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词条 List of deists
释义

  1. See also

  2. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}

This is a partial list of people who have been categorized as Deists, the belief in a deity based on natural religion only, or belief in religious truths discovered by people through a process of reasoning, independent of any revelation through scriptures or prophets. They have been selected for their influence on Deism, or for their fame in other areas.

  • Ethan Allen (1738–89), early American revolutionary and guerrilla leader[1]
  • Al-Maʿarri (973–1058), was a blind Arab philosopher, poet and writer, and a controversial rationalist.[2]
  • Luis Walter Alvarez (1911–1988), American experimental physicist and inventor, who spent nearly all of his long professional career on the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968, and took out over 40 patents, some of which led to commercial products.[3]
  • Anaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC), Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher.[4]
  • Neil Armstrong (1930–2012), American NASA astronaut, test pilot, aerospace engineer, university professor, United States Naval Aviator, and the first person to set foot upon the Moon.[5]
  • Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906), Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics.[6][7]
  • Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), French military and political leader[8]
  • Max Born (1882–1970), German-British physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared with Walther Bothe).[9][10]
  • Nick Cave (1957–), Australian musician, songwriter, poet, author and actor.[11][12]
  • Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician, physicist, and author during the Age of Enlightenment. Her crowning achievement is considered to be her translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica.[13][14]
  • Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783), French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. He was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclopédie.[15]
  • Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.[16][17]
  • Paul Davies (1946–), British physicist and science writer and broadcaster[18]
  • Humphry Davy (1778–1829), British chemist and inventor.[19]
  • Rodrigo Duterte (1945-), 16th President of the Philippines.[20][21][22][23]
  • Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931), American inventor and businessman.[24]
  • Antony Flew (1923–2010), British analytic philosopher and prominent former atheist; during his last years he openly made an allegiance to Deism[25] and stated to have acknowledged the existence of an Intelligent Creator of the universe, the Aristotelian God.[25]
  • Benjamin Franklin (1706–90), American polymath; one of the Founding Fathers of the United States[26]
  • Martin Gardner (1914–2010), American popular mathematics and science writer specializing in recreational mathematics, but with interests encompassing micromagic, stage magic, literature (especially the writings of Lewis Carroll and G. K. Chesterton), philosophy, scientific skepticism, and religion.[27]
  • William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879), American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.[28]
  • Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.[29][30][31][32][33]
  • Brett Gurewitz (1962–), guitarist and songwriter for the American punk rock band Bad Religion[34]
  • Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (1583–1648), British soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and religious philosopher[35]
  • Harish-Chandra (1923–1983), Indian mathematician, who did fundamental work in representation theory, especially Harmonic analysis on semisimple Lie groups.[36]
  • James Heckman (1944–), American economist who shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2000 for his pioneering work in econometrics and microeconomics.[37]
  • Victor Hugo (1802–85), French writer, artist, activist and statesman[38][39]
  • William Hogarth (1697–1764), English painter, visual artist and pioneering cartoonist[40]
  • James Hutton (1726–1797), Scottish physician, geologist, naturalist, chemical manufacturer and experimental agriculturalist. His work helped to establish the basis of modern geology. His theories of geology and geologic time, also called deep time, came to be included in theories which were called plutonism and uniformitarianism.[41][42]
  • Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), author of the Jefferson Bible, an American Founding Father, the principal author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States.[43][44][45]
  • Walter Kohn (1923–), Austrian-born American theoretical physicist. He was awarded, with John Pople, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998.[46]
  • Harmony Korine (1973–), American film director, producer, screenwriter, and author.[47]
  • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), French naturalist. He was a soldier, biologist, academic, and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws.[48]
  • Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), sixteenth president of the United States of America. He never joined any church and has been described as a "Christian deist". As a young man, he was religiously skeptical and sometimes ridiculed revivalists. During his early years, Lincoln enjoyed reading the works of deists such as Thomas Paine and Voltaire. He drafted a pamphlet incorporating such ideas but did not publish it. After charges of hostility to Christianity almost cost him a congressional bid, he kept his unorthodox beliefs private. James Adams labelled Lincoln as a deist. In 1834, he reportedly wrote a manuscript essay challenging Christianity modelled on Paine's book The Age of Reason, which a friend supposedly burned to protect him from ridicule. He seemed to believe in an all-powerful God, who shaped events and, by 1865, was expressing those beliefs in major speeches.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
  • Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716), German mathematician and philosopher. He is best known for developing infinitesimal calculus independently of Isaac Newton, and his mathematical notation has been widely used ever since it was published. He has also been labeled a Christian as well.[49][50]
  • Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), German writer, philosopher, dramatist, publicist, and art critic[51]
  • John Locke (1632–1704), influential English philosopher in the field of empiricism[52]
  • Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries was the atmosphere of Venus. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.[53]
  • Charles Lyell (1797–1875), British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism.[54]
  • Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746), Scottish mathematician who made important contributions to geometry and algebra. The Maclaurin series, a special case of the Taylor series, are named after him.[55]
  • James Madison (1751–1836), "Father of the United States Constitution", one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, and the 4th President of the United States[56]
  • Alfred M. Mayer (1836–1897), American physicist.[57]
  • Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907), Russian chemist and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements.[58]
  • Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1796), German philosopher influential in the Jewish Haskalah[59]
  • John Muir (1838–1914), Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States.[60]
  • Simon Newcomb (1835–1909), Canadian-American astronomer and mathematician.[61]
  • Thomas Paine (1737–1809), English pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, inventor, and intellectual, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States[62]
  • Elihu Palmer (1764–1806), American author and advocate of deism[63]
  • Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958), Austrian theoretical physicist. In 1945, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. He is best known for his work on Pauli principle and spin theory.[64][65]
  • Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism". He was educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years. Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and for his founding of pragmatism.[66]
  • Max Planck (1858–1947), German physicist, regarded as the founder of quantum theory.[67]
  • José Rizal (1861–1896), a Filipino patriot, philosopher, medical doctor, poet, journalist, novelist, political scientist, painter and polyglot. Considered to be one of the Philippines' most important heroes and martyrs whose writings and execution contributed to the igniting of the Philippine Revolution. He is also considered as Asia's first modern non-violent proponent of freedom.[68]
  • Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937), New Zealand chemist and "father" of nuclear physics, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances".[69][70][71]
  • Maximilien Robespierre (1758–94), French revolutionary and lawyer[72]
  • Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989), Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident, and human rights activist.[73]
  • Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright.[74]
  • Adam Smith (1723–1790), Scottish Philosopher and economist; considered the father of modern economics[75]
  • Lysander Spooner (1808–1887), American anarchist, philosopher and abolitionist[76]
  • Matthew Tindal (1657–1733), controversial English author whose works were influential on Enlightenment thinking[77]
  • Mark Twain (1835–1910), American author and humorist[38]
  • Jules Verne (1828–1905), French author who pioneered the science fiction genre in Europe. He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Journey to the Center of the Earth, and Around the World in Eighty Days.[78][79][80][81]
  • Voltaire (1694–1778), French Enlightenment writer and philosopher[82]
  • George Washington (1732–1799), one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and the 1st President of the United States[56]
  • James Watt (1736–1819), Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.[83][84]
  • Henrik Wergeland (1808–1845), Norwegian poet and theologist (by self-definition).
  • Hermann Weyl (1885–1955), German mathematician and theoretical physicist.[85]

See also

  • List of people by belief

References

1. ^{{cite web |title = Reason: The Only Oracle Of Man |url= http://www.deism.org/ethanallen.htm | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20041210113657/http://www.deism.org/ethanallen.htm| archivedate=10 December 2004 | author=Ethan Allen| year= 1784| accessdate=7 February 2013}}
2. ^Freethought Traditions in the Islamic World {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214102422/http://www.sdsmt.edu/student-orgs/tfs/reading/freethought/islam.html |date=14 February 2012 }} by Fred Whitehead; also quoted in Cyril Glasse, (2001), The New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 278. Rowman Altamira.
3. ^{{cite book|title=Alvarez: adventures of a physicist|year=1987|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465001156|author1=Luis W. Alvarez |author2=Alfred P. Sloan Foundation |page=279|quote=Physicists feel that the subject of religion is taboo. Almost all consider themselves agnostics. We talk about the big bang that started the present universe and wonder what caused it and what came before. To me the idea of a Supreme Being is attractive, but I'm sure that such a Being isn't the one described in any holy book. Since we learn about people by examining what they have done, I conclude that any Supreme Being must have been a great mathematician. The universe operates with precision according to mathematical laws of enormous complexity. I'm unable to identify its creator with the Jesus to whom my maternal grandparents, missionaries in China, devoted their lives.}}
4. ^{{cite book|title=Plato: Republic Book X|publisher=Taylor & Francis|editor=John Ferguson|accessdate=11 July 2012|page=15|quote=Anaxagoras was a typical Deist.}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=The Life of Neil A. Armstrong|year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743281713|author=James R. Hansen|page=33|quote=It is clear that by the time Armstrong returned from Korea in 1952 he had become a type of deist, a person whose belief in God was founded on reason rather than on revelation, and on an understanding of God's natural laws rather than on the authority of any particular creed or church doctrine. While working as a test pilot in Southern California in the late 1950s, Armstrong applied at a local Methodist church to lead a Boy Scout troop. Where the form asked for his religious affiliation, Neil wrote the word "Deist."}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=Ludwig Boltzmann: His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900–1906. The philosopher|year=1995|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780792334644|author1=Ludwig Boltzmann |author2=John T. Blackmore |page=3|quote=Boltzmann's tendency to think that the methods of theoretical physics could be applied to all fields with profit both within and outside of science apparently made it difficult for him to sympathize with most religion. His own religious position as given above seems to emphasize hope rather than belief, as if he hoped that good luck would come to him without specifying whether this would be caused by Divine Intervention, Divine Providence, or by natural or historical forces not yet understood by science or whose occurrence or timing one could not yet predict. But in the same letter to Brentano he maintains: "I pray to my God just as ardently as a priest does to his."}}
7. ^{{cite book|title=Ludwig Boltzmann: His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900–1906. The philosopher|year=1995|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780792334644|author1=Ludwig Boltzmann |author2=John T. Blackmore |page=4|quote=Boltzmann in optimistic moods liked to think of himself as an idealist in the sense of having high ideals and a materialist in all three major senses enjoying the material world, opposing spiritualist philosophy, and reducing reality to matter... Boltzmann may not have been an ontological materialist, at least not in a classical sense and not in his methodology of science but rather closer to the phenomenalistic positions normally associated with David Hume and Ernst Mach.}}
8. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0815almanac.htm| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20040106223101/http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0815almanac.htm| archivedate= 6 January 2004| title= Napoleon Bonaparte (1769)| author= Ronald Bruce Meyer | publisher= ronaldbrucemeyer.com| accessdate=7 February 2013| quote= His studies, says the Catholic Encyclopedia, 'left him attached to a sort of Deism, an admirer of the personality of Christ, a stranger to all religious practices, and breathing defiance against 'sacerdotalism' and 'theocracy'.' }}
9. ^{{cite book |title= The End of the Certain World: The Life and Science of Max Born : the Nobel Physicist who Ignited the Quantum Revolution|year=2005|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=9780738206936 |pages=58–62 |author=Nancy Thorndike Greenspan|quote=Max later traced his reluctance to his father, who had taught him not to believe in a God who punished, rewarded, or performed miracles. Like his father, he based his morality on his "own conscience and on an understanding of human life within a framework of natural law." Born, in fact, was no longer Jewish. His mother-in-law had worn him down. In March 1914, after a few religion lessons in Berlin, he was baptized a Lutheran by the pastor who had married him to Hedi. As he later explained, "there were...forces pulling in the opposite direction [to my own feelings]. The strongest of these was the necessity of defending my position again and again, and the feeling of futility produced by these discussions [with Hedi and her mother]. In the end I made up my mind that a rational being as I wished to be, ought to regard religious professions and churches as a matter of no importance.... It has not changed me, yet I never regretted it. I did not want to live in a Jewish world, and one cannot live in a Christian world as an outsider. However, I made up my mind never to conceal my Jewish origin."}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Max Born|url=http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b2born-max.htm#end7|publisher=HyperHistory.net|accessdate=19 June 2012|author=Rit Nosotro |year=2003 |quote=In 1912 Max married a descendent of Martin Luther named Hedi. They were married by a Lutheran pastor who two years later would baptize Max into the Christian faith. Far from being a messianic Jew who fell in love with Rabbi Yeshua (Jesus), Max was merely one of the millions of Jews who no considered assimilation of more importance than their Jewish faith. As Max explained, "there were...forces pulling in the opposite direction [to my own feelings]. The strongest of these was the necessity of defending my position again and again, and the feeling of futility produced by these discussions [with Hedi and her mother]. In the end I made up my mind that a rational being as I wished to be, ought to regard religious professions and churches as a matter of no importance.... It has not changed me, yet I never regretted it. I did not want to live in a Jewish world, and one cannot live in a Christian world as an outsider. However, I made up my mind never to conceal my Jewish origin."}}
11. ^{{cite web| quote=Asked if he's a believer, he replies evasively, 'I believe in all sorts of things.' I attempt to lift his aura of mysticism and insist. 'Well, I believe in all sorts of things. But do I believe in God, you mean? Yeah. Do you?' he turns the question on me, before continuing, 'If you're involved with imagination and the creative process, it's not such a difficult thing to believe in a god. But I'm not involved in any religions.'| author= Talia Soghomonian | date=3 August 2008 | url=http://www.musicomh.com/music/features/nick-cave_0308.htm | title= Nick Cave| work= musicomh.com}}
12. ^{{cite web| quote=Do I personally believe in a personal God? No.| url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/audio/2009/sep/10/nick-cave-bunny-munro | publisher=The Guardian |date=11 September 2009| title= Nick Cave on The Death of Bunny Munro}}
13. ^{{cite book|title=Women in mathematics|year=1974|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262650090|page=69|author=Lynn M. Osen|quote=In addition to these achievements, Mme du Chatelet was also interested in critical deism, particularly where this deism touched on the science of her century. She produced a manuscript based on her critical examination of the Old and New Testaments, and although this manuscript was never published, scholars are now examining it, specifically for its significance to the development of Voltaire's thought.}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Emilie du Châtelet 1706–1749|url=http://www.enotes.com/emilie-du-chatelet-essays/du-chatelet-emilie|work=Literary Criticism (1400–1800)|publisher=Gale Cengage|accessdate=27 May 2013|year=2004|quote=While her translation of Mandeville was not read during her lifetime, except among her peers, this work was quite familiar to Voltaire, who was strongly influenced by it in writing his own Traité de métaphysique. In keeping with philosophical trends of the day, she began a work on grammar, the unfinished Grammaire raisonné, and she applied her thoughts on deism and metaphysics to a study of the Bible, resulting in the unpublished Examen de la Genèse (which may be translated as "The Examination of Genesis"). Both studies reflect du Châtelet's Enlightenment commitment to applying science and reason to all aspects of human life, including language and religion.}}
15. ^"The dividing line between Deism and atheism among the Philosophes was often rather blurred, as is evidenced by Le Rêve de d'Alembert (written 1769; "The Dream of d'Alembert"), which describes a discussion between the two "fathers" of the Encyclopédie: the Deist Jean Le Rond d'Alembert and the atheist Diderot." Andreas Sofroniou, Moral Philosophy, from Hippocrates to the 21st Aeon, page 197.
16. ^{{cite book|title=The Templar Code For Dummies |year=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470127650|author1=Christopher Hodapp |author2=Alice Von Kannon |page=256|quote=Da Vinci was definitely an esoteric character and a man of contrasts; a bastard son who rose to prominence; an early Deist who worshipped the perfect machine of nature to such a degree that he wouldn't eat meat, but who made his first big splash designing weapons of war; a renowned painter who didn't much like painting, and often didn't finish them, infuriating his clients; and a born engineer who loved nothing more than hours spent imagining new contraptions of every variety.}}
17. ^{{cite book|title=Leonardo Da Vinci |year=2011 |publisher= Parkstone International|isbn=9781780422954|author=Eugène Müntz |page=80 |quote= To begin with, even if it could be shown – and this is precisely one of the points most in dispute – that Leonardo had broken with the teachings of the Catholic Church, it would still be nonetheless certain that he was a deist and not an atheist or materialist.}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000C055B-0CBB-1306-8A6883414B7F0000 |title=Clash in Cambridge: Scientific American |publisher=Sciam.com |date=12 September 2005 |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
19. ^{{cite book |title=Young Humphry Davy: The Making of an Experimental Chemist, Volume 237 |year=2000 |publisher= American Philosophical Society|isbn=9780871692375|author=June Z. Fullmer |authorlink=June Z. Fullmer|page=158|quote=In prominent alliance with his concept, Davy celebrated a natural-philosophic deism, for which his critics did not attack him, nor, indeed, did they bother to mention it. Davy never appeared perturbed by critical attacks on his "materialism" because he was well aware that his deism and his materialism went hand in hand; moreover, deism appeared to be the abiding faith of all around him.}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/netizens-react-to-dutertes-statement-on-god-religion/|title=Netizens react to Duterte’s statement on God, religion|last=Sidocon|first=Gino|date=May 20, 2016|newspaper=Manila Bulletin|department=Featured Story|location=Intramuros, Manila|access-date=May 21, 2016}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/05/20/1585212/duterte-says-he-believes-god-not-religion|title=Duterte says he believes in God but not in religion|last=Romero|first=Alexis|date=May 20, 2016|newspaper=The Philippine Star|department=Headlines|location=Port Area, Manila|access-date=May 21, 2016}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/566934/news/nation/duterte-i-believe-in-god-but-not-in-religion|title=Duterte: I believe in God, but not in religion|date=May 19, 2016|work=GMA Network Inc.|department=News|location=Quezon City|access-date=May 21, 2016}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/01/19/Duterte-leaves-religion-for-mayoral-duties-sees-Roxas-useless.html|title=Duterte leaves religion for mayoral duties; sees Roxas as 'useless'|last=Ho|first=Alex|date=January 23, 2016|work=CNN Philippines|department=News|location=Mandaluyong|access-date=May 21, 2016}}
24. ^In a correspondence on the matter Edison said: "You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made." New York Times. 2 October 1910, Sunday.
25. ^1 {{cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |date=16 April 2010 |title=Antony Flew, Philosopher and Ex-Atheist, Dies at 87 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/17/arts/17flew.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=27 October 2018 |quote=In “There Is a God” he explained that he now believed in a supreme intelligence, removed from human affairs but responsible for the intricate workings of the universe. In other words, the Divine Watchmaker imagined by deists like Isaac Newton, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.
In a letter to The Sunday Telegraph of London in 2004, he described “the God in whose existence I have belatedly come to believe” as “most emphatically not the eternally rewarding and eternally torturing God of either Christianity or Islam but the God of Aristotle that he would have defined — had Aristotle actually produced a definition of his (and my) God — as the first initiating and sustaining cause of the universe.”}}
26. ^The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin from earlyamerica.com
27. ^Carpenter, Alexander (2008), "Martin Gardner on Philosophical Theism, Adventists and Price" Interview, 17 October 2008, Spectrum.
28. ^{{cite book|title=Academic Dictionary of Philosophy |year=2005 |publisher= Gyan Books |isbn=9788182052246|author=Ramesh Chopra |page=143 |quote=What Garrison did in the anti-slavery campaign is well known. The clergy to it that Americand do not know equally well that he rejected Christianity and was at the most a deist.}}
29. ^{{cite book|title=Gauss: a biographical study|year=1981|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=9780387106625|page=152|author=Walter Kaufmann Bühler|chapter=14|quote=Despite his strong roots in the Enlightenment, Gauss was not an atheist, rather a deist with very unorthodox convictions,...}}
30. ^{{cite book|title=Gauss: A Biographical Study|year=1981|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=9780387106625|page=153|author=Walter Kaufmann Bühler|quote=Judging from the correspondence, Gauss did not believe in a personal god. An essential part of his credo was his confidence in the harmony and integrity of the grand design of the creation. Mathematics was the key to man's efforts to obtain at least a faint idea of God's plan. Obviously, Gauss's beliefs had a strong resemblance to Leibniz's system, though they were much less systematic and explicit.}}
31. ^{{cite book|title=American Judaism in Transition: The Secularization of a Religious Community|year=1995|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=9780761800163|author=Gerhard Falk|chapter=The Influence of Scientific Thinking on the Secularization Process|page=121|quote=Gauss told his friend Rudolf Wagner, a professor of biology at Gottingen University, that he did not believe in the Bible but that he had meditated a great deal on the future of the human soul and speculated on the possibility of the soul being reincarnated on another planet. Evidently, Gauss was a Deist with a good deal of skepticism concerning religion but incorporating a great deal of philosophical interests in the Big Questions, that is. the immortality of the soul, the afterlife and the meaning of man's existence.}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Gauss, Carl Friedrich|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.aspx |publisher=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography |accessdate= 29 July 2012 |year=2008|quote=In seeming contradiction, his religious and philosophical views leaned toward those of his political opponents. He was an uncompromising believer in the priority of empiricism in science. He did not adhere to the views of Kant, Hegel and other idealist philosophers of the day. He was not a churchman and kept his religious views to himself. Moral rectitude and the advancement of scientific knowledge were his avowed principles.}}
33. ^{{cite book|title=Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty|year=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195030853|author=Morris Kline|page=73}}
34. ^{{cite web| quote=I’d call myself a provisional deist...I don't believe in a God who does much. But I do believe in God, for some reason that I can’t explain.| title=Greg Graffin: Punk-Rock Ph.D. | publisher= Paste Magazine | date=1 August 2007 | url= http://www.pastemagazine.com/action/article/4639/feature/music/greg_graf | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071016102456/http://pastemagazine.com/action/article/4639/feature/music/greg_graf| archivedate=16 October 2007}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/herbert.htm |title=Herbert of Cherbury, Edward [The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |publisher=Iep.utm.edu |date=16 April 2001 |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
36. ^{{cite book|title=The Mathematical Legacy of Harish-Chandra: A Celebration of Representation Theory and Harmonic Analysis : An AMS Special Session Honoring the Memory of Harish-Chandra, January 9–10, 1998, Baltimore, Maryland|year=2000|publisher=American Mathematical Soc. |isbn=9780821811979 |pages=40–41 |author=Armand Borel|quote=The sense of purpose Harish gave to his life had some spiritual, even religious underpinning. His religion was not a traditional one with the usual paraphernalia of stories, rituals, prayers and direct intervention of a personal god. Rather it was on an abstract, philosophical level, a yearning for some universal principle, transcending our lives, which would give a sense to the universe. Mathematics was maybe for him a way to approach it this life.}}
37. ^{{cite book|title=Lives of the Laureates, Fifth Edition: Twenty-three Nobel Economists|year=2009|publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262012768 |pages=303–304 |author=James J. Heckman|edition=5|editor1=William Breit |editor2=Barry T. Hirsch |chapter=James J. Heckman|quote=If I had any religion at that time, it was Deism. I was impressed by God the watchmaker.}}
38. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/fam_deist.html |title=Famous Deists |publisher=Adherents.com |date= |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
39. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.nndb.com/people/665/000026587/ |title=Victor Hugo |publisher=Nndb.com |date=21 April 1915 |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://basicfamouspeople.com/index.php?aid=1911 |title=Alfred Adler Biography from Basic Famous People – Biographies of Celebrities and other Famous People |publisher=Basic Famous People |date=28 May 1937 |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
41. ^{{cite book|title=Speculative Truth: Henry Cavendish, Natural Philosophy, and the Rise of Modern Theoretical Science |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195160048|author=Russell McCormmach |page=29|quote=James Hutton, a deist, believed that nature was self-sustaining, without need of ongoing help from God, and that the laws of nature were immanent in the world.}}
42. ^{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199743766|page=387|editor=John L. Heilbron|chapter=Hutton, James|quote=A deist in religion, he believed that a powerful and benevolent deity governed the universe, and dismissed the Biblical miracles as fables.}}
43. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-religious-beliefs| title= Jefferson's Religious Beliefs| work=monticello.org | publisher= Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc. | accessdate=7 February 2013}}
44. ^Michael Corbett and Julia Mitchell Corbett, Politics and religion in the United States (1999) p. 68
45. ^{{cite journal |url= http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/08/the-deist-minimum--28 |first=Avery |last=Dulles |authorlink=Avery Dulles |title=The Deist Minimum |journal=First Things |issue=149 |date=January 2005 |pages=25ff}}
46. ^{{cite web|title=Top Scientists on God: Who Believes, Who Doesn't|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/max-tegmark/angry-atheists_b_2716134.html|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=13 May 2013|quote=I am very much a scientist, and so I naturally have thought about religion also through the eyes of a scientist. When I do that, I see religion not denominationally, but in a more, let us say, deistic sense. I have been influenced in my thinking by the writing of Einstein who has made remarks to the effect that when he contemplated the world he sensed an underlying Force much greater than any human force. I feel very much the same. There is a sense of awe, a sense of reverence, and a sense of great mystery.}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=HARMONY ENFANT TERRIBLE All Korine's Transgressions |url= http://www.angelfire.com/ab/harmonykorine/venice.html |accessdate=24 June 2012|author=Domenico Monetti|quote="Even though I was born into a Jewish family, I don't belong to any religion. I'm not an atheist, I believe in a higher power. You have to believe in something, otherwise it would be hard getting out of bed in the morning." Harmony Korine and scandals.}}
48. ^{{cite book|title=History of Paradise: The Garden of Eden in Myth and Tradition|year=2000|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252068805|author1=Jean Delumeau |author2=Matthew O'Connell |page=223|quote=Like Erasmus Darwin and unlike Cabanis, Lamarck was a deist.}}
49. ^"In a commentary on Shaftesbury published in 1720, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a Rationalist philosopher and mathematician, accepted the Deist conception of God as an intelligent Creator but refused the contention that a god who metes out punishments is evil." Andreas Sofroniou, Moral Philosophy, from Hippocrates to the 21st Aeon, page 197.
50. ^"Consistent with the liberal views of the Enlightenment, Leibniz was an optimist with respect to human reasoning and scientific progress (Popper 1963, p.69). Although he was a great reader and admirer of Spinoza, Leibniz, being a confirmed deist, rejected emphatically Spinoza's pantheism: God and nature, for Leibniz, were not simply two different "labels" for the same "thing". Shelby D. Hunt, Controversy in marketing theory: for reason, realism, truth, and objectivity (2003), page 33.
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/le/LessingG.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|publisher=}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_4.1/thompson_printable.htm |title=MICHAEL J. THOMPSON – JOHN LOCKE IN JERUSALEM – LOGOS 4.1 WINTER 2005 |publisher= Logosjournal.com |date= |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
53. ^{{cite web|title=Prominent Russians: Mikhail Lomonosov |url=http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/science-and-technology/mikhail-lomonosov/|publisher=RT.com|accessdate=10 July 2012|author=Tatyana Klevantseva|quote=A supporter of deism, he materialistically examined natural phenomena.}}
54. ^{{cite book|title=The Young Charles Darwin |year=2009 |publisher= Yale University Press|isbn=9780300136081|author=Keith Stewart Thomson |page=109|quote=In his religious views, Lyell was essentially a deist, holding the position that God had originally created the world and life on it, and then had allowed nature to operate according to its own (God-given) natural laws, rather than constantly intervening to direct and shape the course of all history.}}
55. ^{{cite book|title=The Man Who Found Time: James Hutton and the Discovery of the Earth's Intiquity|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=9781458766625|author=Jack Repcheck|page=58|quote=But Maclaurin had one other major effect on Hutton. Maclaurin was a deist, one who believes in a creator God, a God who designed and built the universe and then set His creation into motion (but does not interfere with the day-to-day workings of the system or the actions of people).}}
56. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2003/autumn/holmes-religion-james-monroe/ |title=VQR » The Religion of James Monroe |publisher=Vqronline.org |date= |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
57. ^{{cite book|title=American Physics in Transition: A History of Conceptual Change in the Late Nineteenth Century|year=1983|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780938228066|author=Albert E. Moyer|page=40|quote=This deistic leaning persisted in Mayer's thought.}}
58. ^{{cite book|title=A Well-ordered Thing: Dmitrii Mendeleev And The Shadow Of The Periodic Table|year=2004|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465027750|author=Michael D. Gordin|page=230|quote=Mendeleev's son Ivan later vehemently denied claims that his father was devoutly Orthodox: "I have also heard the view of my father's 'church religiosity' — and I must reject this categorically. From his earliest years Father practically split from the church — and if he tolerated certain simple everyday rites, then only as an innocent national tradition, similar to Easter cakes, which he didn't consider worth fighting against." ...Mendeleev's opposition to traditional Orthodoxy was not due to either atheism or a scientific materialism. Rather, he held to a form of romanticized deism.}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sullivan-county.com/id2/judaism.htm |title=Reform Judaism and the relationship to Deism |publisher=Sullivan-county.com |date= |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
60. ^{{cite web|title=John Muir|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/473/000108149/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=18 July 2012}}
61. ^{{cite web|title=Economics, Christianity, and Creative Evolution: Peirce, Newcomb, and Ely and the Issues Surrounding the Creation of the American Economic Association in the 1880s |url= http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/aboutcsp/wible/createvol.pdf |accessdate=5 June 2012 |author=James R. Wible|page=43|date=April 2009|quote=While rejecting all of the organized religions of human history, Newcomb does recognize that religious ideas are basic to the human mind. He articulates his point: “But there is a second truth admitted with nearly equal unanimity .... It is that man has religious instincts – is, in short, a religious animal, and must have some kind of worship.” 51 What Newcomb wants is a new religion compatible with the best science and philosophy of his time. He begins to outline this new religion with doctrines that it must not have: 1. It cannot have a God living and personal.... 2. It cannot insist on a personal immortality of the soul.... 3. There must be no terrors drawn from a day of judgment.... 4. There can be no ghostly sanctions or motives derived from a supernatural power, or a world to come.... 5. Everything beyond what can be seen must be represented as unknown and unknowable.... (Newcomb 1878, p. 51).}}
62. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/paine-deism.html |title=Modern History Sourcebook: Thomas Paine: Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Religion |publisher=Fordham.edu |date= |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
63. ^Elihu Palmer – First Presbyterian Church of Newtown {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213094003/http://www.fpcn.org/history/pastors/palmer/ |date=13 December 2006 }}
64. ^{{cite book|title=No Time to Be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198564799|author=Charles Paul Enz |quote=At the same time Pauli writes on 11 October 1957 to the science historian Shmuel Sambursky whom he had met on his trip to Israel (see Ref. [7],{{Nonspecific|date=February 2013}} p. 964): 'In opposition to the monotheist religions – but in unison with the mysticism of all peoples, including the Jewish mysticism – I believe that the ultimate reality is not personal.'}}
65. ^{{cite book|title=Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780061209192|pages=214–215|author=Werner Heisenberg|quote=Wolfgang shared my concern. ..."Einstein's conception is closer to mine. His God is somehow involved in the immutable laws of nature. Einstein has a feeling for the central order of things. He can detect it in the simplicity of natural laws. We may take it that he felt this simplicity very strongly and directly during his discovery of the theory of relativity. Admittedly, this is a far cry from the contents of religion. I don't believe Einstein is tied to any religious tradition, and I rather think the idea of a personal God is entirely foreign to him."}}
66. ^{{cite book|title=Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life|year=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253211613|author=Joseph Brent|edition=2|page=18|quote=Peirce had strong, though unorthodox, religious convictions. Although he was a communicant in the Episcopal church for most of his life, he expressed contempt for the theologies, metaphysics, and practices of established religions.}}
67. ^{{cite book|title=The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science|year=1986|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674004399|author=J. L. Heilbron |page=198|quote=On the other side, Church spokesmen could scarcely become enthusiastic about Planck's deism, which omitted all reference to established religions and had no more doctrinal content than Einstein's Judaism. It seemed useful therefore to paint the lily, to improve the lesson of Planck's life for the use of proselytizers and to associate the deanthropomorphizer of science with a belief in a traditional Godhead.}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://relijournal.com/religion/dr-jose-rizal-the-foremost-filipino-deist/|title=Dr. Jose Rizal: The Foremost Filipino Deist |publisher=relijournal.com |date=23 September 2006 |accessdate=9 November 2012}}
69. ^{{cite book |title= Letter to an Atheist|year=2007|publisher=Harpeth River Press |isbn=9780979497407 |author= Michael Patrick Leahy|page=55}}
70. ^{{cite book|title=Ernest Rutherford|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195123784|page=13|author=J. L. Heilbron|chapter=1: Cambridge and Ray Physics|quote=He emerged a clever teenager, cheerful and strong, with a good earthy sense of humor, no airs, a wide set of manual skills, no obvious genius, an indifference to religion, and, despite having many sisters, a remarkable shyness with girls.}}
71. ^{{cite book|title=Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain|year=2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226068596|author=Peter J. Bowler|page=61|quote=Ernest Rutherford seems to have abandoned his Presbyterian up- bringing completely, apart from its moral code. A colleague wrote of him: "I knew Rutherford rather well and under varied conditions from 1903 onwards, but never heard religion discussed; nor have I found in his papers one line of writing connected with it." ...Given the reports quoted above, it is difficult to believe that either Rutherford or Ford was deeply religious in private.}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/robespierre-supreme.html |title=Modern History Sourcebook: Robespierre: the Supreme Being |publisher=Fordham.edu |date= |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
73. ^Sakharov believed that a non-scientific "guiding principle" governed the universe and human life. Drell, Sidney D., and Sergei P. Kapitsa (eds.), Sakharov Remembered, pp. 3, 92. New York: Springer, 1991.
74. ^{{cite book|title=Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia |year=2011|publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres|isbn=9780299284442|author=Victoria Frede |page=57|quote=Schiller was no atheist: he preached faith in God and respect for the Bible, but he condemned Christianity (both Catholic and Protestant forms) as a religion of hypocrisy.}}
75. ^The Times obituary of Adam Smith
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lysanderspooner.org/deists/deistsreplymain.html |title=Deistsreplymain |publisher=Lysanderspooner.org |date= |accessdate=4 July 2010}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.onr.com/user/bejo/tindal.htm |title=The Human Jesus and Christian Deism |publisher=Onr.com |date=31 May 2009 |accessdate= 4 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316080949/http://www.onr.com/user/bejo/tindal.htm |archivedate=16 March 2006}}
78. ^{{cite book|title=Jules Verne, Inventor of Science Fiction|year=1978|publisher=Scribner|isbn=9780684158242|page=34|author=Peter Costello|quote=Verne was to spend his life trying to escape from both, moving as he grew older towards anarchy and a more generalised deism.}}
79. ^{{cite book|title=The Sphinx of the Ice Realm: The First Complete English Translation ; with the Full Text of The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym by Edgar Allan Poe|year=2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9781438442112|author1=Jules Verne |author2=Edgar Allan Poe |author3=Frederick Paul Walter |author4=Paul Walter Frederick |editor=Frederick Paul Walter|page=406|chapter=Jules Verne, Ghostbuster|quote=And despite what some have said, Verne isn't much different. His early biographers laid stress on his Roman Catholicism—his grandson (Jules-Verne, 63) called him "deistic to the core, thanks to his upbringing"—yet his novels rarely have any spiritual content other than a few token appeals to the almighty.}}
80. ^{{cite book|title=The Kip Brothers|year=2007|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=9780819567048|page=412|authorlink=Jean-Michel Margot|editor=Arthur B. Evans|quote=But Verne's oeuvre cannot be characterized as Christian – there is never a mention of Christ, and most of his Voyages extraordinaires seem to be built around a rather deist philosophy of "Aide-toi et le Ciel t'aidera" (God helps those who help themselves). As Jean Chesneaux once remarked: "Despite fairly frequent references to Providence, to the Supreme Being, he [Verne] is fundamentally a rationalist... (The Political and Social Ideas of Jules Verne [London: Thames and Hudson, 1972],82).}}
81. ^{{cite book|title=To Touch the Face of God: The Sacred, the Profane, and the American Space Program, 1957–1975|year=2012|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9781421408347|author=Kendrick Oliver|quote=Verne himself is best characterized as a kind of Catholic deist, deeply intrigued by the idea of God but unconvinced that he was at work in the world; and Verne was largely uninterested in the figure of Christ.}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://deism.com/Voltaire.htm |title=World Union of Deists |date= |accessdate=2 May 2014}}
83. ^{{cite book|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers |year=1945 |publisher=Haldeman-Julius Publications|url=http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html|author=Joseph McCabe|accessdate=30 June 2012|quote=}}
84. ^{{cite book |title= James Watt and the steam engine: the memorial volume prepared for the Committee of the Watt centenary commemoration at Birmingham 1919|year=1927|publisher=Clarendon press|author=Henry Winram Dickinson, Rhys Jenkins, Committee of the Watt Centenary Commemoration |accessdate=30 June 2012 |page=78|quote=It is difficult to say anything as to Watt's religious belief, further than that he was a Deist.}}
85. ^{{cite book|title=Mind and Nature: Selected Writings on Philosophy, Mathematics, and Physics|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691135458|author1=Hermann Weyl |author2=Peter Pesic |editor=Peter Pesic|page=12|quote=To use the apt phrase of his son Michael, 'The Open World' (1932) contains "Hermann's dialogues with God" because here the mathematician confronts his ultimate concerns. These do not fall into the traditional religious traditions but are much closer in spirit to Spinoza's rational analysis of what he called "God or nature," so important for Einstein as well. ...In the end, Weyl concludes that this God "cannot and will not be comprehended" by the human mind, even though "mind is freedom within the limitations of existence; it is open toward the infinite." Nevertheless, "neither can God penetrate into man by revelation, nor man penetrate to him by mystical perception."}}

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