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词条 List of entertainers who performed in blackface
释义

  1. A–C

  2. D–G

  3. H–L

  4. M–R

  5. S–Z

  6. External links

  7. References

{{Refimprove|date=November 2008}}

This is a list of entertainers known to have performed in blackface makeup, whether in an overtly racist or comic "minstrel" role, as satire or historical depiction of such roles, or in a portrayal of a character using racial makeup as a disguise, for whatever reason.

A–C  D–G  H–L  M–R  S–Z

A–C

  • Roy Acuff[1]
  • Eddie Albert, in On Your Toes (1939)
  • Fred Allen, in vaudeville{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}
  • Peter Allen, impersonating Al Jolson during his 1981-82 engagement at Radio City Music Hall
  • Ant & Dec, as Bernice & Patti[2]
  • Fatty Arbuckle
  • Harold Arlen, in vaudeville and in the play Great Day (1929)
  • Arletty in Pearls of the Crown (1937)
  • Fred Armisen, impersonating U.S. President Barack Obama on Saturday Night Live in 2008 and 2009[3]
  • Louis Armstrong, as Zulu King during 1949's New Orleans Mardi Gras[4]
  • Desi Arnaz, in the I Love Lucy episode "Lucy Goes to the Hospital"
  • Clarence Ashley[5]
  • Fred Astaire, in Swing Time (1936)[6] and in Easter Parade (1948)
  • Roscoe Ates, in vaudeville, Check and Double Check (1930) and Lucky Devils (1933)
  • Gene Autry[5]
  • Dan Aykroyd, in Trading Places (1983)[7]
  • Marcus "Buff" Bagwell, while performing for World Championship Wrestling[8]
  • Fay Bainter, as Topsy in a 1933 production of Uncle Tom's Cabin
  • Milt G. Barlow, 19th-century American minstrel[9]
  • Ethel Barrymore, in the play Scarlet Sister Mary [10]
  • Billy Barty, in Roman Scandals (1933)[11] and Rabbit Test (1978)
  • Noah Beery, in Golden Dawn (1930)
  • Ed Begley, in vaudeville{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}
  • David Belasco, in an 1873 production of Uncle Tom's Cabin in San Francisco
  • Jack Benny, in vaudeville and in The Meanest Man in the World (1943) {{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}
  • Milton Berle, in vaudeville, New Faces of 1937 (1937) and Always Leave Them Laughing (1949)
  • Al Bernard
  • Ben Blue, in vaudeville and in My Wild Irish Rose (1947)
  • Ray Bolger, in vaudeville and in the Christmas episode of Where's Raymond?
  • Edwin Booth
  • Keefe Brasselle, in The Eddie Cantor Story (1953)
  • Pierre Brasseur, in Les enfants du paradis (1945)
  • El Brendel
  • Bernard Bresslaw, in Carry On Up the Jungle (1970)
  • Fanny Brice
  • Norman Brooks
  • Frank Brower[12]
  • Joe E. Brown, in vaudeville and in Daring Young Man (1942)
  • Tod Browning, in vaudeville
  • John Bunny, in vaudeville
  • Bob Burns
  • George Burns[5]
  • Butterbeans and Susie[13]
  • James Cagney, in Here Comes the Navy (1934)
  • Cantinflas
  • Eddie Cantor[12]
  • Jack Carson, in The Time, the Place and the Girl (1946)
  • Johnny Carson, in a 1976 The Tonight Show sketch
  • Walter Catlett
  • Dave Chappelle [14]
  • Charley Chase
  • Jack Cole
  • William Collier Sr.
  • William Collier Jr., in vaudeville
  • George M. Cohan, from his early vaudeville minstrel routines mentioned in his biography to the 1932 film The Phantom President.
  • Chester Conklin{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
  • Charles Correll[13]
  • Joan Crawford, in Torch Song (1953)
  • Bing Crosby,[15] in Dream House (1932), Mississippi (1935), Road to Singapore (1940), Holiday Inn (1942), Dixie (1943), and Here Come the Waves (1944)
  • Billy Crystal, in the "Negro Leagues" skit on Saturday Night Live in 1984 and whenever impersonating Sammy David Jr., including at the 84th Academy Awards. [16]

D–G

  • Rosemary DeCamp, in Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
  • Dan Dailey, in vaudeville and in You're My Everything (1949)
  • Ted Danson, at a 1993 Friars Club roast of his then-girlfriend Whoopi Goldberg[17]
  • Frankie Darro, in Up in the Air (1940)
  • Marion Davies, in Going Hollywood (1933) and Operator 13 (1934)
  • Joan Davis, in Show Business (1944) and If You Knew Susie (1948)
  • Sammy Davis, Jr.[15]
  • Thomas Dilward[12]
  • Dante DiPaolo, in Rhapsody in Blue (1945) and Take Me to Town (1953)
  • George Washington Dixon[12]
  • Lew Dockstader[12]
  • Morton Downey{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
  • Robert Downey Jr. in Tropic Thunder (2008)
  • Johnny Downs, in vaudeville and College Holiday (1936)
  • Alfred Drake, in the musical Kean
  • Marie Dressler
  • Irene Dunne, in Show Boat (1936)
  • Jimmy Durante[15]
  • Cliff Edwards{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
  • Julian Eltinge{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
  • George "Honey Boy" Evans
  • Kenny Everett
  • Barney Fagan
  • Douglas Fairbanks, in Martyrs of the Alamo (1915)
  • Jimmy Fallon, impersonating Chris Rock on Saturday Night Live[18][19]
  • Frank Fay
  • Jaime Fernández, in Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1954)
  • Fernandel, in Monsieur Hector (1940)
  • Stepin Fetchit
  • Dusty Fletcher,{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} in vaudeville
  • Jay C. Flippen
  • George Formby
  • Edwin Forrest[20]
  • Dai Francis{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
  • Harry 'Singin' Sam' Frankel
  • William Frawley, in vaudeville and in Harmony Lane (1935)
  • Joe Frisco
  • Dwight Frye, in The Circus Queen Murder (1933)
  • Judy Garland, in Everybody Sing (1938), Babes in Arms (1939) and Babes on Broadway (1941)
  • Vittorio Gassman, in What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? (1972)
  • Greg Giraldo, on an episode of Stand-Up Nation
  • George Givot, in the play The Constant Sinner (1931)[21]
  • Jack Good, as Othello in Catch My Soul
  • Freeman Gosden[13]
  • Billy Gould (1869-1950)[22]
  • Betty Grable, in Happy Days (1929), Coney Island (1943), and The Dolly Sisters (1945)
  • [https://consequenceofsound.net/2018/05/pusha-t-unearths-photo-of-drake-in-black-face-these-are-his-truths/ Aubrey Drake Graham], photo shoot with photographer David Leyes
  • Stewart Granger, in The Man in Grey (1943)
  • Raymond Griffith, in vaudeville and in Blue Bloods But Black Skin (1916)
  • Alec Guinness, in The Comedians (1967)

H–L

  • Sam Hague[12]
  • Huntz Hall, in Crazy Over Horses (1951)
  • Oliver Hardy, in vaudeville, The Hobo (1917), The Honorable Mr. Buggs (1927), Galloping Ghosts (1928), and Pardon Us (1931)
  • Otis Harlan, in The Dixie Handicap (1924)
  • Edward Harrigan, and Tony Hart
  • Rex Harrison, in the 1926 London production of Eugene O'Neill's Gold
  • June Haver, in Irish Eyes Are Smiling (1944), 'The Dolly Sisters (1945) and I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now (1947)
  • Will Hay
  • Peter Lind Hayes
  • Ted Healy, in vaudeville
  • Bob Height[12]
  • Hugh Herbert, in Hollywood Hotel (1937)
  • Charles Hicks[12]
  • Benny Hill, impersonating Idi Amin, Mr. T, and in a 1981 sketch spoofing Roots
  • Ernest Hogan[13]
  • William Holden, in Father Is a Bachelor (1950)
  • Libby Holman, in The Little Show
  • Bob Hope, in vaudeville and in Road to Singapore (1940)
  • Henry Hull, in the play Lulu Belle (1926)
  • Walter Huston, in Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
  • Betty Hutton, in The Perils of Pauline (1947) and Somebody Loves Me (1952)
  • Pedro Infante, in Angelitos negros (1948)
  • Emil Jannings, in Othello (1922)
  • Herb Jeffries
  • George Jessel[5]
  • Al Jolson[15]
  • Louis Jordan[15]
  • Raul Julia, in the Shakespeare in the Park productions of Othello in 1979 and 1991
  • Boris Karloff, in Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1927)
  • Buster Keaton, in vaudeville[13] in the short film Neighbors (1920), possibly with satiric intent: he alternates in and out of blackface, receiving a very different reaction from a policeman;[23] also in The Playhouse (1921) and College (1927)
  • Gene Kelly, in vaudeville
  • Edgar Kennedy
  • Billy Kersands[12]
  • Larry Kert, in the play Jolson Tonight (1979–80)
  • Jimmy Kimmel, impersonating Karl Malone and Oprah Winfrey on The Man Show[24][25]
  • Felix Knight, as a South Seas island native in Down to Their Last Yacht (1934)
  • Wallace King[12]
  • Jonathan Lambert
  • Hedy Lamarr, in White Cargo (1942)
  • Harry Langdon
  • Mario Lanza, in Serenade (1956)
  • Laura La Plante, in Thanks for the Buggy Ride (1928)
  • Stan Laurel, in Pardon Us (1931)
  • Pinky Lee
  • Janet Leigh, in Walking My Baby Back Home (1953)
  • Francis Leon[12]
  • Eddie Leonard[13]
  • Elmo Lincoln, in The Birth of a Nation (1915)
  • Max Linder, in Be My Wife (1921)
  • Harold Lloyd, in The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914) and Now or Never (1921)
  • Walter Long, in The Birth of a Nation (1915)
  • Sophia Loren, in Aida (1953)
  • Peter Lorre, in the play Weisse Fracht[26]
  • Arthur Lowe, in O Lucky Man! (1973)
  • Edmund Lowe, in Happy Days (1929)
  • Myrna Loy, in Ham and Eggs at the Front (1927) and The Heart of Maryland (1927)
  • Ernst Lubitsch, in Black Moritz (1916)
  • Nick Lucas
  • Sam Lucas[12]

M–R

  • Pigmeat Markham[12]
  • Everett Marshall, in the 1931 edition of George White's Scandals
  • Dean Martin, in Ocean's Eleven (1960)
  • Marcello Mastroianni, in Miss Arizona (1987)
  • The Marx Brothers, in vaudeville and in A Day at the Races (1937)
  • Ray Middleton, in I Dream of Jeanie (1952)
  • Emmett Miller,[12] an important influence on early country stars like Jimmie Rodgers, Bob Wills
  • Flournoy E. Miller[13]
  • Irvin C. Miller[13]
  • Sidney Miller, in Babes in Arms (1939) and There Goes Kelly (1945)
  • Spike Milligan
  • Victor McLaglen, in Happy Days (1929)
  • Clayton McMichen[1]
  • Bill Monroe[1]
  • Colleen Moore, in Synthetic Sin (1929)
  • Clayton Moore, in the "Outlaws in Greasepaint" episode of The Lone Ranger
  • Constance Moore, in Show Business (1944)
  • Tim Moore, in vaudeville, burlesque and on Broadway
  • Jackie Moran, in There Goes Kelly (1945)
  • Polly Moran
  • Chester Morris, in Pursuit (1935), After Midnight with Boston Blackie (1943), Boston Blackie Booked on Suspicion (1945) and Boston Blackie's Rendezvous (1945)
  • Dennis Morgan, in Kisses for Breakfast (1941) and My Wild Irish Rose (1947)
  • Frank Morgan, in vaudeville, Dimples (1936) and The Wild Man of Borneo (1941)
  • Wayne Morris, in Sierra Passage (1950)
  • Moran and Mack[13]
  • Paul Muni, in Seven Faces (1929)
  • George Murphy, in vaudeville and in Show Business (1944)
  • Billy Murray, early 1900s recording star, with Al G. Field Minstrels before recording career began
  • Herbert Wassell Nadal (1873-1957)[27]
  • David Niven, in Old Dracula (1974)
  • Jack Norworth
  • Cornelius J. O'Brien (1869-1954)[28]
  • George O'Brien, in My Wild Irish Rose (1947)
  • Carroll O'Connor, in a 1975 episode of All in the Family
  • Donald O'Connor, in The Merry Monahans (1944), Mister Big (1943), Walking My Baby Back Home (1953)
  • Chauncey Olcott
  • Laurence Olivier, in Othello (1965)
  • Harry Parke, in vaudeville and in New Faces of 1937 (1937)
  • Larry Parks, in The Jolson Story (1946) and Jolson Sings Again (1949)
  • Pat Paulsen, in a 1974 guest spot on The Merv Griffin Show and Night Patrol (1984)
  • Richard Pelham[12]
  • Joe Penner, in vaudeville and in New Faces of 1937 (1937)
  • George Peppard, on "The A-Team"
  • "Rowdy" Roddy Piper, while wrestling for the World Wrestling Federation
  • Dana Plato, in an episode of Diff'rent Strokes
  • Dick Powell, in Hard to Get (1938)
  • Eleanor Powell, in Honolulu (1939), "impersonating" Bill "Bojangles" Robinson
  • Georgie Price
  • Ma Rainey, in vaudeville
  • John Raitt, in vaudeville and in Minstrel Man (1944)
  • Martha Raye in College Holiday (1936) and Artists and Models (1937)
  • Leonard Reed
  • Thomas D. Rice[12]
  • Ralph Richardson, in The Volunteer (1943)
  • Harry Richman
  • Marjorie Reynolds, in Holiday Inn (1942)
  • Dale Robertson, in Lydia Bailey (1952)
  • Bill Robinson, in vaudeville
  • Jimmie Rodgers[1]
  • Will Rogers, in vaudeville and in In Old Kentucky (1935)
  • Mickey Rooney, in Boys Town (1938), Babes in Arms (1939), and Babes on Broadway (1941)
  • Shirley Ross, in Manhattan Melodrama (1934) and Kisses for Breakfast (1941)
  • Benny Rubin[12]
  • Charles Ruggles
  • Andy Russell in Primavera el el corozon (1956)
  • Peggy Ryan, in Mister Big (1943) and There's a Girl in My Heart (1949)

S–Z

  • Ramblin' Tommy Scott[29]
  • Frank Sinatra, in the Major Bowes short The Big Minstrel (1935) and Ocean's Eleven (1960)
  • Red Skelton, in vaudeville
  • Grace Slick, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1968) and Teen Set magazine (1969)[30][31][32]
  • Bessie Smith[15]
  • Hobart Smith[5]
  • Kate Smith, in the play Hit the Deck (1928)
  • Ford Sterling
  • The Three Stooges, in vaudeville and in Uncivil War Birds (1946)
  • Tommy Steele in the TV special In Search of Chaplin (1970)
  • James Stewart, in It's a Wonderful World (1939)
  • Fred Stone
  • George E. Stone
  • Bert Swor (1878-1943)[33]
  • Eva Tanguay
  • Elizabeth Taylor, in Young Toscanini (1988)
  • Shirley Temple, in The Littlest Rebel (1935)
  • Danny Thomas
  • Denman Thompson
  • Frank Tinney, in vaudeville and Broadway musical comedies[34]
  • Arthur Tracy, in vaudeville
  • Spencer Tracy, in Dante's Inferno (1935)
  • Fred Travalena, impersonating Eddie Murphy on Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, and Michael Jackson at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards
  • Sophie Tucker[35]
  • Sonny Tufts, in Here Come the Waves (1944)
  • Ben Turpin
  • Van & Schenck
  • Jim Varney, in Ernest Goes to Africa (1997)
  • Lupe Vélez, in Redhead from Manhattan (1943)
  • Bobby Vernon
  • Glen Vernon, in Hollywood Varieties (1950)
  • Erich von Stroheim, in Thunder Over Paris (1940)
  • George Walker[13]
  • Ethel Waters, in vaudeville
  • H. Vernon Watson (performing under the sobriquet Nosmo King)
  • John Wayne, in The Spoilers (1942)
  • Clifton Webb, in vaudeville, The Little Show (1929), and Flying Colors (1932)
  • Weber & Fields
  • Virginia Weidler, in Babes on Broadway (1941) and Born to Sing (1942)
  • Mae West, in vaudeville
  • Wheeler & Woolsey, in Diplomaniacs (1933) and in vaudeville
  • Leo White, in vaudeville and in The Hobo (1917)
  • Billy Whitlock[12]
  • Marjorie White, in New Movietone Follies of 1930 (1930)
  • James Whitmore, in Black Like Me (1964)
  • Gene Wilder, in Silver Streak (1976)
  • Barney Williams[36]
  • Bert Williams[12]
  • Hank Williams[15]
  • Bob Wills[1]
  • Flip Wilson, in the 1980 TV special Uptown: A Tribute to the Apollo Theater
  • Tom Wilson[12]
  • Paul Winchell, on the 1949 TV program The Bigelow Show
  • Jane Wyatt, in Kisses for Breakfast (1941)
  • Keenan Wynn, in Finian's Rainbow (1968)
  • The Yacht Club Boys

External links

  • Kake Walk at UVM digital collection, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book| last=Cockrell| first=David| title=Blackface Minstrelsy| work=Encyclopedia of Country Music| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1998| isbn=978-0-19-511671-7}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1208679/Ant-Dec-bid-success-U-S-new-version-Saturday-Night-Takeaway.html |title=Ant and Dec bid for success in the U.S. with new version of Saturday Night Takeaway |date=August 24, 2009 |work=Daily Mail |publisher=Associated Newspapers Ltd |accessdate=March 20, 2011}}
3. ^Is Blackface Ever OK? - Newsweek
4. ^New Orleans History~~Lake Pontchartrain {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109224853/http://www.stphilipneri.org/teacher/pontchartrain/content.php?type=1&id=438 |date=2007-11-09 }}
5. ^1 2 3 4 Sweet, Frank W. A History of the Minstrel Show, [https://books.google.com/books?id=D5cVSVbOu2EC&pg=PA25&ots=dsLls0FheE&sig=8ZpY02J7mgNxAo9ZZ3RzAHoYxRU p25].
6. ^Behind the Camera (4/30)
7. ^Evans’ Release – Ethan Skolnick's Season Ticket – Sun-Sentinel {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009131926/http://blogs.sun-sentinel.com/sports_seasonticket/2007/06/evans-release.html |date=2007-10-09 }}
8. ^http://www.lordsofpain.net/news/2006/articles/1142225472.php {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327220832/http://www.lordsofpain.net/news/2006/articles/1142225472.php |date=March 27, 2008 }}
9. ^Rice, Edward Le Roy - Monarchs of Minstrelsy from ‘Daddy Rice’ to Date (1911)
10. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930687,00.html | work=Time | title=The Theatre: Scarlet Sister; Red Apples | date=December 1, 1930}}
11. ^Billy Barty - Overview - MSN Movies
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Primarily a blackface performer.
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book| last=Watkins| first= Mel| year=1994| title=On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor| location=New York| publisher=Simon & Schuster| page=133}}
14. ^https://www.thefader.com/2016/07/29/skit-that-killed-chappelles-show
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Smith, Rj, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20041124222423/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1346/is_8_46/ai_76929846 Pardon the Expression]" (book review), Los Angeles Magazine, August 2001
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/billy-crystal-oscars-blackface-criticism-sammy-davis-295558|title=Billy Crystal’s Oscar-Night Sammy Davis Jr. Impersonation Draws “Blackface” Criticisms|accessdate=February 2, 2019|date=February 27, 2012|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|author=Gilchrist, Todd}}
17. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=onQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=HFoMAAAAIBAJ&dq=ted-danson%20friars%20club%20blackface&pg=1398%2C3224675 |title=Danson's appearance in blackface at Goldberg roast draws criticism |last=McShane |first=Larry |date=1993-10-11 |work=Bangor Daily News |agency=AP |accessdate=11 November 2013}}
18. ^{{cite news |last1=Eddie Scarry |title=Why Jimmy Kimmel and Jimmy Fallon aren’t talking about blackface |url=https://nypost.com/2019/02/06/why-jimmy-kimmel-and-jimmy-fallon-arent-talking-about-blackface/ |accessdate=10 February 2019 |work=New York Post |date=6 February 2019 |quote=Fallon once appeared in a “Saturday Night Live” skit portraying Chris Rock, complete with makeup and wig.}}
19. ^https://www.theblaze.com/news/2018/10/26/videos-of-jimmy-kimmel-jimmy-fallon-dressed-in-blackface-resurfaces-amid-megyn-kelly-controversy
20. ^Watkins p. 83
21. ^{{cite book|last=Watts|first=Jill|title=Mae West: An Icon in Black and White|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4pJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT189|accessdate=September 26, 2015|date=August 23, 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190289713|pages=189–}}
22. ^{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Billy Gould Dies At 81. Comedian Had a Long Career in Minstrel Shows, Vaudeville |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05E7D6143FE731A25751C0A9649C946192D6CF |quote= |newspaper=New York Times |date=February 2, 1950 |accessdate=2015-01-26 }}
23. ^Callahan, Dan, "Buster Keaton", on Senses of Cinema. Retrieved July 11, 2005.
24. ^http://amp.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/feb/7/jimmy-kimmel-oprah-winfrey-jimmy-fallon-chris-rock/
25. ^{{cite news |last1=Joseph A. Wulfsohn |title=Kimmel, Fallon avoid Ralph Northam controversy in late-night monologues; both have histories using blackface in skits |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/kimmel-fallon-avoid-ralph-northam-controversy-in-monologues-both-have-histories-using-blackface-in-skits |accessdate=10 February 2019 |work=Fox News |date=5 February 2019 |quote=Kimmel wore blackface on numerous occasions, impersonating NBA Hall of Famer Karl Malone as well as former daytime talk show host Oprah Winfrey in his Comedy Central series “The Man Show.”}}
26. ^{{cite book| last=Youngkin| first=Stephen| title=The Lost One: A Life of Peter Lorre| publisher=The University Press of Kentucky| year=2005| isbn=978-0-8131-2360-8}}
27. ^{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Herbert Nadal, 83, Dies. Vaudeville Performer Noted for Minstrel Routines |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0CE3D71230E23BBC4051DFB766838C649EDE |quote= |newspaper=New York Times |date=January 28, 1957 |accessdate=2015-01-25 }}
28. ^{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Neil O'Brien Dies at 85. Retired Minstrel Once With Primrose and Dockstader |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0DE1D9173AE53BBC4C52DFB766838F649EDE |quote= |newspaper=New York Times |date=January 14, 1954 |accessdate=2015-02-02 }}
29. ^Hillbilly-Music.com
30. ^{{Cite news|url=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/grace_slicks_insane_and_mercifully_short_lived_blackface_phase|title=Grace Slick’s insane and mercifully short-lived blackface phase|date=2015-04-29|work=DangerousMinds|access-date=2018-08-19}}
31. ^{{Citation|last=James|title=Crown of Creation - Jefferson Airplane|date=2010-01-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_oJ64K-z2g|access-date=2018-08-19}}
32. ^{{Citation|last=martisslandia|title=Jefferson Airplane - Lather|date=2007-03-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVstafKZDYY&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2018-08-19}}
33. ^{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Bert Swor, 65, Dies. Old-Time Minstrel |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=950DEED81538E33BBC4953DFB4678388659EDE |quote= |newspaper=New York Times |date=December 1, 1943 |accessdate=2015-01-26 }}
34. ^Frank Tinney. The New York Times, November 29, 1940, p.26
35. ^{{cite book| last=Lott| first=Eric| title=Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1993| isbn=978-0-19-509641-5}}
36. ^Derby, George, White, James Terry - The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. 5, 1897, p. 440

2 : Blackface minstrel performers|Lists of actors
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