请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 List of German field marshals
释义

  1. Electorate (1356-1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)

  2. Brandenburg-Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1870)

  3. German Empire (1871–1918)

  4. Weimar Republic (1918–33)

  5. Nazi Germany (1933–45)

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

  9. Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}

Field marshal (German: Generalfeldmarschall) was the highest military rank in Germany for seventy-five years.{{efn|name=Göring rank}} Although the rank had existed since 1631 under a different name, it was re-created in 1870 for Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia and Emperor Frederick III for the purpose of making them senior to other generals. It became the most prestigious and powerful rank an officer could reach until it was abolished in 1945.

In total more than 100 generals have become field marshals between 1806 and 1945. The vast majority of the people promoted to field marshal won major battles in wars of their century. Field marshals played a compelling and influential role in military matters, were tax-exempt, members of the nobility, equal to government officials, under constant protection or escort, and had the right to directly report to the royal family.

Electorate (1356-1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)

NameDate of promotionBirth and DeathImageReference
Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburgformat=dmy|1631|June|21}} 1583–1641 [1]
Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburgformat=dmy|1632|November|24}} 1598–1642
Rudolf Graf von Marzinformat=dmy|1638|October|19}} 1585–1645 [2]
Ernst Albrecht von Ebersteinformat=dmy|1666|January|1}} 1605–1676
Joachim Rüdiger of Goltzformat=dmy|1681|August|28}} Unknown [3]
Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemmingformat=dmy|1688|September|8}} 1632–1706
Hans Adam von Schöningformat=dmy|1691|April|9}} 1641–1696
Jeremias of Chauvetformat=dmy|1693|May|10}} Unknown-1699—}} [4]
Heinrich VI Reuß zu Obergreizformat=dmy|1697|September|30}} 1649–1697
Adam Heinrich von Steinauformat=dmy|1699|August|27}} unknown-1712—}}
Georg Benedikt von Ogilvyformat=dmy|1706|December|3}} 1651–1710
Jacob Heinrich von Flemmingformat=dmy|1712|February|22}} 1667–1728
Christoph August of Wackerbarthformat=dmy|1730|April|17}} 1662–1734 [5]
Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfelsformat=dmy|1735|November|26}} 1685–1746 [6]
Frederick Augustus Rutowskyformat=dmy|1749|January|11}} 1702–1764
Johann Georg, Chevalier de Saxeformat=dmy|1763|July|27}} 1704–74 [7]
Frederick of Anhalt-Dessauformat=dmy|1775|January|6}} 1705–81
Albert of Saxonyformat=dmy|1871|July|11}} 1828–1902 [8]
Georg of Saxonyformat=dmy|1888|June|14}} 1832–1904

Brandenburg-Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1870)

NameDate of promotionBirth and DeathImageReference
Otto Christoph von Sparrformat=dmy|1657|June|20}} 1599–1668
John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessauformat=dmy|1670|January|24}} 1627–93
Georg von Derfflingerformat=dmy|1670|February|18}} 1606–95
Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartenslebenformat=dmy|1706|March|23}} 1650–1734 [9]
Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau1712}} 1676–1747 [10]
Carl Philipp, Reichsgraf von Wylich und Lottum1713}} 1650–1719 [11]
Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten1713}} 1661–1728 [12]
Dubislav Gneomar von Natzmer1728}} 1654–1739
Albrecht Konrad Finck von Finckenstein1733}} 1660–1735 [13]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow1737}} 1678–1739
Kurt Christoph von Schwerin1740}} 1684–1757 [14]
Caspar Otto von Glasenapp1741}} 1664–1747 [15]
Samuel von Schmettau1741}} 1684–1751 [16]
Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbstformat=dmy|1742|May|16}} 1690–1747 [17]
Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessauformat=dmy|1742|May|17}} 1700-51 [18]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Dossowformat=dmy|1745|January|15}} 1669–1758 [19]
Henning Alexander von Kleistformat=dmy|1747|May|24}} 1677–1747[20]
Christoph Wilhelm von Kalcksteinformat=dmy|1747|May|24}} 1677–1747[20]
Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessauformat=dmy|1747|May|24}} 1702–1769[20]
James Francis Edward Keithformat=dmy|1747|September|18}} 1696–1758 [21]
Hans von Lehwaldt1751}} 1696–1758 [22]
Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau1757}} 1712–60 [23]
Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttelformat=dmy|1758|November|15}} 1721–92 [24]
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel1787}} 1735–1806 [25]
Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf1793}} 1724–1816 [26]
Alexander von Knobelsdorffformat=dmy|1798|May|20}} 1723–99 [27]
Friedrich Adolf Graf von Kalckreuth1807}} 1737–1818 [28]
Gebhard Leberecht von Blücherformat=dmy|1813|October|19}} 1742–1819 [29]
Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf1821}} 1762–1823 [30]
Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg1821}} 1759–1830 [31]
August Neidhardt von Gneisenau1825}} 1760–1831 [32]
Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten1839}} 1770–1848 [33]
Karl Freiherr von Mufflingformat=dmy|1847|October|5}} 1775–1851 [34]
Hermann von Boyenformat=dmy|1847|October|7}} 1771–1848 [35]
Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeckformat=dmy|1847|October|9}} 1768–1848 [36]
Karl Friedrich Emil zu Dohna-Schlobittenformat=dmy|1854|March|14}} 1784–1859 [37]
Friedrich Graf von Wrangelformat=dmy|1856|August|5}} 1784–1877 [38]
Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussiaformat=dmy|1870|October|28}} 1828–85
Emperor Frederick IIIformat=dmy|1870|October|28}} 1831–88

German Empire (1871–1918)

NameDate of promotionBirth and DeathImageReference
{{Sortname|Karl Eberhard Herwarth von|Bittenfeldformat=dmy|1871|April|8}} 1796–1884 [39]
{{Sortname|Karl Friedrich von|Steinmetzformat=dmy|1871|April|8}} 1796–1877 [40]
{{Sortname|Helmuth Karl Bernhard von|Moltkeformat=dmy|1871|June|16}} 1800–91 [41]
Albert, Crown Prince of Saxonyformat=dmy|1871|July|11}} 1828–1902 [42]
{{Sortname|Albrecht von|Roonformat=dmy|1873|January|1}} 1803–79 [43]
{{Sortname|Edwin Freiherr von|Manteuffel1873}} 1809–85 [44]
{{Sortname|Leonhard Graf von|Blumenthalformat=dmy|1888|March|15}} 1810–1900 [45]
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxonyformat=dmy|1888|March|15}} 1832–1904 [8]
Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Albrecht of Prussiaformat=dmy|1888|June|19}} 1837–1906 [46]
Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschenformat=dmy|1888|June|19}} 1817–95 [47]
Franz Joseph I of Austriaformat=dmy|1895|February|27}} 1830–1916 [48]
{{Sortname|Alfred von|Walderseeformat=dmy|1900|May|6}} 1832–1904 [49]
{{Sortname|Gottlieb Graf von|Haeselerformat=dmy|1905|January|1}} 1836–1919 [50]
{{Sortname|Wilhelm von|Hahnkeformat=dmy|1905|January|1}} 1833–1912 [51]
{{Sortname|Walter von|Loëformat=dmy|1905|January|1}} 1828–1908—}} [52]
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearnformat=dmy|1906|September|9}} 1850–1942 [53]
Carol I of Romaniaformat=dmy|1909|April|20}} 1839–1914 [54]
{{Sortname|Alfred von|Schlieffenformat=dmy|1911|January|1}} 1833–1913 [55]
Constantine I of Greeceformat=dmy|1911|August|8}} 1868–1923 [56]
{{Sortname|Paul von|Hindenburgformat=dmy|1914|November|2}} 1847–1934 [57]
{{Sortname|Karl von|Bülowformat=dmy|1915|January|27}} 1846–1921 [58]
Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschenformat=dmy|1915|June|22}} 1856–1936 [59]
{{Sortname|August von|Mackensenformat=dmy|1915|June|22}} 1849–1945 [60]
Ludwig III of Bavariaformat=dmy|1915|June|26}} 1845–1921 [61]
{{Sortname|Franz Conrad von|Hötzendorf1916}} 1852–1925 [62]
Ferdinand I of Bulgariaformat=dmy|1916|January|18}} 1861–1948 [63]
William II of Württembergformat=dmy|1916|July|23}} 1848–1921 [64]
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavariaformat=dmy|1916|August|1}} 1869–1955 [65]
Prince Leopold of Bavariaformat=dmy|1916|August|1}} 1846–1930 [66]
Albrecht, Duke of Württembergformat=dmy|1916|August|1}} 1865–1939 [67]
Charles I of Austriaformat=dmy|1917|February|12}} 1887–1922 [68]
{{Sortname|Hermann von|Eichhornformat=dmy|1917|December|18}} 1848–1918 [69]
{{Sortname|Remus von|Woyrschformat=dmy|1917|December|18}} 1847–1920 [70]

Weimar Republic (1918–33)

After the loss of the First World War, Germany was transformed into what became known as the Weimar Republic, which was established according to rules formulated under the Treaty of Versailles.[71] These required the reduction of the German Army to 100,000 men, a reduction of the German Navy, and the abolition of the German Air Force. As a result of the new military arrangements, there were no field marshals created during the Weimar Republic.

Nazi Germany (1933–45)

{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = n
| showimage = y
| officeholder_title = Name
| showtermstart = n
| showtermend = n
| showparty = n
| showtermlenght = n
| showaltofficeholder = y
| alt_officeholder_title = Date of promotion
| showcabinet = y
| cabinet_title = Branch
| showref = y
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-W0402-504, Generaloberst Werner von Blomberg.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Werner von Blomberg
| officeholder_sort = Blomberg, Werner
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1878
| died_year = 1946
| alt_officeholder = 20 April 1936
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = {{sfn|Tague|2011|p=62}}
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13805, Hermann Göring.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Hermann Göring
| officeholder_sort = Göring, Hermann
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1893
| died_year = 1946
| alt_officeholder = 4 February 1938
| cabinet = {{air force|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [72]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1977-120-11, Fedor von Bock.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Fedor von Bock
| officeholder_sort = Bock, Fedor
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1880
| died_year = 1945
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [73]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-E00780, Walther von Brauchitsch.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Walther von Brauchitsch
| officeholder_sort = Brauchitsch, Walther
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1881
| died_year = 1948
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [74]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R93434, Albert Kesselring.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Albert Kesselring
| officeholder_sort = Kesselring, Albert
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1885
| died_year = 1960
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{air force|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [75]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H30220, Wilhelm Keitel.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Wilhelm Keitel
| officeholder_sort = Keitel, Wilhelm
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1882
| died_year = 1946
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [76]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1973-139-14, Günther v. Kluge.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Günther von Kluge
| officeholder_sort = Kluge, Günther
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1882
| died_year = 1944
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [77]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L08126, Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
| officeholder_sort = Leeb, Wilhelm
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1876
| died_year = 1956
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [78]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S36487, Wilhelm List.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Wilhelm List
| officeholder_sort = List, Wilhelm
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1880
| died_year = 1971
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [79]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Milch.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Erhard Milch
| officeholder_sort = Milch, Erhard
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1892
| died_year = 1972
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{air force|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [80]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B05284, Walter v. Reichenau.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Walther von Reichenau
| officeholder_sort = Reichenau, Walther
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1884
| died_year = 1942
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [81]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S37772, Gerd v. Rundstedt.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Gerd von Rundstedt
| officeholder_sort = Rundstedt, Gerd
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1875
| died_year = 1953
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [82]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1987-121-30A, Hugo Sperrle.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Hugo Sperrle
| officeholder_sort = Sperrle, Hugo
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1885
| died_year = 1953
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{air force|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [83]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1978-043-13, Erwin v. Witzleben.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Erwin von Witzleben
| officeholder_sort = Witzleben, Erwin von
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1881
| died_year = 1944
| alt_officeholder = 19 July 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [84]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Boehm Ermolli 1.JPG |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
| officeholder_sort = Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard von
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1856
| died_year = 1941
| alt_officeholder = 31 October 1940
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [85]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1973-012-43, Erwin Rommel.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Erwin Rommel
| officeholder_sort = Rommel, Erwin
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1891
| died_year = 1944
| alt_officeholder = 22 June 1942
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [86]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R63872, Georg von Küchler.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Georg von Küchler
| officeholder_sort = Küchler, Georg von
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1881
| died_year = 1968
| alt_officeholder = 30 June 1942
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref =
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H01757, Erich von Manstein.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Erich von Manstein
| officeholder_sort = Manstein, Erich von
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1887
| died_year = 1973
| alt_officeholder = 1 July 1942
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref =
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B24575, Friedrich Paulus.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Friedrich Paulus
| officeholder_sort = Paulus, Friedrich
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1890
| died_year = 1957
| alt_officeholder = 31 January 1943
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref =
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Ernst Bernhard Wilhelm Busch.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Ernst Busch
| officeholder_sort = Busch, Ernst
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1885
| died_year = 1945
| alt_officeholder = 1 February 1943
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [87]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0210-503, General Ewald von Kleist.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
| officeholder_sort = Kleist, Paul
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1881
| died_year = 1954
| alt_officeholder = 1 February 1943
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref =
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Maximillian_von_Weichs.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Maximilian von Weichs
| officeholder_sort = Weichs, Maximilian
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1881
| died_year = 1954
| alt_officeholder = 1 February 1943
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref =
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-452-0985-36, Russland, Generäle Löhr und W. v. Richthofen (cropped).jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen
| officeholder_sort = Richthofen, Wolfram
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1895
| died_year = 1945
| alt_officeholder = 16 February 1943
| cabinet = {{air force|Nazi Germany}}
| ref =
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Walter_Model_October_1944(2).jpg|bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Walter Model
| officeholder_sort = Model, Walter
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1891
| died_year = 1945
| alt_officeholder = 1 March 1943
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [88]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L29176, Ferdinand Schörner.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Ferdinand Schörner
| officeholder_sort = Schörner, Ferdinand
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1892
| died_year = 1973
| alt_officeholder = 5 April 1945
| cabinet = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [89]
}}{{Officeholder table
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-1220-500, Robert Ritter v. Greim.jpg |bSize = 80px
| officeholder = Robert Ritter von Greim
| officeholder_sort = Greim, Robert
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1892
| died_year = 1945
| alt_officeholder = 25 April 1945
| cabinet = {{air force|Nazi Germany}}
| ref = [90]
}}{{Officeholder table end}}

See also

  • List of Austrian field marshals
  • List of British field marshals
  • List of Russian field marshals

Notes

{{notes
| refs =30em{{efn
| name = Göring rank
| In 1940 Hermann Göring was promoted to Reichsmarschall, a rank higher than that of field marshal and was the only one to hold this rank. This was done so as to make Göring superior to other field marshals and recognize him as the second man in Hitler's Reich.[91]}}
}}

References

1. ^Irmer 2005, pp. 5, 35.
2. ^Guthrie 2003, p. 48.
3. ^Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 790.
4. ^Glozier & Onnekink 2007, p. 209.
5. ^Phillips 1871, p. 943.
6. ^Long 1844, p. 360.
7. ^Carlyle 2002, p. 709.
8. ^1 Riley 2014, p. 232.
9. ^Gruyter 2006, p. 355.
10. ^Paret & Morgan 2014, p. 391.
11. ^König 1789, p. 434.
12. ^Johannes 2004, p. 34.
13. ^Colby & Williams 1906, p. 620.
14. ^Tucker 2009, p. 239.
15. ^Ohm & Boehlke & Boehlke 1997, p. 6.
16. ^Lund 1999, p. 182.
17. ^Alexeevna 2007, p. 236.
18. ^Siebigk 1883, pp. 352, 356.
19. ^Siebigk 1883, pp. 364, 365.
20. ^1 2 Anton Balthasar König, Henning Alexander von Kleist,Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen: T. G-L, A. Wever, 1789, [https://books.google.com/books?id=00xFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA280&lpg=PA280&dq=Henning+Alexander+von+Kleist+%E2%80%A2&source=bl&ots=v6BXo2IRvD&sig=voQAlSMfpbYIFtHgTQBmeY-TpWo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBmoVChMIxpSrt8GVyAIVBVo-Ch3KlQCl#v=onepage&q=Henning%20Alexander%20von%20Kleist%20%E2%80%A2&f=false pp. 275–276]. Accessed 26 September 2015.
21. ^MacKillop & Murdoch 2003, p. 103.
22. ^Siebigk 1883, pp. 166, 167.
23. ^Ross 1997, p. 134, 135.
24. ^Ballard 2011, p. 54.
25. ^Debrett 1836, p. 151.
26. ^Stoker 2014, p. 52.
27. ^Bruce & Stanard 1958, p. 88.
28. ^Phillips 1871, p. 378.
29. ^Leggiere 2014, p. 535.
30. ^Siebigk 1883, p. 127.
31. ^Droysen 1851, p. 158.
32. ^Gneisenau & Marston 1815, pp. 1, 8.
33. ^Veve 1992, p. 30.
34. ^Muffling 1997, p. 174.
35. ^Parkinson 2000, p. 259.
36. ^Jensen & Rothstein 2000, p. 110.
37. ^Siborne 1895, p. 96.
38. ^Röhl 1996, p. 274.
39. ^Chisholm & Garvin 1926, p. 405.
40. ^Hughes 2009, p. 423.
41. ^Heal 2012, p. 206.
42. ^Maitland 1762, p. 24.
43. ^Large 2007, p. 2.
44. ^Marrs 2010, p. 25.
45. ^Darmstaedter 2008, p. 414.
46. ^Burke 2012, p. 17.
47. ^Hakim 1995, p. 65.
48. ^Murad 1968, p. 61.
49. ^Clarke 2000, p. 12.
50. ^Ross 1997, p. 452.
51. ^Hahnke 2012, p. 47.
52. ^Steinberg 2011, p. 407.
53. ^Browne 2013, p. 105.
54. ^Roberts & Tucker 2005, pp. 666, 667.
55. ^Ehlert 2014, pp. 1, 2.
56. ^Vatikiotis 2014, p. 1.
57. ^Hargreaves 2010, p. 20.
58. ^Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 243.
59. ^Riley 2013, p. 471.
60. ^Sandler 2002, p. 523.
61. ^Pawly 2012, p. 63.
62. ^Rothenburg 1976, p. 143.
63. ^Tague 2011, p. 359.
64. ^Blumberg 1990, p. 238.
65. ^Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 1007.
66. ^Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 687.
67. ^Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 82.
68. ^Wheatcroft & Keegan, 2014. p. 62.
69. ^Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 390.
70. ^Pope & Wheal 2007, p. 476.
71. ^Kershaw 2008, p. 96.
72. ^Alford 2003, p. 67.
73. ^Wheeler-Bennett 1967, p. 497.
74. ^Biesinger 2006, p. 288.
75. ^Kesselring 1970, p. 64.
76. ^Goldensohn 2010, p. 157.
77. ^Biesinger 2006, p. 510.
78. ^Mineau 2004, p. 109.
79. ^Williamson 2006, p. 109.
80. ^Wright 2009, p. 110.
81. ^Tague 2011, p. 28.
82. ^Wood 2014, p. 35.
83. ^Frankel 2004, p. 14.
84. ^Mitcham 2006, p. 14.
85. ^Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 216.
86. ^Breuer 2002, p. 131.
87. ^Tague 2011, p. 326.
88. ^Mitcham 2007, p. 200.
89. ^Pawly 2012, p. 289
90. ^Wistrich 1982, p. 84
91. ^Fellgiebel 2000, p. 198.

Sources

{{refbegin|30em}}
  • {{cite book | last = Alexeevna | first = Yekaterina | title = The Memoirs of Catherine the Great | year = 2007 | publisher = Random House Publishing | isbn = 978-0307432438 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Alford | first = Kenneth D. | title = Nazi Plunder: Great Treasure Stories of World War II | year = 2003 | publisher = Da Capo Press | isbn = 978-0306820908 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Ballard | first = Richard | title = A New Dictionary of the French Revolution | year = 2011 | publisher = I.B. Tauris Publishing | isbn = 978-1848854659 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Biesinger | first = Joseph A. |title = Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present | publisher = Facts on File Publishing | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0816045211 | ref = harv }}
  • {{cite book | last = Blumberg | first = Arnold | title = Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859 | year = 1990 | publisher = Associated University | isbn = 978-0945636076 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Breuer | first = William B. | title = Daring Missions of World War II | year = 2002 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons Publishing | isbn = 978-0471150879 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Browne | first = John | title = Hidden Account of the Romanovs | year = 2013 | publisher = Universe Publishing | isbn = 978-1475978346 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | editor1-last = Bruce | editor1-first = Phillip A. | editor2-last = Stanard | editor2-first = William G. | title = The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography | year = 1958 | publisher = California University | oclc = 1642879 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Burke | first = Edmund | title = The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History and Politics of the Year 1802 | year = 2012 | publisher = California University | isbn = 978-1276653947 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |last = Carlyle |first = Thomas| year = 2002 |title = Historical Essays | publisher = California University | isbn = 978-0520220614| ref = }}
  • {{cite book | editor1-last = Chisholm | editor1-first = Hugh | editor2-last = Garvin | editor2-first = James L. | title = The Encyclopædia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information | year = 1926 | publisher = Cambridge University | lccn = 11027773//r84 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Citino | first = Robert M. | authorlink = Robert M. Citino | title = The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years' War to the Third Reich | year = 2005 | publisher = Kansas University | isbn=0-7006-1410-9}}
  • {{cite book | last = Clarke | first = Christopher | title = Kaiser Wilhelm II | year = 2000 | publisher = Longman Publishing | isbn = 0-582-24559-1 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |editor1-last = Colby |editor1-first = Frank M. |editor2-last = Williams |editor2-first = Talcott | year = 1906 |title = The New International Encyclopaedia | publisher = Michigan University | oclc = 16690620 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Debrett | first = John | title = Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland and Ireland | year = 1836 | publisher = Oxford University | isbn = 978-1130532470 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Droysen | first = Johann G. | title = Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen York von Wartenburg [The Life of Field Marshal Count York von Wartenberg] | year = 1996 | publisher = Phaidon Publishing | isbn = 3-88851-160-7 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Ehlert | first = Hans | title = The Schlieffen Plan: International Perspectives on the German Strategy for World War I | year = 2014 | publisher = Kentucky University | isbn = 978-0813147475 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Frankel | first = Benjamin | title = History in Dispute: The Spanish Civil War | year = 2004 | publisher = St. James Publishing | isbn = 978-1558624948 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Fellgiebel | first = Walther-Peer | title = Die Trager Des Ritterkreuzes Des Eisernen Kreuzes, 1939–1945 [The Carriers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, 1939-1945] | publisher = Podzun-Pallas Publishing | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-3-7909-0284-6 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |editor1-last = Glozier |editor1-first = Matthew |editor2-last = Onnekink |editor2-first = David | year = 2007 |title = War, Religion and Service: Huguenot Soldiering, 1685-1713 | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | isbn = 978-1851098798 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | editor1-last = Gneisenau | editor1-first = August W. A. | editor2-last = Marston | editor2-first = James E. | title = The Life and Campaigns of Field Marshal Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt | year = 1815 | publisher = New York's Public Library | oclc = 03142316 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Goldensohn | first = Leon | title = The Nuremberg Interviews: Conversations with the Defendants and Witnesses | year = 2010 | publisher = Random House Publishing | isbn =978-1409078449 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Gruyter | first = Walter D. | title = Dictionary of German Biography | publisher = K. G. Saur Publishing | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-3110961164 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |last = Guthrie |first = William P. | year = 2003 |title = The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Peace of Westphalia | publisher = Greenwood Publishing | isbn = 978-0313324086 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Hahnke | first = Robert V. | title = Monument From the Kaiser | year = 2012 | publisher = AuthorHouse Publishing | isbn = 978-1477289754 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Hakim | first = Joy | authorlink = | title = A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz | publisher = Oxford University | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-19-509514-6 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Hargreaves | first = Richard | title = Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939 | year = 2010 | publisher = Stackpole Books | isbn = 978-0811707244 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Heal | first = Sid | title = Field Command | year = 2012 | publisher = Lantern Books | isbn = 978-1590563557| ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Hughes | first = Daniel | title = Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings | year = 2009 | publisher = Random House Publishing | isbn = 978-0307538512 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Irmer | first = Georg | title = Hans Georg von Arnim | publisher = Harvard University | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1142131623 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | editor1-last = Jensen | editor1-first = Tim | editor2-last = Rothstein | editor2-first = Mikael | title = Secular Theories on Religion: Current Perspectives | year = 1958 | publisher = Museum Tusculanum Publishing | isbn = 978-8772895727 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |last = Johannes |first = Kunisch | year = 2004 |title = Friedrich der Grosse. Der König und seine Zeit [Friedrich the Great. The King and His Time] | publisher = C.H. Beck Publishing | isbn = 3-406-52209-2 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |last = König |first = Anton B. | year = 1789 |title = Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen [Biographies of Heroes and Military Personnel] | publisher = Princeton University | oclc = 34794450 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book

| last = Kershaw
| first = Ian
| title = Hitler: A Biography
| publisher = W. W. Norton & Company
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6
| ref =
  • {{cite book | last = Kesselring | first = Albert | title= A Soldier's Record | publisher = Greenwood Publishing | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-8371-2975-3 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Large | first = David C. | title = Berlin | year = 2007 | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 978-0465010127 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |last = Leggiere |first = Michael V. | year = 2014 |title = Blücher: Scourge of Napoleon | publisher = Oklahoma University | isbn = 978-0806144092 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |last = Long |first = George | year = 1844 |title = The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge | publisher = Virginia University | oclc = 18067040 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Lund | first = Erik A | title = War For the Every Day: Generals, Knowledge, and Warfare In Early Modern Europe, 1680-1740 | year = 1999 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing | isbn = 978-0-313-31041-6 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |last = MacDonogh |first = Giles | year = 2001 |title = Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters | publisher = St. Martin's Griffin Publishing | isbn = 0-312-27266-9 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | editor1-last = MacKillop | editor1-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Murdoch | editor2-first = Steve | title = Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers C. 1600-1800: A Study of Scotland and Empires | year = 2003 | publisher = Brill Academic Publishing | isbn = 978-9004129702 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |last = Maitland |first = William F. | year = 1762 |title = The London Chronicle | publisher = Michigan University | oclc = 85557971 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Marrs | first = Jim | title = The Sisterhood of the Rose: The Recollection of Celeste Levesque | year = 2010 | publisher = Red Wheel Weiser Publishing | isbn = 978-1934708521 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Matthews | first = Rupert | title = Stalingrad | year = 2013 | publisher = Arcturus Publishing | isbn = 978-1782122586 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Mineau | first = André | title = Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity | year = 2004 | publisher = Rodopi Publishing | isbn = 978-9042016330 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Mitcham | first = Samuel W. | title = Rommel's Lieutenants: The Men who Served the Desert Fox, France, 1940 | year = 2007 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing | isbn = 978-0275991852 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Muffling | first = Karl F. V. | title = The Memoirs of Baron von Müffling: A Prussian Officer In the Napoleonic Wars | year = 1997 | publisher = Michigan University | isbn = 978-1853672736 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Murad | first = Anatol | title = Franz Joseph I of Austria and His Empire | year = 1968 | publisher = Twayne Publishing | LCCN = 68-172333 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |editor1-last = Ohm |editor1-first = Helen |editor2-last = Boehlke |editor2-first = Audrey |editor3-last = Boehlke |editor3-first = LeRoy | year = 1997 |title = Pomeranian Culture and Genealogy | publisher = Wisconsin University | isbn = 3-87585-392-X | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | editor1-last = Paret | editor1-first = Peter | editor2-last = Morgan | editor2-first = Mark | title = Carl von Clausewitz: Historical and Political Writings | year = 2014 | publisher = Princeton University | isbn = 978-1400862160| ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Parkinson | first = Roger | title = Hussar General: The Life of Blucher, Man of Waterloo | year = 2000 | publisher = Wordsworth Editions | isbn = 978-1840222531 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Pawly | first = Ronald | title = The Kaiser's Warlords: German Commanders of World War One | year = 2012 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | isbn = 978-1780966304 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Phillips | first = Lawrence B. | title = The Dictionary of Biographical Reference | publisher = Oxford University | year = 1871 | oclc = 1532621 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | editor1-last = Pope | editor1-first = Stephen | editor2-last = Wheal | editor2-first = Elizabeth-Anne | title = Dictionary of the First World War | year = 2007 | publisher = Pen & Sword Publishing | isbn = 978-1473813618 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Röhl | first = John | title = The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany | year = 1996 | publisher = Cambridge University | isbn = 978-0521565042 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Reynolds | first = Michael A. | title = Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918 | year = 2011 | publisher = Cambridge University | isbn = 978-1139494120 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Riley | first = Jonathan P. | title = Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting | year = 2013 | publisher = Routledge Publishing | isbn = 978-1136321351 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |last = Riley |first = Jonathon | year = 2014 |title = Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | isbn = 978-1441126740 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book |editor1-last = Roberts |editor1-first = Priscilla |editor2-last = Tucker |editor2-first = Spencer | year = 2005 |title = World War I: A Student Encyclopedia | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 978-1851098798 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Ross | first = Hartmut | title = Moritz Prinz von Anhalt-Dessau, Neue Deutsche Biographie [Moritz Prinz von Anhalt-Dessau, New German Biography] | year = 1997 | publisher = Duncker & Humblot Publishing | isbn = 3-428-00199-0 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Rothenburg | first = Gunther E. | title = The Army of Francis Joseph | year = 1976 | publisher = Purdue University | isbn = 0-91119-841-5 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Samuel W. | first = Samuel W. | title = Retreat to the Reich | year = 2003 | publisher = Stackpole Books | isbn = 978-0811733847 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Sandler | first = Stanley | title = Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia | year = 2002 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 978-1576073445 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Siborne | first = William | title = The Waterloo Campaign, 1815 | year = 1895 | publisher = Harvard University | oclc = 13772354 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Siebigk | first = Ferdinand | title = Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie [General German Biography] | year = 1883 | publisher = Duncker & Humblot Publishing | lccn = 01013117 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Snyder | first = Louis | title = Encyclopedia of the Third Reich | year = 1976 | publisher = Da Capo Press | isbn = 978-1-56924-917-8 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Steinberg | first = Jonathan | title = Bismarck: A Life | year = 2011 | publisher = Oxford University | isbn = 978-0199845439 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Stoker | first = Donald | title = Clausewitz: His Life and Work | year = 2014 | publisher = Oxford University | isbn = 978-0199357963 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Tague | first = James E. | title = The Last Field Marshal | publisher = Author Solutions | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-145-683-185-1 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Tucker | first = Spencer C. | title = A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East | year = 2009 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 978-1851096725 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Vatikiotis | first = Peter J. | title = Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936-1941: A Political Biography of General Ioannis Metaxas| year = 2014 | publisher = Routledge Publishing | isbn = 978-1134729333 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Veve | first = Thomas D. | title = The Duke of Wellington and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815-1818 | year = 1992 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing | isbn = 978-0307432438 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Wawro | first = Geoffrey | title = The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 | year = 1997 | publisher = Cambridge University | isbn = 978-0521629515| ref = }}
  • {{cite book | editor1-last = Wheatcroft | editor1-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Keegan | editor2-first = John | title = Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day | year = 2007 | publisher = Routledge Publishing | isbn = 978-1136414169 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Wheeler-Bennett | first = John | title = The Nemesis of Power | publisher = Macmillan Publishing | year = 1967 | oclc = 711310 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Williamson | first = Gordon | title = German Commanders of World War II | year = 2006 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | isbn = 1-84176-597-X | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Wistrich | first = Robert S. | title = Who's Who in Nazi Germany | year = 1982 | publisher = Value Publishing | isbn = 978-0-415-26038-1 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Wood | first = James A. | title = Army of the West | year = 2014 | publisher = Stackpole Books | isbn = 978-0811741439 | ref = }}
  • {{cite book | last = Wright | first = Mike | title = What They Didn't Teach You About World War II | year = 2009 | publisher = Random House Publishing | isbn = 978-0307549167 | ref = }}

2 : Field marshals of Germany|Lists of field marshals
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/29 23:36:15