| 释义 |
- A
- B
- C
- D
- G
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- P
- R
- S
- T
- V
- Y
- See also
- References
- External links
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}This is a list of English-language words of Hindi and Urdu origin, two distinguished registers of the Hindustani language. Many of the Hindi and Urdu equivalents have originated from Sanskrit; see List of English words of Sanskrit origin. Many others are of Persian origin; see List of English words of Persian origin. Some of the latter are in turn of Arabic or Turkic origin. In some cases words have entered the English language by multiple routes - occasionally ending up with different meanings, spellings, or pronunciations, just as with words with European etymologies. Many entered English during the British Raj. These borrowings, dating back to the colonial period, are often labeled as "Anglo-Indian". {{compact ToC|top=yes|seealso=yes|extlinks=yes}}A-
- //Avatar">Avatar: From Hindi अवतार, from Sanskrit, descent of a deity from a heaven
- Aiyo
- from South Indian, In southern India and Sri Lanka, expressing distress, regret, or grief; ‘Oh no!’ or ‘Oh dear [1]
B-
- //Bandanna">Bandanna : from bandhna (बांधना) to tie.
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- //Bangle">Bangle : from bāngṛī बांगड़ी, a type of bracelet.
-
- //Blighty">Blighty : "Britain" (as a term of endearment among British troops stationed in Colonial India): from Hindi-Urdu vilāyatī (विलायती, ولايتى) "foreign", ultimately from Arabo-Persian ولايتي "provincial, regional".
-
- //Bungalow">Bungalow: from बंगला banglA and Urdu بنگلہ banglA, literally, "(house) in the Bengal style".[2]
C-
- //Charpai">Charpoy : from 'chār', چار, चार, meaning 'four' and 'pāī', पाई, meaning 'foot'.
-
- //Cheetah">Cheetah : from chītā, چیتا, चीता, meaning "variegated".
- Chit
- from چٹھی चिट्ठी chitthi, a letter or note.
-
- //Chutney">Chutney : from 'chaṭnī', چٹنی ,चटनी, ultimately derived from full-infinitive word 'chāṭnā', چاٹنا ,चाटना, meaning 'to lick'.
-
- //Camp bed">Cot : from khāṭ, खाट, a bed.
- Chowkat
- from Chokath, Urdu, a door frame.
-
- //Cummerbund">Cummerbund : from kamarband , cf. {{lang|hi|कमरबन्द}} - originally from Persian کمربند, meaning "waist binding" [ultimately from Persian کمربند]
- Cushy
- probably from khushi, cf. Hindi {{lang|hi|ख़ुशी}} - originally from Persian خوشی "easy, happy, soft" [ultimately from Persian];[3] but some sources prefer an origin from "cushion"[4]
D- Dacoit
- from Daku, meaning a member of a class of criminals who engage in organized robbery and murder. Hence also dacoity (banditry)
- Dekko
- (UK slang for 'a look') from دیکھو देखो Dekho, the imperative 'look', (دیکھو देखो ) meaning look at or study something.
-
- //Dinghy">Dinghy: from Dinghi, small boat, wherry-boat
-
- //Dungaree (fabric)">Dungaree: Heavy denim fabric, also referring to trousers made thereof, from Hindi डूंगरी (ḍūṅgrī, “coarse calico”), the name of a village.
G-
- //Garam masala">Garam masala: from Hindi and Urdu गरम मसाला گرم مصالح garam masālā, literally "hot ( = spicy) mixture",[5] from Persian {{lang|fa|گرم}} garm 'warm, hot' and Arabic {{lang|ar|مصالح}} {{transl|ar|ALA|maṣāliḥ}} 'benefits, requirements, ingredients'.
-
- //Gharial">Gavial: from Hindi ghaṛiyāl, घड़ियाल, ultimately derived from Hindi word ghaṛa, घड़ा, which means 'an earthen pitcher'.
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- //Guru">Guru: from Hindi guru "teacher, priest," from Sanskrit गुरुः {{transl|sk|IAST|guruḥ}} "one to be honored, teacher," literally "heavy, weighty."[6]
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- //Gymkhana (equestrian)">Gymkhana : A term which originally referred to a place where sporting events take place and referred to any of various meets at which contests were held to test the skill of the competitors. In English-speaking countries, a gymkhana refers to a multi-game equestrian event performed to display the training and talents of horses and their rider [-khānā from Pers. khānāh خانه "house, dwelling"]
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- //Ghee">Ghee : from Sanskrit, An oil with a rich history in Ayurvedic medicine, ghee remained India's culinary star for centuries till it was sidelined in the 1980s by vegetable oils because of its high saturated fat. A word with Sanskrit origins, it is described by the dictionary as “clarified butter made from the milk of a buffalo or cow”.[1]
J- Jaconet
- modification of Sanskrit jagannaath, from Jagannath (Puri), [India], where such cloth was first made.[7]
-
- //Jodhpurs">Jodhpurs:Full-length trousers, worn for horseback riding, that are close-fitting below the knee and have reinforced patches on the inside of the leg. Named after Jodhpur, where similar garments are worn by Indian men as part of everyday dress.
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- //Juggernaut">Juggernaut : from Jagannath ({{lang-sa|जगन्नाथ}} {{IAST|jagannātha}}), a form of Vishnu particularly worshipped at the Jagannath Temple, Puri, Odisha where during Rath Yatra festival thousands of devotees pull temple carts some 14m (45 feet) tall, weighing hundreds of tons through the streets. These carts seat three images of the deity, meant to be brothers for a 'stroll' outside after the ritual worship session. They are fed by thousands and thousands of worshipers with holy food, as if the icons were living. Early European visitors witnessed these festivals and returned with—possibly apocryphal—reports of religious fanatics committing suicide by throwing themselves under the wheels of the carts. So the word became a metaphor for something immense and unstoppable because of institutional or physical inertia; or impending catastrophe that is foreseeable yet virtually unavoidable because of such inertia.
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- //Jungle">Jungle : from جنگل जङल् jangal of Persian origin, another word for wilderness or forest, which was borrowed from Sanskrit जङ्गल jaṅgala meaning "uncultivated land, desert."
K-
- //Khaki">Khaki: from खकि khākī "of dust colour, dusty, grey", cf. Hindi {{lang|hi|ख़ाकी}} - Urdu خاکی [ultimately from Persian].
-
- //Karma">Karma: from Sanskrit, the result of a person's actions as well as the actions themselves. It is a term about the cycle of cause and effect.
L-
- //Looting">Loot : from Loot لوٹ लूट, meaning 'steal'. Robbery
M- Multan
- from Multan, Pakistan: A kind of rug prevalent there.[8]
- Mogul
- from Hindi and Urdu: An acknowledged leader in a field, from the Mughal rulers of India like Akbar and Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal.
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- //Maharaja">Maharaja: from Hindi and Sanskrit: A king.
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- //Mantra">Mantra: from Hindi and Sanskrit: a word or phrase used in meditation.
N-
- //Nirvana">Nirvana: (in Jainism Hinduism and Buddhism) a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Jainism Hinduism and Buddhism.
P-
- //Pashmina">Pashmina: from Hindi पश्मीना, Urdu پشمينه, ultimately from Persian پشمينه.
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- //Poori">Poori: from Hindi poori, from Sanskrit पुर (pura) or "cake".[9]
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- //Punch (drink)">Punch: from Hindi and Urdu panch پانچ, meaning "five". The drink was originally made with five ingredients: alcohol, sugar, lemon, water, and tea or spices.[10][11] The original drink was named paantsch.
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- //Pundit">Pundit : from पण्डित Pandit, meaning a learned scholar or Priest.
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- //Pukka sahib">Pukka : (UK slang: "genuine") from Pakkā पक्का,پکا cooked, ripe, solid.
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- //Pyjamas">Pyjamas: from Hindi and Urdu, पैजामा (paijaamaa), meaning "leg garment", coined from Persian پاى "foot, leg" and جامه "garment" .[12]
R-
- //Raita">Raita: from Hindi and Urdu रायता ریتا rayta.[13] yogurt based dish, some add sliced/chopped/diced, cucumbers, onions, tomatoes, pineapples, pomegranate or other salads to complement rice or roti meals.
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- //Roti">Roti: from Hindi and Urdu रॊटी روٹی roti "bread"; akin to Prakrit रॊट्ट rotta "rice flour", Sanskrit रोटिका rotika "kind of bread".[14]
S-
- //Shampoo">Shampoo: Derived from Hindustani chāmpo (चाँपो [tʃãːpoː]) (verb imperative, meaning "rub!"), dating to 1762.[15]
T- Thug
- from Thagi {{lang|hi|ठग}},ٹھگ Thag in Urdu,meaning "thief or con man".
- Tickety-boo
- from Hindi {{lang|hi|ठीक है, बाबू|}} (ṭhīk hai, bābū), meaning "it's all right, sir".
- Toddy (also
- //Hot toddy">Hot toddy) : from Tārī {{lang|hi|ताड़ी}}, juice of the palmyra palm.
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- //Typhoon">Typhoon: from Urdu طوفان toofaan.[16] A cyclonic storm.
V-
- //Veranda">Veranda:from Hindi baramdaa बरामदा, but ultimately from Portuguese.[17][18]
Y-
- //Yoga as exercise">Yoga:From Sanskrit term (योग) for ancient Jain and Hindu spiritual practices common in India that have become internationally popular.
- Yaar
- From Hindi In the dictionary, the colloquial Indian word, yaar, has been defined as a noun to refer to a ‘familiar form of address: friend, mate’. It is originally a loanword from Persian "Yaar/یار" in both Hindi and Urdu. According to research, yaar was first spotted in English usage in the year 1963.[1]
See also- Glossary of the British Raj
- Indian English
- Hobson-Jobson
- List of English words of Sanskrit origin
- Lists of English words of international origin
References1. ^1 2 https://www.thebetterindia.com/81459/aiyo-indian-words-oxford-english-dictionary/
2. ^Merriam-Webster Online - Bungalow
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cushy&searchmode=none|work=Online Etymological Dictionary|title=Cushy}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/cite.html?qh=cushy&ia=luna|title=cushy|work=Dictionary.com}}, which says it is "Based on the Random House Dictionary"
5. ^Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Garam Masaalaa
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=guru|work=Online Etymological Dictionary|title=guru|accessdate=2011-06-14}}
7. ^Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Jaconet
8. ^Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Multan
9. ^Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Poori
10. ^Loanwords
11. ^Punch at the Online Etymology Dictionary
12. ^Dictionary Meaning: Pajama; TheFreeDictionary; Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, and Encyclopedia
13. ^Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Raita
14. ^Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Roti
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/etymology/shampoo|title=shampoo|work=dictionary.reference.com}}
16. ^Etymology Online - Typhoon
17. ^{{Oxford Dictionaries|veranda}}
18. ^{{OEtymD|veranda|accessdate=2018-07-29}}
External links- Category: Hindi derivations in Wiktionary
- Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin in Colonial and Postcolonial Literary Dialogues
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