| 词条 | Myoporum sandwicense |
| 释义 |
|image = Starr_060305-6527_Myoporum_sandwicense.jpg |status = |status_system = |genus = Myoporum |species = sandwicense |authority = A.Gray[1] }}Myoporum sandwicense, commonly known as naio, bastard sandalwood or false sandalwood is a species of flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae. It is a tree or shrub highly variable in its form, the size and shape of its leaves, in the number of flowers in a group and in the shape of its fruit. It is endemic to Hawai{{okina}}i.[2][3] DescriptionMyoporum sandwicense grows as either a small tree, large tree, or dwarf shrub, depending on the elevation and conditions. As a small tree, it reaches a height of {{convert|9|m|ft}} with a trunk diameter of {{convert|0.3|m|ft}}. The largest naio have a height of {{convert|18|m|ft}} and a trunk diameter of {{convert|0.9|m|ft}}. At the tree line, naio grows as a {{convert|0.6|m|ft|adj=on}} shrub. The bark on older specimens is often dark, rough and furrowed.[4] The leaves are arranged alternately, often crowded near the ends of the stems, mostly {{convert|60-135|mm|in|sigfig=1}} long, {{convert|11-25|mm|in|sigfig=1}} wide, elliptic to lance-shaped and with a distinct mid-vein on the lower surface. Flowers are present all year and are arranged in groups of 2 to 6 in leaf axils on stalks {{convert|4.5-18|mm|in|sigfig=1}} long. They are a tubular bell shape with a fragrant odor and there are 5 lance-shaped sepals and 5 petals forming the tube. The tube is generally white or pink with darker blotches at the base of the lobes and the tube is usually {{convert|1.5-3.5|mm|in|sigfig=1}} long with lobes about the same length. The fruit is a waxy white drupe that is {{convert|8|mm|in}} in diameter, juicy, and bitter to taste. The fruit usually dry out and remain attached to the branch.[2][3][4]TaxonomyMyoporum sandwicense was first formally described in 1866 by Asa Gray and the description was published in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[1][5] The specific epithet sandwicense refers to the Sandwich Islands, the name given by James Cook to the Hawaiian Islands, where the type specimen was collected.[2]There are two subspecies:[2]
In 1951 Grady Webster included a form found in the Cook Islands as Myoporum sandwicense subsp. wilderi[6] but it is now known as Myoporum wilderi Skottsb. [7] Some sources describe varieties including degeneri Webster, fauriei (Levl.) Kraenzlin, st.-johnii Webster, and stellatum Webster.[8] In addition, a prostrate, shrubby variety known as naio papa ("flat naio") grows only at South Point on the island of Hawai{{okina}}i and is characterized by its similarities to creeping shrubs.[9] Distribution and habitatThe distribution of M. sandwicense in the United States is limited to the state of Hawai{{okina}}i. Within the state, it is found on all of the major islands[3] at elevations from sea level to {{convert|2380|m|ft}}.[10] Naio can be found in a variety of habitats, including low shrublands, dry forests, mesic forests, and wet forests, but is most common in subalpine shrublands.[3] EcologyCurrently, a large mixed māmane (Sophora chrysophylla)-naio forest on the island of Hawai{{okina}}i serves as the home of the palila (Loxioides bailleui), an endangered native bird.[19] UsesIndigenous usesThe finely-textured wood of M. sandwicense is hard and has a specific gravity of 0.55.[11] Native Hawaiians, who called the wood {{okina}}a{{okina}}aka, used it to make manu (bow and stern ornamental end pieces) and pale (gunwales) for wa{{okina}}a (outrigger canoes), pou (house posts),[12] haha ka {{okina}}upena (fishing net spacers),[10] and lamalama (long-burning torches for night fishing). The oily wood was also used as a substitute for {{okina}}iliahi (Santalum spp.) due to the similarity in smell when burned.[13] HorticultureM. sandwicense can be cultivated using seeds separated from the fruit - the average germination time varies by reports but is most commonly noted as taking between six and eighteen months. Propagation by cuttings and air layering is also possible.[3]Other usesFor a short time in the 19th century after most {{okina}}Iliahi (Santalum freycinetianum) had been harvested, naio was exported to China, where it was made into incense and burned in Joss houses.[14] However, unlike true sandalwood, the wood of naio does not retain its scent for long periods, as when made into furniture. References1. ^1 {{GRIN | accessdate=2009-02-04}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Chinnock|first1=R.J. (Bob)|title=Eremophila and allied genera : a monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae|date=2007|publisher=Rosenberg|location=Dural, NSW|isbn=9781877058165|pages=142–145|edition=1st}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=Myoporum sandwicense|url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/myo-sand.htm|publisher=College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa|accessdate=2 December 2015}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Little Jr.|first1=Elbert L.|last2=Skolmen|first2=Roger G.|title=Naio, false-sandalwood|url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Myoporum_sandwicense.pdf|publisher=College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.|accessdate=2 December 2015}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Asa|title=Characters of some New or Obscure Species of Plants|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|date=1862|volume=6|page=52|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22221#page/58/mode/1up|accessdate=2 December 2015}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Webster|first1=Grady L.|title=The Polynesian Species of Myoporum|journal=Pacific Science|date=1951|volume=5|issue=1|pages=52–77|url=http://herbarium.ucdavis.edu/publications/webster/2.Pacific%20Science%201951.pdf|accessdate=2 December 2015}} 7. ^{{IPNI| id =585317-1|accessdate = 2 December 2015}} 8. ^{{cite web| url = http://zipcodezoo.com/index.php/Myoporum_sandwicense| title = Myoporum sandwicense (Bastard Sandalwood, Naio, Sandal-wood)| publisher = Bayscience Foundation Inc| location = Potomac, MD, USA| accessdate = 2013-03-03}} 9. ^{{cite news| url = http://starbulletin.com/2003/01/24/features/garden.html| title = In the Garden - Naio papa| date = 24 January 2003| first = Rick | last = Barboza| work = Honolulu Star-Bulletin| accessdate = 2008-03-07}} 10. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/resultsdetailed.asp?search=naio |title=naio, naeo, naieo |work=Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database |publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum |accessdate=2009-03-28}} 11. ^{{cite paper |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Myoporum_sandwicense.pdf |format=PDF |title=Naio, false-sandalwood |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=United States Forest Service |year=1989}} 12. ^{{cite paper |url=http://www.hear.org/naturalareas/auwahi/ethnobotany_of_auwahi.pdf |format=PDF |title=Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest |first=A. C. |last=Medeiros |author2=C.F. Davenport |author3=C.G. Chimera |publisher=Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |year=1998}} 13. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://old.kcc.hawaii.edu/campus/tour/plants/pnaio.htm |title=Naio |work=Native Hawaiian Plants |publisher=Kapiʻolani Community College |accessdate=2008-03-07}} 14. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uwKAAAAIAAJ&q=naio+#v=snippet&q=naio&f=false |first=Thomas George |last=Thrum |authorlink=Thomas George Thrum |title=Hawaiian almanac and annual for 1892 |publisher=Press Publishing Co. Steam Print |location=Honolulu, Hawaiʻi |year=1891 |page=93 |oclc=746499177 |archiveurl=http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/662/Thrums-1892.pdf?sequence=2 |archivedate=2009-08-24 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-03-03}} See also Thrum's Hawaiian Annual External links
|work=Native Hawaiian Plants |publisher=Kapiʻolani Community College |accessdate=}}
8 : Myoporum|Endemic flora of Hawaii|Trees of Hawaii|Biota of Hawaii (island)|Biota of Kauai|Biota of Maui|Biota of Molokai|Biota of Oahu |
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