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词条 Names of the Philippines
释义

  1. Historical names

      Disputed  

  2. Proposed names

  3. In other languages

  4. See also

  5. References

      Printed sources  
{{for|a description of the island state|Philippines}}{{Special characters}}

The name Philippines ({{lang-fil|Pilipinas}} {{IPA-tl|pɪlɪˈpinɐs|}}; {{lang-es|Filipinas}}) derives from that of the 16th-century Spanish king Philip II, and is a truncated form of Philippine Islands. During the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the region, the Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre bestowed the name Las Islas Filipinas on the islands of Leyte and Samar, in honor of the then Prince of Asturias (heir to the Spanish throne).[1][2] Philip II of Spain is a highly-controversial figure in colonial history.[3] During his reign the Moors of Granada and the people of the Netherlands revolted against his misgovernment which according to some historians contributed to the decline of the Kingdom of Spain and led to its bankruptcy.[4] Not only was he criticized for his cruelty, but also for not being a good husband and father.[5] Despite the existence of other names, Filipinas ("Philippines") was eventually adopted as the name of the entire archipelago. The usage of the Philippines as a country name has since been controversial, as no less than the National Historical Commission of the Philippines published an article which stated that the term denotes "the slavery and colonization of a great country".[6]

The official name has, however, changed throughout the course of the Philippines' history. During the Philippine Revolution, the state officially called itself República Filipina, now referred to as the First Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War until the Commonwealth period, United States colonial authorities referred to the Philippines as the Philippine Islands, a direct translation of the original Spanish. It was during the American Period that the name Philippines began to appear, a name that was officially adopted.[7]

Historical names

In addition to the Philippines, the islands have historically had numerous other names.

  • Ma-i. According to the Zhao Rugua's (趙汝适) book Zhu Fan Zhi (诸蕃志) written around the 13th century during the Song Dynasty, there was a group of islands found in southern South China Sea called Ma-i (麻逸, Pinyin: Máyì). The islands groups were later invaded and renamed and identified by the Spanish to be the island of Mindoro.[8] This was further proved by Ferdinand Blumentritt in his 1882 book, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (An Attempt to the Study of Ethnography of the Philippines) that Ma-i, which means "country of the Blacks" was the Chinese local name of present-day Mindoro.[9] On the other hand, historians claimed that Ma-i was not an island, but all the south of South Sea islands groups and Manila itself,[10] which was known to be an overseas Chinese settlement which was in constant contact with the Chinese mainland as early as the 9th century AD.[11]
  • Ma-i consists of the Sānzhōu (三洲, "Three islands") group of islands: Kia-ma-yen (卡拉棉, Calamian), Bālāwàng (巴拉望, Palawan) and Pa-ki-nung (布桑加, Busuanga).[12]
  • Aside from Sānzhōu, Ma-i also consists of the islands of Pai-p'u-yen (巴布延, Babuyan), P'u-li-lu (波利略, Polillo), Lim-kia-tung (林加延, Lingayen), Liu-sung (呂宋, Luzon) and Li-ban (盧邦, Lubang).[13] It was said that these islands had contacts with Chinese traders from Canton (Guangdong) as early as 982 AD.[9][10]
  • Liusung was the name given by the Chinese to the present-day island of Luzon. It originated from the Tagalog word lusong, a wooden mortar that is used to pound rice. When the Spanish produced maps of the Philippines during the early 17th century, they called the island Luçonia which was later respelled as Luzonia, then Luzon.[14]
  • Las islas de San Lázaro (St. Lazarus' Islands). Named by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he reached the islands of Homonhon in Samar (now Eastern Samar) on the feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany.[8]
  • Las islas de Poniente (Islands to the West). Another name from Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he learned that the Las islas de San Lázaro also included Cebu and Leyte islands.[15] However, various sources claimed that Magellan was not the one who renamed the area, but his chroniclers instead. The name came from the fact that the islands were reached from Spain en route approaching the left part of the globe.[8] Conversely, the Portuguese called the archipelago Ilhas do oriente (Islands to the East) because they approached the islands from the east of Portugal in the late 1540s.[20]
  • The Portuguese referred the whole island of Luzon as ilhas Luções, or Luzones Islands.[20]
  • Mindanao was formerly called ilhas de Liquíos Celebes because of the existence of Celebes Sea south of Mindanao.[20]
  • Las islas Felipinas (Philippine Islands/Islands belonging to Philip). Named by Ruy López de Villalobos in 1543 to Samar and Leyte, honoring the Prince of Asturias, the then Philip II of Spain.[16][17]
  • Caesarea Caroli was the name given by Villalobos to the island of Mindanao when he reached the sea near it. This was named after the Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (and I of Spain).[18][19][20]
  • The southern island of Sarangani was renamed by Villalobos as Antonia, in honor of Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, the Viceroy of New Spain who commissioned Villalobos expedition to the Philippines.[17]
  • Villalobos also named the littoral zone between the islands of Samar and Leyte as Tendaya.[21]
  • Las islas Filipinas, or simply Filipinas (Philippines). Vernacular corruption of Las islas Felipenas; irrevocably became the archipelago's name.[8]
  • {{anchor|Pearl}}Pearl of the Orient/Pearl of the Orient Seas ({{lang-es|Perla de oriente}}/Perla del mar de oriente) is the sobriquet of the Philippines. The term originated from the idea of Spanish Jesuit missionary Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751.[22] In his last poem Mi último adiós, Dr. José Rizal referred the country with this name.[23] In the 1960 revision of Lupang Hinirang, the Philippine national anthem, the Tagalog version of this phrase was included as the translation from the original Spanish.[24]
Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida,Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro perdido Eden!A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida,Y fuera más brillante más fresca, más {{not a typo|florida}},Tambien por tí la diera, la diera por tu bien.
Mi último adiós, original Spanish (1896, first stanza)[23]English translation[25]

Farewell, my adored Land, region of the sun caressed,

Pearl of the Orient Sea, our Eden lost,

With gladness I give you my Life, sad and repressed;

And were it more brilliant, more fresh and at its best,

I would still give it to you for your welfare at most.

Bayang magiliw,Perlas ng SilangananAlab ng puso,Sa Dibdib mo'y buhay.
"Lupang Hinirang", official Filipino lyrics
(1958, rev. 1960s, first stanza)[24]		Original Spanish lyrics[26]
Tierra adorada,hija del sol de Oriente,su fuego ardienteen ti latiendo está.
  • The Philippine Islands. This was the anglicized form of the original Spanish name, used under direct American rule and the succeeding Commonwealth Era.[27]

Disputed

  • Maniolas. According to Fr. Francisco Colin in 1663, a Jesuit cleric and an early historian of the Philippines, Maniolas was the name used by Claudius Ptolemy to refer to the group of islands south of China (i.e. Luzon).[27][28] Colin quoted Ptolemy's writings speaking about the Maniolas islands, which is probably Manila. This theory was further supported by José Rizal and Pedro A. Paterno. Rizal also said that the country was recorded to Ptolemy's maps when a sailor named Hippalus told him the existence of "beautiful islands" in southeastern Far East.[29][30] However, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera rejected this notion on his 1910 book, Notas para una cartografia de Filipinas (Notes for the Philippine Cartography).[31]
  • Baroussai. Along with Maniolas is the Baroussai which was also quoted from Ptolemy. Barrousai is believed to be the Visayas with Mindanao, thus, composing majority of the now Philippine archipelago.[32][33]
  • Ophir (Hebrew: אוֹפִיר) is a region of islands mentioned in the Bible, most famous for its wealth. Accounts mention that King Solomon received the riches of the region every three years. At the emergence of the hydrography of Spanish colonies in Asia in the early 17th century, Dominican Gregorio García wrote that Ophir was indeed located in the Moluccas and the Philippines.[34] In 1609, Juan de Pineda wrote a diverse collection of literature relating Biblical accounts of Solomon, Ophir and the islands.[34] Former Prime Minister Pedro A. Paterno said in one of his works on conjectural anthropology that Ophir is the Philippines because the scented wood Solomon received from Ophir also exists in the Islands.[35] This notion was however, later dismissed by modern historians as merely alluding and comparing the Philippines' position to the Spanish economy with that of Ophir to Solomon's kingdom—the sudden discovery and colonisation of the Islands bringing wealth and prosperity to the realm.[36]
  • Tawalisi, was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia reached by explorer Ibn Battuta. He reached the kingdom when he left Sumatra and headed towards China. According to the historical accounts of the explorer, he met Urduja, a legendary warrior princess from Pangasinan. However, according to William Henry Scott, Tawilisi and its warrior-princess Urduja are "fabulous, fairy-tale, fiction".[37]

Proposed names

  • Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Sovereign Tagalog Nation). Andrés Bonifacio's suggested name for the Filipino nation, intended to be governed by the 1896–1897 Republika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic), although unrecognized by non-Tagalog Filipinos. This was later used by Macario Sakay for his 1902–1906 government that was suppressed by the Americans.[38][39] Historians have stated that Bonifacio's usage of "Katagalugan" was not meant to demean other ethnic groups as the word itself meant "people of the river", from the word "tagailog", which constitutes all ethnic groups in the country.[40]
  • Kapatiran ("Brotherhood"), or its semi-equivalent Katipunan ("Assembly"/"Gathering").[41]
  • Luzviminda. A portmanteau of the first syllables of the country's three major island groups: Luzon; Visayas; and Mindanao. The term has sometimes been interchanged with Luzvimindas, due to the territorial claim of the country on eastern Sabah in Borneo. Additionally, the term Luzvimin has also been published by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines as a possible new name of the country.[42]
  • Mahárlika (Sanskrit: mahardhikka (महर्द्धिक), "freeman"[43]). In Pre-Hispanic Philippines, the mahárlika was the common Tagalog term for freedmen, not for the royalty.[43] The maharlika were the largest sector of society, and included warriors, artisans, artists, and others.[44] Unlike the rulers, maharlika did not participate in politics.[45] In 1978, then-president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos supported a House Bill mandating the country's renaming to Mahárlika under "military rule".[46] Marcos claimed that Mahárlika was the name of the guerilla force he allegedly led during World War II. This was later proven as a Marcosian hallucination and fabrication, as testified by an Army investigation which "found no foundation" for the late dictator's claims.[47] Eddie Ilarde, who filed the bill, wrongfully[48] stated that Maharlika connoted royalty and wrongfully translated the term as "nobly created".[48] In the book, "Vocabulario de la lengua tagala", the term translates into "alipin na itinuring na malaya" or "a slave that was treated as free".[49] Historians noted that in some accounts, the term means "big phallus" or "large male genitalia".[48] The bill did not pass since the term was seen by numerous ethnic groups as "imperial in nature".[41] The proposal was revived by populist president Rodrigo Duterte in 2019.[50]
  • Rizalia. Named after Filipino patriot José Rizal[51], in a similar fashion to Bolivia being named after Simón Bolivar.[41]
  • República Rizalina ("Rizaline Republic"). While exiled in Japan, former revolutionary general Artemio Ricarte proposed the name and had already drafted a constitution for this attempt at a revolutionary government. The term has been pushed by many pro-Rizal Filipinos, however, the term itself is criticized by some anti-Rizal personals as Rizal was not in favor of Philippine independence during the Philippine revolution against Spain as he believed that the Philippines was "not yet ready" to be separated from Spain.[52] Historians agree through surfaced historical documents that Rizal "believed in the supreme right of revolution" but "did not think it timely in 1896, and considered the people and the country unprepared for it."[53] There are no known historical documents that state that Rizal was against his homeland's full independence.[54][55][56]
  • Rizalinas ("Islands of Rizal"). An article published by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines noted on the possibility of Rizalinas (Islands of Rizal) as a new name for the country.[57] The demonym of the people of Rizalinas is proposed to be "Rizaline" (singular) or Rizalines (plural).[58]
  • Solimania. An article published by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines noted on the possibility of Solimania (Land of Raja Soliman) as a new name for the country.[59]
  • Perlas ng Silangan (Pearl of the Orient). An article published by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines noted on the possibility of Perlas ng Silangan as a new name for the country. The name is derived from a literary work of Jose Rizal, “Perlas del mar del oriente”.[60]

In other languages

The 1987 constitution provides that Filipino and English be official languages of the Philippines. The constitution does not contain a provision specifically designating an official name for the country; however, "Republic of the Philippines" is used consistently throughout its provisions (in English). Article XIV, section 8 of the constitution also mandates that the constitution be also promulgated in Filipino but no such official Filipino version exists. "Republika ng Pilipinas" is the de facto name of the country used in Filipino. When standing alone in English, the country's name is always preceded by the article the.[61][62][63] However, the definite article ang does not precede the name in Filipino contexts.

The country has throughout its history been known as Filipinas. In the 1930s, the scholar Lope K. Santos introduced the abakada alphabet for writing Tagalog which no longer used the letter F as this sound was absent and was usually pronounced by speakers of several Philippine languages as "P". The abakada alphabet also subsequently spread to other Philippine languages (which had been using spelling systems based on the Spanish abecedario). Thus, the form Pilipinas propagated and came into general use.[64]

The Commission on the Filipino Language and National Artist, Virgilio S. Almario urges the usage of Filipinas as the country's official name to reflect its origin and history,[65] and to be inclusive to all the languages in the country that already have the new 8 letters of the modern Filipino alphabet (officially used since 1987) which includes the letter F.[66]

Unlike Ireland which uses the name "Éire/Ireland" to identify itself at international meetings,{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} the English name usually appears to identify the Philippines (e.g., when there are meetings in the United Nations or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in this setting. This is also the tradition even if the meeting is held within the Philippines.

In many Philippine languages such as Tagalog, Pilipinas is used; while some other languages, including Ilocano and Chavacano, use Filipinas. Though the name Philippines is the official name that is used by the country's government for international and domestic businesses, numerous major languages of the world still use their own translation or transliteration of the name Philippines to refer to it.

Language Name
(Pilipinas)		 Transliteration Official Name
(Republika ng Pilipinas)		 Transliteration
AfrikaansFilippyneRepubliek van die Filippyne
AlbanianFilipinetRepublika e Filipineve
AmharicፊሊፒንስFilipinsፊሊፒንስ ሪፐብሊክFilipins Ripäblik
ArabicالفلبينAl Filibīnجمهورية الفلبينJumhūrīyyat Al Filibīn
ArmenianՖիլիպիններFilipinnerՖիլիպիններում ՀանրապետությունFilippinerum Hanrapetut’yun
AzerbaijaniFilippinFilippin Respublikası
BasqueFilipinetanFilipinetako Errepublikako
BelarusianФіліпіныFilipinyРэспубліка ФіліпіныRespublika Filipiny
BengaliফিলিপাইনFilipainফিলিপাইন প্রজাতন্ত্রFilipain Projatôntro
BulgarianФилипиниFilipiniРепублика ФилипиниRepublika Filipini
CatalanFilipinesRepública de les Filipines
Chinese{{lang|zh|菲律賓}} (Tr.)
{{lang|zh|菲律宾}} (Sp.)		Fēilǜbīn{{lang|zh|菲律賓共和國}} (Tr.)
{{lang|zh|菲律宾共和国}} (Sp.)		Fēilǜbīn Gònghéguó
CroatianFilipiniRepublika Filipini
CzechFilipínyFilipínská Republika
DanishFilippinerneRepublikken Filippinerne
DutchFilipijnenRepubliek der Filipijnen
EnglishPhilippinesRepublic of the Philippines
EstonianFilipiinidFilipiini Vabariik
FinnishFilippiinitFilippiinien Tasavalta
FijianFilipinMatanitu Tugalala o Filipin
FrenchPhilippinesRépublique des Philippines
GeorgianფილიპინებიP’ilipinebiფილიპინების რესპუბლიკაP’ilipinebis respublika
GermanPhilippinenRepublik der Philippinen
GreekΦιλιππίνεςFilippínesΔημοκρατία των ΦιλιππίνωνDi̱mokratía to̱n Filippíno̱n
Haryanviफ़िलिपीणFilippínnफ़िलिपीण गणराज्यFilippínn Gannrājya
Hebrew{{lang|he|פיליפינים}}Filipinim{{lang|he|הרפובליקה של הפיליפינים}}Ha'republika Filipinim
Hindiफ़िलीपीन्सFilipīnsफ़िलीपींस गणराज्यFilīpīns Gaṇarājya
Hokkien菲律賓
呂宋		Huili̍ppin
Lūsòng		菲律賓共和國Huili̍ppin kiōnghôkok
HungarianFülöp-szigetekFülöp-szigeteki Köztársaság
IcelandicFilippseyjarLýðveldið Filippseyjar
Indonesian FilipinaRepublik Filipina
IrishNa hOileáin FhilipíneachaPhoblacht na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha
ItalianFilippineRepubblica delle Filippine
Japanese{{lang|ja|フィリピン}}Firipin{{lang|ja|フィリピン共和国}}Firipin kyōwakoku
KazakhФилиппиндерFilippinderФилиппин РеспубликасыFilippin Respublikasy
Khmerប្រទេសហ្វីលីពីនFilippinសាធារណរដ្ឋហ្វីលីពីនSathéaranakrâth Filippin
Korean필리핀Pillipin필리핀 공화국Pillipin Gonghwaguk
KurdishFilîpînKomara Filîpînan
LaoຟີລິບປິນFilipinສາທາລະນະລັດຟີລິບປິນSāthālanalat Filipin
LatinPhilippinaeRespublica Philippinarum
LatvianFilipīnasFilipīnu Republika
LithuanianFilipinaiFilipinų Respublika
MacedonianФилипиниFilipiniРепублика ФилипиниRepublika Filipini
MalaysianFilipinaRepublik Filipina
MalteseFilippiniRepubblika tal-Filippini
Marathiफिलिपिन्सFilipinsफिलिपिन्सचे प्रजासत्ताकFilipinsce prajāsattāk
NorwegianFilippineneRepublikken Filippinene
PersianفیلیپینFilipinجمهوری فیلیپینJomhuri Filipin
PolishFilipinyRepublika Filipin
PortugueseFilipinasRepública das Filipinas
RomanianFilipineRepublica Filipine
RussianФилиппиныFilipinyРеспублика ФилиппиныRespublika Filipiny
SerbianФилипиниFilipiniРепублика ФилипиниRepublika Filipini
SinhalaපිලිපීනයPilipinayaපිලිපීනය ජනරජයPilipinaya Janarajaya
SlovakFilipínyFilipínska Republika
SloveneFilipiniRepublika Filipini
SomaliFilibiinJamhuuriyada Filibiin
SpanishFilipinasRepública de las Filipinas
SwahiliUfilipinoJamhuri ya Ufilipino
SwedishFilippinernaRepubliken Filippinerna
Tamil{{lang|ta|பிலிப்பைன்ஸ்}}Pilippaiṉs{{lang|ta|பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் குடியரசு}}Pilippaiṉs kuṭiyaracu
Thai{{lang|th|ฟิลิปปินส์}}Filippin{{lang|th|สาธารณรัฐฟิลิปปินส์}}Sāthāranarat Filippin
TurkishFilipinlerFilipinler Cumhuriyeti
TurkmenFilippinlerFilippinler Respublikasy
UkrainianФіліпіниFilippinyРеспубліка ФіліппіниRespublika Filippiny
UrduفلپائنFilipāʾinجمہوریہ فلپائنJamhūriya Filipāʾin
UzbekFilippinFilippin Respublikasi
VietnamesePhi Luật TânCộng hoà Phi Luật Tân
WelshPhilipinauGweriniaeth Ynysoedd y Philipinau

See also

  • Catálogo alfabético de apellidos
  • Juan de la Cruz
  • List of Philippine provincial name etymologies
  • List of Philippine city name etymologies
  • Philippine name

References

1. ^{{Harvnb|Scott|1994|p=6}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Philip&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2009-01-02}}
3. ^http://nhcp.gov.ph/filipinos-to-be-called-rizalines/
4. ^http://nhcp.gov.ph/filipinos-to-be-called-rizalines/
5. ^http://nhcp.gov.ph/filipinos-to-be-called-rizalines/
6. ^http://nhcp.gov.ph/filipinos-to-be-called-rizalines/
7. ^{{cite book|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html|title=World Factbook — Philippines|publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-03-12|isbn=978-1-4220-0227-8}}
8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.lakbay.net/bahandi/pueblo.html |title=The Islands to the West: How are Philippine towns named? |accessdate=2005-05-06 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330075641/http://www.lakbay.net/bahandi/pueblo.html |archivedate=March 30, 2009 |df= }}
9. ^1 {{Harvnb|Hirth|Rockhill|1911|p=160}}, Footnote 1
10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.quezon.ph/2006/06/23/national-identity/|title=National identity|accessdate=2009-07-27}}
11. ^{{Harvnb|Scott|1984|p=150}}
12. ^{{Harvnb|Hirth|Rockhill|1911|p=162}}, Footnote 1
13. ^{{Harvnb|Hirth|Rockhill|1911|p=160}}, Footnote 3
14. ^{{Harvnb|Keat|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA798 798]}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://mgar.net/var/filipina.htm|title=Navegación: Exploraciones: Filipinas|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-07-27}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/spanish_colonization.html|title=History of the Philippines|accessdate=2009-07-27}}
17. ^1 {{Harvnb|Halili|2008|p=22}}
18. ^{{Harvnb|Duka|2004|p=55}}
19. ^{{Harvnb|Cooley|1830|p=244}}
20. ^{{Harvnb|Spate|1979|p=98}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=East Visayan History|publisher=Northern Illinois University|url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Waray%20Culture/waray_history.htm|accessdate=18 December 2011}}
22. ^{{Harvnb|Tope|2002|p=7}}
23. ^1 {{cite web|title=Mi Ultimo Adiós by Dr José Rizal|url=http://www.fabulousphilippines.com/mi-ultimo-adios-jose-rizal.html|accessdate=17 November 2010}}
24. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8491_1998.html|title=Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines|publisher=The LawPhil Project|accessdate=17 November 2010}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=The Last Poem of Rizal|url=http://www.joserizal.ph/pm03.html|work=Jose Rizal University|accessdate=17 November 2010}}
26. ^{{cite book|last = Palma |first = José |authorlink= José Palma |title=Melancólicas : coleccion de poesías |year=1912 |publisher=Liberería Manila Filatélica |location=Manila, Philippines}} (Digital copy found online at HathiTrust Digital Library on 2010-03-31)
27. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1833713-origin-philippines/|title=Origin of the Name "Philippines"|accessdate=2009-08-26}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19871223&id=q2cVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=agsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6688,3529476|title=What's in a Name?|last=Carunungan|first=Celso Al|date=December 23, 1987|publisher=Manila Standard Today|accessdate=2009-08-26}}
29. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://marsantos.tripod.com/history.htm|title=Names of the Philippines at different times in history |accessdate=2009-08-26}}
30. ^{{Harvnb|de Morga|2004|p=298}}
31. ^{{Harvnb|Mojares|2006|pp=174–175}}
32. ^Rizal: "Ptolemy also mentions... five Baroussai (Mindanao, Leite,Sebu, etc.)." See: https://archive.org/stream/historyofthephil07001gut/7phip10.txt
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://makmak-domingo.blogspot.com/2011/02/name-of-philippines.html|title=domingo: Name of the Philippines|first=|last=Makmak|date=10 February 2011|publisher=}}
34. ^1 {{Harvnb|Sheehan|2008|p=398}}
35. ^{{Harvnb|Mojares|2006|p=85}}
36. ^{{Harvnb|Truxillo|2001|p=82}}
37. ^William Henry Scott, Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, {{ISBN|971-10-0226-4}}, p.83
38. ^{{Harvnb|Guerrero|Encarnacion|Villegas|1996|pp=3–12}}
39. ^{{Harvnb|Guerrero|Schumacher|1998|p=95}}
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{{Asia topic|Name of}}{{Philippines topics}}

5 : Country name etymology|Philippine culture|Names of places in Asia|National symbols of the Philippines|Philip II of Spain
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