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词条 List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries
释义

  1. Female Secretaries

     Current departments  Defunct departments 

  2. See also

  3. Notes

  4. References

  5. External links

{{multiple image |image1=Albrightmadeleine.jpg |direction=horizontal |width1=140 |alt1=Madeline Albright wearing a dark blouse and coat, with an eagle badge on her left shoulder |image2=Condoleezza Rice cropped.jpg |alt2=Condoleezza Rice wearing a dark blue jacket over a patterned blouse. The United States flag is in the background. |width2=145 |image3=Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg |alt3=Hillary Clinton wearing a dark jacket over an orange blouse. The United States flag is in the background. |width3=154 |footer=Madeleine Albright (left), Condoleezza Rice (center), and Hillary Clinton (right) are the highest-ranking women in the history of the Cabinet, having held the post of Secretary of State, the most senior cabinet position.}}

The United States Cabinet has had 36 female officers. No woman held a Cabinet position before the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, which prohibits states and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's sex.[1]

Frances Perkins was the first woman to serve in the Cabinet; she was appointed Secretary of Labor in 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[2][3] Oveta Culp Hobby became the second woman to serve in the Cabinet,[4] when she was named head of the then newly formed Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1953.[5] This department was subdivided into the departments of Education and Health and Human Services in 1979.[5] Patricia Roberts Harris, who was Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare before the department split and had earlier served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1977, became the first female Secretary of Health and Human Services in 1979. Harris was also the first African-American woman to serve in the Cabinet.[6]

Former North Carolina Senator Elizabeth Dole is the first woman to have served in two different Cabinet positions in two different administrations. She was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as Secretary of Transportation in 1983, and was the Secretary of Labor during the tenure of George H. W. Bush—Reagan's successor.[7] Czechoslovakia-born Madeleine Albright became the first foreign-born woman to serve in the Cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of State in 1997.{{ref label|Note1|a|a}}[8] Her appointment also made her the highest-ranking female Cabinet member at that time.{{ref label|Note2|b|b}}[8] Condoleezza Rice was appointed Secretary of State in 2005, and thus became the highest-ranking woman in the United States presidential line of succession in history.[9] In 2006, Nancy Pelosi replaced Rice as the highest-ranking woman in line when she was elected Speaker of the House.[10][13]

In 2009, President Barack Obama named four women to the Cabinet—Arizona governor Janet Napolitano as Secretary of Homeland Security, former First Lady and New York Senator Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State, California Representative Hilda Solis as Secretary of Labor, and Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius as Secretary of Health and Human Services.[11][12][13][14] Clinton became the only First Lady to serve in the Cabinet and the third female Secretary of State.[12] Napolitano became the first female Secretary of Homeland Security.[11] Barack Obama appointed eight women to Cabinet positions, the most of any Presidency, surpassing George W. Bush's record of six.

The Department of Labor has had the most female Secretaries with seven.[15] The Department of Health and Human Services has had five, the departments of State, Transportation, Commerce, and Education have had three, and the departments of Housing and Urban Development and Justice have each had two.[16][15] The defunct Department of Health, Education, and Welfare also had two female Secretaries.[15] The three departments of Defense, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs are the only existing Cabinet departments that have not had women Secretaries.[24][25][26]

Female Secretaries

Current departments

{{Css Image Crop|Image=|bSize=260 |cWidth=172 |cHeight=235 |oTop=7 |oLeft=55 |Location=right |Description=Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins was the first woman to hold a Cabinet-level position.}}{{Css Image Crop |Image=Hilda Solis Secrétaire au travail.jpg |bSize=235 |cWidth=172 |cHeight=235 |oTop=5 |oLeft=25 |Location=right |Description=Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the Cabinet.}}

Numerical order represents the seniority of the Secretaries in the United States presidential line of succession.

{{color box|#FFFF99|*}} denotes the first female secretary of that particular department

#SecretaryPositionYear
appointed		PartyAdministration{{Tooltip|Ref.|References
{{Ntsh|1}}1{{sortname|Madeleine|Albright}}*{{ref label|Note2|b|b}}{{sort|State|Secretary of State}}{{ntsh|1997}}1997DemocraticClinton|Bill Clinton}}[17]
{{Ntsh|2}}1Condoleezza|Rice}}State|Secretary of State}}{{ntsh|2005}}2005RepublicanBush W|George W. Bush}}[9]
{{Ntsh|3}}1Hillary|Clinton}}State|Secretary of State}}{{ntsh|2009}}2009DemocraticObama|Barack Obama}}[12]
{{Ntsh|4}}2 —{{ref label|Note3|c|c}}Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury}} —{{ref label|Note3|c|c}} —{{ref label|Note3|c|c}} —{{ref label|Note3|c|c}} —
{{Ntsh|5}}3 —{{ref label|Note4|d|d}}Defense|Secretary of Defense}} —{{ref label|Note4|d|d}} —{{ref label|Note4|d|d}} —{{ref label|Note4|d|d}} —
{{Ntsh|6}}4{{sortname|Janet|Reno}}*{{sort|Attorney|Attorney General}}{{ntsh|1993}}1993DemocraticClinton|Bill Clinton}}[18]
{{Ntsh|7}}4{{sortname|Loretta|Lynch}}{{sort|Attorney|Attorney General}}{{ntsh|2015}}2015DemocraticObama|Barack Obama}}[19]
{{Ntsh|8}}5{{sortname|Gale|Norton}}*{{sort|Interior|Secretary of the Interior}}{{ntsh|2001}}2001RepublicanBush W|George W. Bush}}[20]
{{Ntsh|9}}5Sally|Jewell}}Interior|Secretary of the Interior}}{{ntsh|2013}}2013DemocraticObama|Barack Obama}}[21][22]
{{Ntsh|10}}6{{sortname|Ann|Veneman}}*{{sort|Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture}}{{ntsh|2001}}2001RepublicanBush W|George W. Bush}}[23]
{{Ntsh|11}}7{{sortname|Juanita M.|Kreps}}*{{sort|Commerce|Secretary of Commerce}}{{ntsh|1977}}1977DemocraticCarter|Jimmy Carter}}[24]
{{Ntsh|12}}7Barbara|Franklin}}Commerce|Secretary of Commerce}}{{ntsh|1992}}1992RepublicanBush H|George H. W. Bush}}[25][26]
{{Ntsh|13}}7Penny|Pritzker}}Commerce|Secretary of Commerce}}{{ntsh|2013}}2013DemocraticObama|Barack Obama}}[27]
{{Ntsh|14}}8{{sortname|Frances|Perkins}}*{{sort|Labor|Secretary of Labor}}{{ntsh|1933}}1933DemocraticRoosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt}}[2][3]
{{Ntsh|15}}8Ann Dore|McLaughlin|Ann McLaughlin Korologos}}Labor|Secretary of Labor}}{{ntsh|1987}}1987RepublicanReagan|Ronald Reagan}}[28]
{{Ntsh|16}}8Elizabeth|Dole}}Labor|Secretary of Labor}}{{ntsh|1989}}1989RepublicanBush H|George H. W. Bush}}[7]
{{Ntsh|17}}8Lynn Morley|Martin}}Labor|Secretary of Labor}}{{ntsh|1991}}1991RepublicanBush H|George H. W. Bush}}[29]
{{Ntsh|18}}8Alexis|Herman}}Labor|Secretary of Labor}}{{ntsh|1997}}1997DemocraticClinton|Bill Clinton}}[30]
{{Ntsh|19}}8Elaine|Chao}}{{ref label|Note1|a|a}}Labor|Secretary of Labor}}{{ntsh|2001}}2001RepublicanBush W|George W. Bush}}[31]
{{Ntsh|20}}8Hilda|Solis}}Labor|Secretary of Labor}}{{ntsh|2009}}2009DemocraticObama|Barack Obama}}[13]
{{Ntsh|21}}9{{sortname|Patricia Roberts|Harris}}*{{sort|Health|Secretary of Health and Human Services}}{{ntsh|1979}}1979DemocraticCarter|Jimmy Carter}}[6]
{{Ntsh|22}}9Margaret|Heckler}}Health|Secretary of Health and Human Services}}{{ntsh|1983}}1983RepublicanReagan|Ronald Reagan}}[32]
{{Ntsh|23}}9Donna|Shalala}}Health|Secretary of Health and Human Services}}{{ntsh|1993}}1993DemocraticClinton|Bill Clinton}}[33]
{{Ntsh|24}}9Kathleen|Sebelius}}Health|Secretary of Health and Human Services}}{{ntsh|2009}}2009DemocraticObama|Barack Obama}}[14]
{{Ntsh|25}}9Sylvia Mathews|Burwell}}Health|Secretary of Health and Human Services}}{{ntsh|2014}}2014DemocraticObama|Barack Obama}}[34]
{{Ntsh|26}}10{{sortname|Carla Anderson|Hills}}*{{sort|Housing|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development}}{{ntsh|1975}}1975RepublicanFord|Gerald Ford}}[35]
{{Ntsh|27}}10Patricia Roberts|Harris}}Housing|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development}}{{ntsh|1977}}1977DemocraticCarter|Jimmy Carter}}[6]
{{Ntsh|28}}11{{sortname|Elizabeth|Dole}}*{{sort|Transportation|Secretary of Transportation}}{{ntsh|1983}}1983RepublicanReagan|Ronald Reagan}}[7]
{{Ntsh|29}}11Mary|Peters|Mary E. Peters}}Transportation|Secretary of Transportation}}{{ntsh|2006}}2006RepublicanBush W|George W. Bush}}[36]
{{Ntsh|30}}11Elaine|Chao}}Transportation|Secretary of Transportation}}{{ntsh|2017}}2017RepublicanTrump|Donald Trump}}[37]
{{Ntsh|31}}12{{sortname|Hazel R.|O'Leary}}*{{sort|Energy|Secretary of Energy}}{{ntsh|1993}}1993DemocraticClinton|Bill Clinton}}[38]
{{Ntsh|32}}13{{sortname|Shirley|Hufstedler}}*{{sort|Education|Secretary of Education}}{{ntsh|1979}}1979DemocraticCarter|Jimmy Carter}}[39]
{{Ntsh|33}}13Margaret|Spellings}}Education|Secretary of Education}}{{ntsh|2005}}2005RepublicanBush W|George W. Bush}}[40]
{{Ntsh|34}}13Betsy|DeVos}}Education|Secretary of Education}}{{ntsh|2017}}2017RepublicanTrump|Donald Trump}}[41]
{{Ntsh|35}}14 —{{ref label|Note5|e|e}}Veterans|Secretary of Veterans Affairs}} —{{ref label|Note5|e|e}} —{{ref label|Note5|e|e}} —{{ref label|Note5|e|e}} —
{{Ntsh|36}}15{{sortname|Janet|Napolitano}}*{{sort|Homeland|Secretary of Homeland Security}}{{ntsh|2009}}2009DemocraticObama|Barack Obama}}[11]
{{Ntsh|37}}15Kirstjen|Nielsen}}Homeland|Secretary of Homeland Security}}{{ntsh|2017}}2017RepublicanTrump|Donald Trump}}

Defunct departments

The departments are listed in order of their establishment (earliest first).

{{color box|#FFFF99|*}} denotes the first female secretary of that particular department

#SecretaryPositionYear
appointed		PartyAdministration{{Tooltip|Ref.|References
{{Ntsh|1}}1 —{{ref label|Note6|f|f}}Postmaster|Postmaster General}} —{{ref label|Note6|f|f}} —{{ref label|Note6|f|f}} —{{ref label|Note6|f|f}} —
{{Ntsh|2}}2 —{{ref label|Note7|g|g}}Navy|Secretary of the Navy}} —{{ref label|Note7|g|g}} —{{ref label|Note7|g|g}} —{{ref label|Note7|g|g}} —
{{Ntsh|3}}3 —{{ref label|Note8|h|h}}War|Secretary of War}} —{{ref label|Note8|h|h}} —{{ref label|Note8|h|h}} —{{ref label|Note8|h|h}} —
{{Ntsh|4}}4 —{{ref label|Note9|i|i}}Commerce|Secretary of Commerce and Labor}} —{{ref label|Note9|i|i}} —{{ref label|Note9|i|i}} —{{ref label|Note9|i|i}} —
{{Ntsh|5}}5{{sortname|Oveta Culp|Hobby}}*{{sort|Health|Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare}}{{ntsh|1953}}1953RepublicanEisenhower|Dwight D. Eisenhower}}[4]
{{Ntsh|6}}5Patricia Roberts|Harris}}Health|Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare}}{{ntsh|1979}}1979DemocraticCarter|Jimmy Carter}}[6]

See also

  • List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries
  • List of foreign-born United States Cabinet Secretaries

Notes

  • {{note label|Note1|a|a}} Elaine Chao became the second foreign-born woman to serve in the Cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of Labor in 2001.[31]
  • {{note label|Note2|b|b}} The Secretary of State, as the most senior Cabinet position, is the first Cabinet member in the line of succession and the fourth overall.[42] Albright was ineligible to serve in the line of succession due to her foreign birth.[42][43]
  • {{note label|Note3|c|c}} The Department of the Treasury was established in 1789; no woman has served yet.[44]
  • {{note label|Note4|d|d}} The Department of Defense was established in 1947; no woman has served yet.[45]
  • {{note label|Note5|e|e}} The Department of Veterans Affairs was established in 1989; no woman has served yet.[46]
  • {{note label|Note6|f|f}} The Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet when the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch, by the 1970 Postal Reorganization Act. No woman had ever served while it was a Cabinet post. Following the creation of the independent United States Postal Service, Megan Brennan became the first woman to serve as Postmaster General in 2015.[47][48]
  • {{note label|Note7|g|g}} The Secretary of the Navy ceased to be a member of the Cabinet when the Department of the Navy was absorbed into the Department of Defense in 1947. No woman had ever served while it was a Cabinet post. Susan Livingstone was the first woman to serve in that post from 2001 to 2003 after it became a position beneath the Secretary of Defense.[49][50]
  • {{note label|Note8|h|h}} The position of Secretary of War became defunct when the Department of War was split between the Department of the Army and the Department of the Air Force and both absorbed into the Department of Defense in 1947. No woman had ever served while it was a Cabinet post.[49]
  • {{note label|Note9|i|i}} The position of Secretary of Commerce and Labor became defunct when the Department of Commerce and Labor was subdivided into two separate entities in 1913. No woman had ever served while it was a Cabinet post.[51]

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html |title=The Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11–27 |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |accessdate=November 14, 2008}}
2. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0916FF3D5F147A93C7A8178ED85F418685F9 |title=Frances Perkins, The First Woman In Cabinet, Is Dead |date=May 15, 1965 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=November 9, 2008}}
3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/roosevelt-appoint-first-ever-female-cabinet-member |title=Roosevelt to Appoint First-Ever Female Cabinet Member |last=Villard |first=Oswald G. |date=December 8, 2008 |work=The Nation |accessdate=February 22, 2011}}
4. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE3D71531F934A2575BC0A963958260 |title=Oveta Culp Hobby, Founder of the WACs And First Secretary of Health, Dies at 90 |first=James |last=Barron |date=August 17, 1995 |work=The New York Times |accessdate= November 14, 2008}}
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13. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/25/us/politics/25solis.html|title=Senate Confirms Solis as Labor Secretary |date=February 25, 2009 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=February 25, 2009}}
14. ^1 {{cite web |url =http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/senate-confirms-sebelius-to-hhs-secretary/ |title=Senate Confirms Sebelius as Health Secretary |last=Pear |first=Robert |date=April 28, 2009 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 28, 2009}}
15. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/documents/prescabinet.pdf |title=Women Appointed to Presidential Cabinets |last= |first= |date=June 6, 2014 |website= |publisher=Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey |format=PDF |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6KVJEPnTT?url=http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/documents/prescabinet.pdf |archivedate=October 20, 2013 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=February 23, 2017 |df= }}
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19. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/loretta-lynch-sworn-in-as-new-us-attorney-general/2015/04/27/04c28f66-ed51-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150428040836/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/loretta-lynch-sworn-in-as-new-us-attorney-general/2015/04/27/04c28f66-ed51-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 28, 2015 |title=Loretta Lynch Sworn in as New US Attorney General |last=Tucker |first=Eric |date=April 28, 2015 |work=The Washington Post |publisher=The Associated Press |accessdate=28 April 2015 }}
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31. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/chao.htm |title=Hall of Secretaries – Elaine L. Chao |publisher=United States Department of Labor |accessdate=May 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090928/http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/chao.htm |archive-date=2014-04-07 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
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35. ^{{cite web |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20616F63F551B7493C3A81788D85F418785F9 |title=Ford Praises Mrs. Hills as Oath is Administered |last=Madden |first=Richard L. |date=March 11, 1975 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=November 9, 2008}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/05/washington/05cnd-peters.html |title=Bush Nominates New Transportation Secretary |last=Hauser |first=Christine |date=September 5, 2006 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=January 10, 2009}}
37. ^{{cite news|last1=Jansen|first1=Bart|title=Elaine Chao Takes Oath to Become Transportation Secretary|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/01/31/senate-confirms-chao-dot/97285812/|accessdate=1 February 2017|work=USA Today|date=January 31, 2017}}
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External links

  • [https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/cabinet The Cabinet] - Provided by the White House. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20160212192631/http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/library/womenapptdtoprescabinets.pdf Women Appointed to Presidential Cabinets] - Produced by the Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics from Rutgers University. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  • Women Members Who Became Cabinet Members and United States Diplomats - Provided by the U.S. House of Representatives, Office of the Historian. Part of the History, Art & Archives, Women in Congress, 1917–2006 website. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
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