| 词条 | Myosin light chain |
| 释义 |
A myosin light chain is a light chain (small polypeptide subunit) of myosin.[1] Myosin light chains were discovered by Chinese biochemist Cao Tianqin (Tien-chin Tsao) when he was a graduate student at the University of Cambridge in England[2]. Structure and functionMyosin light chain classesStructurally, myosin light chains belong to the EF-hand family, a large family of Ca2+- binding proteins. MLCs contain two Ca2+ - binding EF-hand motifs. MLCs isoforms modulate the Ca2+of force transduction and cross-bridge kinetics. Myosin light chains (MLCs) can be broadly classified into two groups:
Essential and regulatory MLCs have molecular masses of 22 and 19 kDa, respectively. Structurally, MLC2 contains a serine residue that is lacking in MLC1. The presence of this amino acids allows the regulation of the conformational changes (from compacted to an elongated form) by a Ca2+-mediated phosphorylation mechanism. MLC1, in contrast with MLC2, has a N-terminal sequence able to bind actin, contributing to force production. MLCs are structurally and functionally distinct from myosin heavy chains (MHCs). Nevertheless, the association of MLCs with the neck region of MHCs is necessary for the assembly of the macromolecular complexes that result in the functional motor protein, myosin. The interaction of MLCs with the α-helical neck region of MHC molecule stabilizes the complex . Genes in mammaliansTo this day, eight genes encoding for MLCs in mammalians have been described; several isoforms have also been characterized. Four out of the 8 genes are MLC1 genes, whilst the remaining are MLC2 genes.[3] MLC1 genes:
MLC2 genes:
Other proteins and enzymes related to MLC function have been described. Among them are, for example, MYL6B, MYLIP, MYLK, and MYLK2, Diseases associated with MLCsSeveral diseases have been associated with mutations in the genes encoding for myosin light chain proteins. The majority of these diseases are cardiomyopathies, such as hypertrophic (HCM) or dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death. Mutations in MYL2 and MYL3 have been reported for these diseases [4]. Interaction of MLCs with non-myosin proteinsMYL9, MYL12a, and MYL12b (MYL9/12) have been described as new functional interaction partners with CD69 in the pathogenesis of inflammation of the airways. A novel mechanism of activated T cell recruitment into inflammatory tissues has been proposed, known was "CD69/Myl9/12 system". The proposed mechanism state that "Myl9/12-containing net-like structures are created in inflammatory vessels, which play an important role as a platform for recruitment of CD69-expressing leukocytes into inflammatory tissues. T cells that are activated in the lymph nodes proliferate, down-regulate CD69 expression, and then leave the lymph nodes to migrate into inflammatory sites in an S1PR1-dependent manner."[5] The proposed mechanisms of action of CD69/Myl9/12 system are related to the regulation of airway inflammatory processes and thus can prove to be a novel therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases, in general [6]. See also
References1. ^{{MeshName|Myosin+Light+Chains}} {{Cytoskeletal Proteins}}{{biochem-stub}}2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y | title = In memory of Professor Tianqin Cao (Tien-chin Tsao) | journal = Protein & Cell | volume = 1 | issue = 6 | pages = 507–9 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 21246905 | pmc = 4875321 | authorlink = Zhang Youshang }} 3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = England J, Loughna S | title = Heavy and light roles: myosin in the morphogenesis of the heart | journal = Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | volume = 70 | issue = 7 | pages = 1221–39 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 22955375 | pmc = 3602621 | doi = 10.1007/s00018-012-1131-1 }} 4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang W, Szczesna-Cordary D | title = Molecular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy phenotypes associated with myosin light chain mutations | journal = Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 433–45 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26385864 | pmc = 4764388 | doi = 10.1007/s10974-015-9423-3 }} 5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hayashizaki K, Kimura MY, Tokoyoda K, Hosokawa H, Shinoda K, Hirahara K, Ichikawa T, Onodera A, Hanazawa A, Iwamura C, Kakuta J, Muramoto K, Motohashi S, Tumes DJ, Iinuma T, Yamamoto H, Ikehara Y, Okamoto Y, Nakayama T | title = Myosin light chains 9 and 12 are functional ligands for CD69 that regulate airway inflammation | journal = Science Immunology | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = eaaf9154 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 28783682 | doi = 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf9154 | url = http://immunology.sciencemag.org/content/1/3/eaaf9154 }} 6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kimura MY, Hayashizaki K, Tokoyoda K, Takamura S, Motohashi S, Nakayama T | title = Crucial role for CD69 in allergic inflammatory responses: CD69-Myl9 system in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation | journal = Immunological Reviews | volume = 278 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–100 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28658550 | doi = 10.1111/imr.12559 }} 1 : Motor proteins |
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