256]
  • Saginaw Speedster[257][258]
  • Salisbury (1895)[184][259]
  • Salter (1909–1915)[220]
  • Salvador (1914; S-J-R 1915–1916)[220]
  • Sampson (1904, 1911)
  • Sandusky (1902–1904)[220]
  • Santos Dumont (1902–1904)[260]
  • Saturn (1990–2010)
  • Saxon (1913–1923)
  • Sayers (1917–1924)[220]
  • Schacht (1904–1913)
  • Schaum (1901–1905)
  • Schoening (1895)[184][261]
  • Scion (2003–2016)
  • Scott (1900–1901, 1903)[220]
  • Scott (1901–1904)
  • Scott (1908)
  • Scott-Newcomb (1920–1921)[37]
  • Scripps-Booth (1913–1923)
  • Searchmont (1900–1903)[127]
  • Sears (1905–1915)[262]
  • Sebring (1910–1912)[263]
  • Sekine (1923)[220]
  • Selden (1907–1914)
  • Sellers (1909–1912)[220]
  • Senator (1907–1910)
  • Senator (1912)[220]
  • Seneca (1917–1924)[220]
  • Serpentina (1915)[220]
  • Serrifile (1921–1922)[220]
  • Seven Little Buffaloes (1909)[264]
  • Severin (1920–1921)[220]
  • S.G.V. (1911–1915)[220]
  • Shad-Wyck (1917–1923)
  • Shain (see Rockaway)[220]
  • Sharon (1915)[220]
  • Sharp Arrow (1908–1910)[265]
  • Shaum (see Schaum)[220]
  • Shaw (1920–1921)
  • Shawmobile (1908–1930)
  • Shawmut (1906–1908)[220]
  • Shay (1979-1982)[266]
  • Shelby (1903)[220]
  • Sheridan (1920–1921)[220]
  • Shoemaker (1906–1908)[220]
  • Sibley (1910–1911)[220]
  • Signet (see Fenton)[220]
  • Silent-Knight (1905–1907)[220]
  • Silent Sioux (see Fawick Flyer)[220]
  • Silver (1914–1919)
  • Silver-Knight (Silver model)[220]
  • Simplex (1907–1919)[220]
  • Simplicity (1907–1911)[220]
  • Simplo (1908–1909)
  • Sinclair-Scott (1904-circa 1907)
  • Singer (1914–1920)[220]
  • Single Center (1906–1908)
  • Sintz (1899–1904)
  • Skelton (1920–1922)[220]
  • Skene (1900–1901)
  • Skorpion (1952–1954)[15]
  • S&M (1913)[220]
  • S&M Simplex (1904–1907)
  • Smith (1902–1917; Great Smith 1907–1911)
  • Smith & Mabley (see S&M Simplex)[220]
  • Smith Flyer (1915–1919)
  • S-N (see Scott-Newcomb)[220]
  • Snyder (1908–1909)[220]
  • Snyder (1914)
  • Sommer (1904–1905)[220]
  • Sommer (1910–1911)
  • Soules (1905–1908)
  • South Bend (1913–1914)
  • Southern (1906–1908)[220]
  • Southern Six (1920)
  • Southern Motor Car Company (Houston, Texas) Produced the "Dixie Junior" and the "Dixie Tourist".[267] The company was under negotiations as early as 1908 for a plant. Sources incorrectly list the "Dixie Flyer".[268]
  • Sovereign (1906–1907)[220]
  • Spacke (1919)[269]
  • Spaulding (1902–1903)
  • Spaulding (1910–1916)[269]
  • Speedway (1904–1905)[269]
  • Speedwell (1907–1914)
  • Spencer (1921–1922)[270]
  • Spencer Steamer (1862, 1901–1902)[271]
  • Sperry Electric (1898–1901)
  • Sphinx (1914–1916)[269]
  • Spoerer (1908–1914)[269]
  • Springer (1903–1905)[269]
  • Springfield (1900–1901)[37]
  • Springfield (1907–1910)
  • Sprite (1914)[269]
  • Squier (1899)[37]
  • S & S (1924–1929)
  • Stafford (1908–1915)[269]
  • Stammobile (1900–1901)[269]
  • Standard (1904–1908)
  • Standard (1912–1923)
  • Standard Six (1909–1910)
  • Standard 8 (see Standard)[269]
  • Standard Electrique (or Standard Electric) (1911–1915)[269]
  • Standard Steam Car (1920–1921)[272]
  • Stanley (1907–1910)[273]
  • Stanley (1910–1911)
  • Stanley Steamer (1897–1927)
  • Stanley Whitney (1899) (see McKay Steamer)[269]
  • Stanton (1900–1901)[37]
  • Stanwood (1920–1922)
  • Star (1902–1904)
  • Star (1907–1908)
  • Star (1908–1909)[269]
  • Star (1922–1928)[269]
  • Starin (1903–1904)[269]
  • States (1916–1918)[269]
  • Staver (1907–1914)
  • Steamobile (1900–1902)
  • Stearns (1898–1911; Stearns-Knight 1912–1929)
  • Stearns Electric (1899–1900; Stearns Steamer 1901–1903)[274]
  • Steco (1914)[269]
  • Steel Swallow (1907–1908)[269]
  • Stephens (1917–1924)[269]
  • Sterling Steamer (1901–1902)[275][276]
  • Sterling (1909–1911)[277]
  • Sterling (1915–1916)[278]
  • Sterling-Knight (1920–1926)[269]
  • Sterling-New York (1916)
  • Stevens-Duryea (1901–1915,1919–1927)
  • Stewart (1915–1916)
  • Stewart-Coats (1922)
  • Stickney Motorette (1914)[269]
  • Stilson (1907–1909)[269]
  • St. Joe (1908)[269]
  • St. Louis (1899–1907)[269]
  • Stoddard-Dayton (1904–1913)
  • Storck Steamer (1901–1902)[37]
  • Storms Electric (1915)[269]
  • Stout Scarab (1932–1946)
  • Strathmore (1899–1901)[37]
  • Stratton (1909)[269]
  • Stratton-Bliss (1922)
  • Streator (see Halladay)[279]
  • Stringer (1899–1902)[37]
  • Strobel & Martin (see S&M)[269]
  • Strong & Rogers Electric (1900–1901)[179]
  • Strouse (see S.R.K.)[37]
  • Studebaker (1902–1963)[280]
  • Studebaker-Garford (1903–1911)[37]
  • Studillac (1953–1955)[281]
  • Sturges Electric (see Morrison Electric)[282]
  • Sturtevant (1905–1907)[37]
  • Stutz (1911–1935)
  • Stutz (1968–1987)
  • Stuyvesant (1911–1912)[179]
  • Suburban (1911–1912)[283]
  • Success (1906–1909)[284]
  • Sultan (1908–1912)[269]
  • Summit (1907–1909)[285]
  • Sun (1916–1917)
  • Sun (1921–1922)
  • Sunset (1900–1913)[269]
  • Synnestvedt Electric (1904–1905)[269]
  • Syracuse (1899–1903)[269]
{{colend}}

T

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Tarkington (1922–1923)[269]
  • Taunton (1901–1903)[37]
  • Taunton (1904–1905)
  • Templar (1917–1924)[286]
  • Templeton-Dubrie (1910)[269]
  • Terraplane (1932–1939)
  • Terwilliger (see Empire Steamer (1904))[37]
  • Texan (1920–1922)[287]
  • Thomas (1902–1919)[288]
  • Thomas-Detroit (1906–1908)[269]
  • Thompson (1901–1907)[37]
  • Thompson Electric (1901)
  • Thomson (1900–1903)
  • Thresher Electric (1900)[269]
  • Tiffany Electric (1913–1914)[269]
  • Tiger (1914–1915)[269]
  • Tincher (1903–1909)[289]
  • Tinker & Piper Steam (1899)[290]
  • Tinkham (1898–1899)[269]
  • Toledo (1901–1903)[291]
  • Tonawanda (see Towanda Electric)[269]
  • Torbensen (1902–1906)[269]
  • Touraine (1912–1916)[269]
  • Tourist (1902–1910)[269]
  • Towanda Electric (1902–1904)
  • Tractmobile (1900–1902)[37]
  • Trask-Detroit (1922–1923)[37]
  • Traveler (1907–1908)[269]
  • Traveler (1910–1911)
  • Traveler (1913–1914)
  • Traveler (1924–1925)
  • Trebert (1907–1908)[269]
  • Tribune (1917)
  • Tricolet (1904–1906)
  • Trimoto (or Tri-Motor) (1900–1901)[269]
  • Trinity Steamer (see Keene Steamobile)[37]
  • Triumph (1907–1912)[292]
  • Tropica / Zebra / Xebra (Renaissance Cars Inc. / Zebra Motors Inc.) (1994–1997)[293]
  • Trumbull (1914–1915)[269]
  • Tucker (1946–1949)
  • Tulsa (1918–1922)[269]
  • Twin City (1914)[269]
  • Twombly (1910–1911)
  • Twombly (1913–1915)
  • Twyford (1899–1902, 1904–1907)[269]
{{colend}}

U

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • US Automobile (1899–1901)
  • Union (1902–1905)
  • Union (1908–1909)
  • Union (1916)
  • United (1914)
  • United (1919–1920)[269]
  • United States (1899–1903)[269]
  • United States Long Distance (see Long Distance)[269]
  • Unito (1908–1910)[179]
  • Universal (1914)[269]
  • Upton (1902–1903)[269]
  • Upton (1905–1907)
  • U.S. Runabout (1907–1908)
{{colend}}

V

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Van (1911–1912)[269]
  • Van Wagoner (1899–1903)
  • Vaughan (1910–1914)
  • Vaughn (1909)[269]
  • Vaughn (1912)
  • Vaughn (1921–1923)
  • V.E. (or V.E.C.) Electric (1901–1906)[143][269]
  • Vector (1971–1999, 2006–2010)
  • Velie (1908–1929)
  • Vernon (1918–1921)[269]
  • Vickers (1910–1911)
  • Victor (1905–1911)[294]
  • Victor (1913–1917)
  • Victor Cyclecar (1914–1915)
  • Victor Steamer (1899–1903), see also Overman Steam (1895–1898)[295]
  • Victormobile Steamer (1900–1901)[296]
  • Victor Page (1921–1923)
  • Victory (1920–1921)[269]
  • Viking (1907–1908)[269]
  • Viking (1929–1931)[269]
  • Virginian (1911–1912)
  • Vixen (1914–1916)[180]
  • Voiturette (see Car-Nation)[269]
  • Vulcan (1913–1915)[297]
{{colend}}

W

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Waco (1915–1917)[269]
  • Wagenhals (1910–1915)[269]
  • Wahl (1913–1914)[298]
  • Waldron (1908–1911)[269]
  • Walker (1905–1906)[269]
  • Wall (1900–1903)[269]
  • Walter (1902–1909)[269]
  • Waltham Steam (1898–1902)[191]
  • Waltham (1905–1908, 1922)
  • Waltham-Orient (see Orient)[269]
  • Walworth (1904–1905)[269]
  • Ward (1913–1914)[299]
  • Ward Electric (1914–1916)[300]
  • Ware Steam Wagon (1861–1867)
  • Warner (1903–1906)
  • Warren (1905)
  • Warren (1910–1913)[269]
  • Warwick (1901–1905)[269]
  • Washington (1909–1912)
  • Washington (1921–1924)
  • Wasp (1919–1924)[269]
  • Waterloo (1903–1905)[269]
  • Watrous (1905)[269]
  • Watt (1910)[269]
  • Waukesha (1906–1910)[269]
  • Waverley Electric (1898–1903, 1909–1916)[269]
  • Wayne (1904–1908)
  • Webb Jay (1908)[37]
  • Welch (1903–1911)[269]
  • Welch-Detroit (1910–1911)
  • Welch-Marquette (see Marquette)
  • Westcott (1909–1925)
  • Westfield (1901–1903)[37]
  • WFS (1911–1912)[269]
  • Whaley-Henriette (1898–1900)[269]
  • Wharton (1922–1923)[269]
  • Whippet (1927–1931)[8]
  • White Steamer (1900–1909)[269]
  • White (1902–1981)
  • White Star (1909–1911)[269]
  • Whiting (1910–1912)[269][301]
  • Whitney (1896–1900)[269]
  • Wichita (1920–1921)
  • Wilcox (1909–1910)[269]
  • Wildman (1902)[269]
  • Wills Sainte Claire (1921–1927)
  • Willys (1916–1918, 1930–1942, 1953–1963)
  • Willys-Knight (1914–1933)
  • Willys-Overland (1912–1953)
  • Wilson (1903–1905)
  • Windsor (1906)
  • Windsor (1929–1930)
  • Wing (1922)[269]
  • Winther (1921–1923)[269]
  • Winton (1896–1924)
  • Wisco (1910)
  • Wizard Junior (1920–1921)
  • Wolfe (1907–1909)[269]
  • Wolverine (1904–1906)[269]
  • Wolverine (1917–1919)
  • Wolverine (1927–1928)[302]
  • Wonder (see Kansas City)[269]
  • Woodill (1952–1956)
  • Woodruff (1902–1904)[269]
  • Woods Electric (1901)[303]
  • Woods Electric (1899–1916; Woods Dual Power 1917–1918)[269]
  • Woods Mobilette (1913–1916)[269]
  • Worth (1902)[304]
  • Worth (1906–1910)[269][304]
  • Wyeth (1912–1913)
{{colend}}

X

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Xander (1901–1902)[305]
  • Xenia (1914)[305]
{{colend}}

Y

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Yale (1902–1905)
  • Yale (1916–1918)
  • Yankee (1910)
  • Yellow (1915–1930)
{{colend}}

Z

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
  • Zehr (1912–1915)[269]
{{colend}}
  • Zent (1900–1902, 1904–1906)[269]
  • Zentmobile (1903)[269]
  • Zimmerman (1908–1915)[269]
  • Zip (1913–1914)[269]
{{colend}}{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}

See also

  • List of automobile manufacturers of the United States
  • List of American truck manufacturers
  • List of motorcycle manufacturers

Notes

1. ^Abbotts were built in Cleveland. Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.190.
2. ^Clymer, p.205; {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=18}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Clymer, p.205.
4. ^Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1946–1959 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p.1016.
5. ^Built in New York City. Clymer, p.178.
6. ^Clymer, p.205.
7. ^Built by Alcoa. Kimes, p.29
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Clymer, p.170.
9. ^Clymer, p.31.
10. ^1 Kimes, p.47
11. ^Clymer, p.205; {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=19}}
12. ^Built in St. Louis by the beer company. Clymer, p.170-1.
13. ^Kimes, p.50
14. ^Kimes, p.57
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Flory, p.1016.
16. ^Clymer, p.23 & 205.
17. ^Kimes, p.74
18. ^Formerly Aurora Carriage Top Company/ Kimes, p.74
19. ^Manuracturers of the Thor motorcycle. Kimes, p.74
20. ^Front-wheel drive, built in New York City; allegedly the first FWD car. Clymer, pp.178 & 205.
21. ^King-Remick
22. ^Distinct from Babcock Electric. Clymer, p.205.
23. ^Built in Wisconsin. Clymer, pp.153 & 205.
24. ^Builder of cars and trucks in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 205.
25. ^Distinct from American Bantam and the bird. Clymer, p.170.
26. ^Sold an electric tricycle before 1916. Clymer, pp.38 & 205.
27. ^1 2 3 Flory, p.1016.
28. ^Built in York, Pennsylvania. Clymer, p.193.
29. ^Distinct from the other three. Clymer, p.205.
30. ^Built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 205.
31. ^Built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190.
32. ^1 2 3 Clymer, p.170-1.
33. ^A six-wheeler "motorcycle", built by Detroit artist & engineer James Scripps Booth. Clymer, p.115.
34. ^Clymer, p.170.
35. ^Clymer, pp. 5, 61, & 205.
36. ^Distinct from the British brand. Flory, p.1016.
37. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Clymer, p.23.
38. ^Smith Flyer
39. ^Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 205.
40. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Clymer, p.206.
41. ^Automobiles built in Anderson, Indiana. Clymer, pp.5 & 190.
42. ^Built in Chicago. Clymer, p.178.
43. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Suman-Hreblay|first1=Marián|title=Automobile Manufacturers Worldwide Registry|date=2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476611402|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cc7-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=cady+automobile+1901&source=bl&ots=-G8bvxgsH_&sig=ync_0yWpWsjpeGWqvijvhTrQ36M&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjPnfG-oIzZAhUsyoMKHRa_AxEQ6AEIWTAK#v=onepage&q=cady%20automobile%201901&f=false|accessdate=4 February 2018|language=en}}
44. ^Clymer, pp.16, 170, & 206.
45. ^One of three companies by this name. Clymer, pp.23 & 206.
46. ^Distinct from Carhartt. Clymer, p.206.
47. ^Distinct from Carrol. Clymer, p.206.
48. ^1 {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=929}}
49. ^Built in Racine, Wisconsin. Clymer, p.153.
50. ^built in Chicago, Ill. {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=252}}
51. ^Offered vehicles with electric, steam, or gasoline engines.
52. ^Clymer, pp.22 & 178.
53. ^Distinct from the three gasoline companies, and from Chicago. Clymer, p.206.
54. ^Distinct from the three gasoline companies, and from Chicago Electric. Clymer, p.206.
55. ^Founded by J. Walter Christie. Clymer, p.206.
56. ^Or Clarksmobile. Clymer, pp.25 & 206.
57. ^One of two companies by this name. Clymer, p.23.
58. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Built in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
59. ^Built in Little Rock, Arkansas. Clymer, p.178.
60. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=331}}
61. ^Clipper Division, Studebaker-Packard Corp.; Packard, A History of the Motor Car and the Company (General edition), Beverly Rae Kimes, editor (1978), Automobile Quarterly", {{ISBN|0-915038-11-0}}"
62. ^Triumph an Tragedy: The Last Real Packards by Richard M. Langworth, in Collectible Automobile, September, 1984 issue; p. 6-25; (ISSN 0742-812X)
63. ^Built in St. Louis, Missouri. Clymer, p.178.
64. ^Built in Denver, copied from the contemporary Renault. Clymer, p.87.
65. ^Founded by J. J. Cole, built in Indianapolis. Clymer, p.104.
66. ^Built in Yonkers, New York. Clymer, p.63.
67. ^1 One of two companies by this name. Clymer, p.206.
68. ^Distinct from Columbia Electric. Clymer, p.206.
69. ^Built at 564 Dublin Avenue; Columbus, Ohio. Clymer, p.145.
70. ^Distinct from the Mercury. Clymer, p.206.
71. ^Built in Plymouth, Ohio, friction transmission, dual chain drive, 1000–6000 lb payload or 9–20 seats. Clymer, p.67.
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wheels.ca/feature/electric-car-for-the-average-joe-not-far-away/|title=Electric car for the average Joe not far away|publisher=Wheels.ca|date=2012-09-14|accessdate=2014-08-09}}
73. ^built in Minneapolis, Minn. & Chicago, Ill. {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=357}}
74. ^Formerly Vaughn; builder of the Gas-au-lec, based in Peabody, Massachusetts. Clymer, p.158.
75. ^Distinct from the Nash. Clymer, p.206.
76. ^Distinct from Crane & Breed. Clymer, p.206.
77. ^Clymer, pp.170 & 206.
78. ^Built in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Clymer, pp.190 & 206.
79. ^Distinct from the racers. Clymer, p.206.
80. ^One of two companies by this name. Clymer, pp.158 & 206.
81. ^Named for the horse, built in Minneapolis. Clymer, p.178.
82. ^Built in St. Louis, Missouri. Clymer, p.93.
83. ^1 Clymer, pp.5 & 206.
84. ^Clymer, p.170
85. ^Kimes(1985), p. 403
86. ^Kimes(1985), p. 403-404
87. ^Kimes(1985), p. 404-405
88. ^Kimes(1985), p. 405
89. ^Kimes(1985), p. 405-406
90. ^Kimes(1985), p. 406
91. ^Distinct from the tractor. Clymer, p.206.
92. ^Built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 206.
93. ^Built in Auburn, Indiana. Distinct from DeSoto. Clymer, p.178.
94. ^Distinct from DeSoto. Clymer, p.178.
95. ^Offered an electric phaeton before 1916. Clymer, pp.38 & 205.
96. ^Distinct from Diamond T. Clymer, p.206.
97. ^Clymer, p.206. Tourist was a model.
98. ^1 Clymer, p.5.
99. ^Clymer, p.206. By Alberto Santos-Dumont
100. ^Clymer, p.206. Founder was later the author of Dyke's Automobile and Gasoline Engine Encyclopedia.
101. ^Conceived by Buckminster Fuller.
102. ^Built in Wisconsin, distinct from the Michigan company. Clymer, p.153.
103. ^Steam and electric cars, built in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
104. ^Clymer, p.206. No connection to Eaton's.
105. ^Distinct from either of the two Economys. Clymer, p.206.
106. ^Clymer, p.38.
107. ^Clymer, p.206. No connection to Electric Launch Company.
108. ^Clymer, pp.23 & 207. Distinct from Elite.
109. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Clymer, p.207.
110. ^Clymer, p.170-1 & 207.
111. ^Built in Cincinnati, Ohio. Clymer, p.104.
112. ^Later Halladay or Streator, eventually Barley. Clymer, p.207.
113. ^Car and truck maker, based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
114. ^Built in Chicago. Clymer, p.104.
115. ^Clymer, p.207. Not to be confused with the Fords.
116. ^Built in Newark, Ohio by Halladay
117. ^Built in Lewistown, Pennsylvania by Moller
118. ^Distinct from Federal steam automobile company. Clymer, p.207.
119. ^Clymer, p.207. Not to be confused with the header maker.
120. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.earlyamericanautomobiles.com/1904.htm|title=Early American Automobiles 1904 Models|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2014}}
121. ^http://www.northfield.org/files/REGuide031908.pdf
122. ^Built in Cheboygan, Michigan, it weighed 900 pd and cost US$450. Clymer, p.166.
123. ^Distinct from the other one. Clymer, p.207.
124. ^An electric car. Clymer, p.40.
125. ^1 One of three companies by this name. Clymer, p.207.
126. ^Built in Massillon, Ohio; called their car the Jewel. Clymer, p.63.
127. ^1 {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=1289}}
128. ^Clymer, p.16.
129. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=593}}
130. ^Built in Clintonville, Wisconsin, with four-wheel drive. Clymer, p.153.
131. ^1 Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
132. ^Clymer, p.51.
133. ^Kimes, Clark (1996), p.625.
134. ^Distinct from the steamer. Clymer, p.207.
135. ^Made by the multinational as experimental models.
136. ^Clymer, p.207. Distinct from the multinational
137. ^Gasoline and steam. Clymer, pp.23 & 190.
138. ^Flory, p.1016, credits them only for 1950.
139. ^Supposedly from Atlanta, Georgia. Clymer, p.207.
140. ^Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland 1916–1922. Clymer, p.190.
141. ^1 Clymer, p.178.
142. ^Clymer, pp.14 & 22.
143. ^1 {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=1447}}
144. ^One of two companies by this name. Clymer, p.207.
145. ^Truck maker, based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
146. ^Clymer, pp.170 & 190.
147. ^No relation to the school. Clymer, p.170.
148. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marion.lib.in.us/commhist/indtrucks/report.html|title=Indiana Truck History Report|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725013641/http://www.marion.lib.in.us/commhist/indtrucks/report.html|archivedate=25 July 2015|df=}}
149. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=652,761}}
150. ^Distinct from Hatfield Motor Vehicle Company and Hatfield Company (truck manufacturer). {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=682}}
151. ^An air-cooled, built in Wisconsin, sold for US$2000. Clymer, p.23.
152. ^Clymer, p.112.
153. ^Clymer, p.207. Distinct from Hewitt-Lindstrom.
154. ^Steam and gasoline, based in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.23 & 190.
155. ^Distinct from the Australian company.
156. ^Clymer, p.207. Distinct from Holley.
157. ^Clymer, pp.170–1 & 207.
158. ^1 Clymer, pp.23 & 207.
159. ^1 Clymer, pp.5 & 23.
160. ^Clymer, pp.170 & 207.
161. ^no relation with Jackson car. {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=742}}
162. ^In Boston. {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|pp=769, 1407}}
163. ^1 In New York City. {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=769}}
164. ^Clymer, p.207; {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=769}}
165. ^In Toledo, Ohio. Clymer, p.23; {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=769}}
166. ^In Buffalo, New York. {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=769}}
167. ^1 Clymer, pp.18 & 23.
168. ^Built in Wisconsin. Clymer, pp.23 & 153.
169. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Clymer, p.208.
170. ^Clymer, p.208. Not to be confused with this one.
171. ^Also sold commercial vans of 1, 2, 3, & 6 tons. Clymer, p.53.
172. ^Clymer, p.131.
173. ^One of three companies by this name. Clymer, p.208.
174. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=769}}
175. ^Flory, pp.1011–12.
176. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=774}}
177. ^Based in Toledo, Ohio. Clymer, p.158.
178. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=782}}
179. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
180. ^1 2 Built in Wisconsin. Clymer, p.153.
181. ^Clymer, p.208. Electrette was a model.
182. ^Clymer, p.208. Distinct from LaSalle.
183. ^Distinct from Lewis Motocycle. Clymer, p.208.
184. ^1 2 Horseless Age 1895.
185. ^A four-wheeler, despite the name. Clymer, p.8.
186. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=828}}
187. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=635}}
188. ^Before 1912, the cars were called Sears. Clymer, p.90.
189. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|pp=859–860}}
190. ^began with steam autos
191. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Clymer, p.22.
192. ^Standard Catalogue of American Cars, p.890
193. ^Based in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 208.
194. ^Clymer, p.23. Distinct from Mason (automobile company).
195. ^Clymer, p.208. Distinct from Mason (steam automobile company).
196. ^Truck maker, Based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
197. ^Built in Waterloo, Iowa. Clymer, p.93.
198. ^Clymer, p.84.
199. ^Built in Wisconsin by Joe Merkel, who later built the Merkel Motorcycle. Clymer, p.153.
200. ^Distinct from the steamer and the Ford division. Clymer, p.23.
201. ^Clymer, p.208. Distinct from the Nash
202. ^Built in Waltham, Massachusetts. Clymer, p.145.
203. ^Built in Moline, Illinois. Clymer, p.93.
204. ^Built in Racine, Wisconsin. Clymer, pp.36 & 153.
205. ^Clymer, p.57.
206. ^Clymer, p.208. One of two companies by this name, distinct from Moline-Knight.
207. ^Clymer, p.190.
208. ^Clymer, p.208. Not to be confused with Moggie.
209. ^Clymer, pp.22 & 208.
210. ^Lewis, Mary Beth. "Ten Best First Facts", in Car and Driver, 1/88, p.92.
211. ^Flory, p.1016, dates it to 1950.
212. ^Built in Traverse City, Michigan. Clymer, pp.170 & 178.
213. ^Not to be confused with the producers of the Ruxton.
214. ^Clymer, pp.170–1 & 208.
215. ^Often misspelled as Neilson (Clymer, p.208)
216. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Kimes|1975|p=1003}}
217. ^1 {{harvnb|Kimes|1975|p=1004}}
218. ^Clymer, p.208. Not to be confused with the motorcycle.
219. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1975|p=1005}}
220. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 Clymer, p.209.
221. ^Built in Milwaukee. Clymer, p.153.
222. ^Catalog of American Cars 1805–1945 (1985), p.1013
223. ^Clymer, pp.170 & 209.
224. ^Based in Cleveland. Same as Ottoker? Clymer, pp.190 & 209.
225. ^Based in Cleveland. Distinct from Owen Magnetic. Clymer, pp.190 & 209.
226. ^built in Salem, Mass.; 1 gasoline & 2 electric cars {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=1063}}
227. ^Built in Indianapolis, Indiana. Clymer, p.102.
228. ^Built in Chicago. Clymer, p.151.
229. ^1 Standard Catalogue of American Cars, p.1125
230. ^Clymer, p.42.
231. ^1 2 Standard Catalogue of American Cars, p.1126
232. ^Clymer, pp.6 & 153.
233. ^Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.5, 178, & 190.
234. ^Friction-drive, built in Wisconsin. Clymer, p.153.
235. ^{{cite book | title = Auto Katalog 1982 | editor = Freund, Klaus | publisher = Vereinigte Motor-Verlage GmbH & Co. KG | location = Stuttgart | page = 165 | volume = 25 | language = German |date=August 1981}}
236. ^Based in Cleveland.Clymer, pp.190 & 209.
237. ^Clymer, p.209. Distinct from the GM division.
238. ^Clymer, pp.13 & 23.
239. ^Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Porter Motor Company.
240. ^Flory, p.1016. Distinct from Powell Manufacturing Company?
241. ^Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Randall (automobile company).
242. ^Distinct from the pickup. Clymer, p.209.
243. ^Cars & trucks, based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
244. ^Clymer, p.149.
245. ^Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Reading Steamer.
246. ^Clymer, p.209. Said to be the cheapest car ever built.
247. ^Producer of four-axle Octoauto and twin rear axle Sextoauto in Columbus, Indiana. Clymer, p.122-4.
248. ^1895 car produced by Remington Arms Company. Clymer, p.209.
249. ^Based in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 209.
250. ^Clymer, pp.22 & 209.
251. ^Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Rogers (steam automobile company) and Rogers (automobile company).
252. ^Clymer, pp.23 & 209.
253. ^Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Rogers Steamobile (automobile company). One of three companies by this name. Clymer, p.209.
254. ^Rolls Royce
255. ^Royal Princess was the gasoline-powered car.
256. ^Kimes (1985), p. 1273
257. ^Kimes (1985), p. 1273
258. ^Kimes (1985), p. 431
259. ^A tricycle. Clymer, p.8.
260. ^Clymer, p.209. Same as Dumont (automobile company); both names used without permission from Alberto Santos-Dumont?
261. ^Clymer, p.8.
262. ^Clymer, pp.90 & 209.
263. ^Clymer, p.209. Distinct from the Chrysler.
264. ^Built in Buffalo, New York. Clymer, p.5.
265. ^Built by William H. Sharp. Clymer, p.88.
266. ^{{cite web|title=Shay Model A Roadster|url=http://shayhistory.com/|website=shayhistory.com|accessdate=4 February 2018}}
267. ^[https://www.txtransportationmuseum.org/history-texas-vehicle-makers.php Dixie Junior and Dixie Tourist (1908-1910]- Retrieved 2018-10-28
268. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=aJQ9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=History+of+the+%22Southern+Motor+Car+Company%22+of+Houston&source=bl&ots=U9y6fgelek&sig=xsJOoPY9ZxTUcnE78OPib19j4eo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN9tzCvaneAhUk34MKHRVDD_8Q6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20the%20%22Southern%20Motor%20Car%20Company%22%20of%20Houston&f=false The Horseless Age: The Automobile Trade Magazine, Volume 22]- Retrieved 2018-10-28
269. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 Clymer, p.210.
270. ^Distinct from Spencer (steam automobile company). Clymer, p.210.
271. ^Distinct from Spencer (automobile company). Clymer, pp.23 & 210.
272. ^One of two companies with this name. Clymer, p.210.
273. ^Distinct from Stanley Motor Carriage Company. Clymer, p.210.
274. ^Clymer, p.210. Distinct from Stearns (automobile).
275. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=512}}
276. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=1351}}
277. ^One of three companies by this name. Clymer, p.210.
278. ^One of three companies by this name. Clymer, pp.23 & 210.
279. ^Originally Erie.
280. ^Production was continued in Canada until 1966.
281. ^Flory, p.1016. Fitting Cadillac V8s into Studebakers was common in the 1950s, under the nickname Studillac, as well as into Fords as Fordillacs; it appears Flory has mistaken it.
282. ^Clymer, pp.38 & 210.
283. ^Clymer, p.210. Not to be confused with the Dodge, Plymouth, Studebaker, Nash Motors, Chevrolet, or GMC.
284. ^Clymer, p.52.
285. ^Clymer, p.210. Not to be confused with Summit Racing Equipment.
286. ^Clymer, p.190, locates them in Cleveland.
287. ^Clymer, pp.170 & 210.
288. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|pp=1417–1419}}
289. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|pp=1423–1424}}
290. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|pp=1463, 45}}
291. ^Clymer, p.22; {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|pp=769, 1472}}
292. ^Clymer, p.210. Not to be confused with the sportscar or the motorcycle.
293. ^{{cite web|url=http://nogas.org/ev/|title=Renaissance Cars Inc. / Zebra Motors Inc.|accessdate=3 September 2014}}
294. ^Distinct from Victor (steam automobile company). Clymer, p.210.
295. ^Clymer, pp.23. Distinct from Victor (automobile company).
296. ^Kimes, Beverly R. (editor), and Clark, Henry A. The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805–1945. Krause Publications, 1985. {{ISBN|0-87341-045-9}}. p 1455
297. ^Built in Painesville, Ohio. Clymer, p.135.
298. ^Detroit-based builder of "generic" cars without badges so dealers could badge them as desired. Clymer, p.146.
299. ^Clymer, p.210. Distinct from Ward (electric automobile company)
300. ^Clymer, p.210. Distinct from Ward (automobile company)
301. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=1491}}
302. ^Built by Reo.
303. ^{{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=1519}}
304. ^1 {{harvnb|Kimes|1985|p=1521}}
305. ^1 Kimes(1985), p. 1524

Sources

  • Automobile Quarterly (eds.). The American Car Since 1775. Kutztown, PA: Automobile Quarterly, Inc., 1971. {{ISBN|0-525-05300-X}}
  • Bird, Anthony and Douglas-Scott Montagu of Beaulieu, Edward: Steam Cars, 1770–1970, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd., 1971. {{ISBN|0-304-93707-X}}: {{ISBN|978-0-304-93707-3}}
  • Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925. New York: Bonanza Books, 1950.
  • Clymer, Floyd and Gahagan, Harry W.: Floyd Clymer's Steam Car Scrapbook, Literary Licensing, LLC, 2012. {{ISBN|1-258-42699-4}}; {{ISBN|978-1-258-42699-6}}
  • Georgano, Nick (Ed.). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2000. {{ISBN|1-57958-293-1}}
  • Evans, Richard J.: Steam Cars (Shire Album), Shire Publications Ltd (booklet) 1985. {{ISBN|0-85263-774-8}}; {{ISBN|978-0-85263-774-6}}
  • Headfield, John: American Steam-Car Pioneers: A Scrapbook (1st edition). Newcomen Society in North, 1984. {{ISBN|9994065904}}; {{ISBN|978-9994065905}}
  • Kimes, Beverly R. (editor), and Clark, Henry A. The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805–1945. Krause Publications, 1975. {{ISBN|0-87341-111-0}}
  • Kimes, Beverly R. (editor), and Clark, Henry A. The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805–1945. Krause Publications, 1985. {{ISBN|0-87341-045-9}}
  • Kimes, Beverly R., and Clark, Henry A. The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805–1942 (3rd edition). Iola, WI: Krause, 1996. {{ISBN|0-87341-428-4}}
  • Kirsch, David A.: The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick NJ and London, 2000. {{ISBN|0-8135-2809-7}}
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3 : Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States|Lists of defunct companies of the United States|Lists of automobile manufacturers
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