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词条 List of German Jews
释义

  1. Historical figures

     Politicians  Activists 

  2. Religious figures

     Rabbis  Reform  Other 

  3. Scientific figures

     Natural scientists  Physicians and medical researchers  Mathematicians  Technical scientists  Psychologists 

  4. Academic figures

     Philosophers  Economists  Social Scientists  Historians  Jurists  Linguists and philologists  Educationalists  Showbusiness  Musicians  Artists 

  5. Writers

  6. Entrepreneurs

  7. Sports

  8. Military

  9. Literature

  10. See also

  11. References

{{Jews by country}}

The first Jewish population in the region to be later known as Germany came with the Romans to the city now known as Cologne. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the Ashkenazi Jews, while the persecution and expulsion that followed the Crusades led to the creation of Yiddish and an overall shift eastwards. A change of status in the late Renaissance Era, combined with the Jewish Enlightenment, the Haskalah, meant that by the 1920s Germany had one of the most integrated Jewish populations in Europe, contributing prominently to German culture and society.

The following is a list of some famous Jewish people (by religion or descent) from Germany proper. Also note that the idea of German nationality is rather broad, due to the many Germanic tribes, Jewish assimilation into Germany, and separate German ruled states through the history of Europe. Therefore, the same set of people could at times be referred to as Germans, Jews, or German Jews alike.

Historical figures

Politicians

  • Fischel Arnheim, politician[1]
  • Ludwig Bamberger, politician[2]
  • Daniel Cohn-Bendit, member of European Parliament, student leader in 1968[3]
  • Wilhelm Dröscher, SPD politician (half-Jewish)[4]
  • Kurt Eisner, Bavarian prime minister[5]
  • Fritz Elsas, Mayor of Berlin from 1931 to 1933, (converted to Christianity)
  • Heinrich von Friedberg, jurist, statesman (converted to Christianity)[6]
  • Karl Rudolf Friedenthal, Prussian politician (converted to Christianity)[7]
  • Clement Freud, German-born British MP[8]
  • Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Minister in 1923 and from 1928 to 1929[9]
  • Alex Himelfarb, ambassador[10]
  • Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, Nobel Prize (1973)[11]
  • Ludwig Landmann, mayor of Frankfurt/Main[12]
  • Eduard Lasker, co-founder of the National Liberal Party[13]
  • Eugen Leviné, Bavarian prime minister[14]
  • Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin, Member of parliament, Green party, Feminist party[15]
  • Eduard von Simson, President of the Reichstag, President of the Reichsgericht[16]
  • Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic[17]
  • Herbert Weichmann, Mayor of Hamburg 1965–1971, president of the German Bundesrat (Federal upper house)[18][19]
  • Marina Weisband, Ukrainian-born former Pirate Party Germany politician
  • Jeanette Wolff, West Berlin politician[20]
  • Walter Wolfgang, German-born politician[21]

Activists

  • Hedwig Dohm-Schleh, feminist, author[22]
  • Nahum Goldmann, president of World Jewish Congress[23]
  • Josel of Rosheim, court Jew and Jewish advocate[24]
  • Paul Spiegel, leader of the Central Council of Jews in Germany[25]
  • Sidonie Werner (1860–1932), women's rights activist

Religious figures

Rabbis

  • Aaron ben Benjamin Wolf, Chief Rabbi of Berlin (1709)
  • Ahron Daum, Chief Rabbi of Frankfurt am Main
  • Samson Raphael Hirsch, intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism[26]
  • Immanuel Jakobovits, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704152427/http://www.aojs.org/HaRav.asp]
  • Elijah Loans, rabbi of Fulda, Hanau, Friedberg, and Worms

Reform

  • Levi Herzfeld, 19th-century proponent of moderate reform  

Other

  • Ridley Haim Herschell, missionary[27]
  • Joseph Wolff, missionary[28]

Scientific figures

Natural scientists

  • Adolf von Baeyer, industrial chemist, Nobel Prize (1905) (Jewish mother)[29]
  • Norbert Berkowitz, physicist[30]
  • Hans Bethe, nuclear physics, Nobel Prize (1967)[31]
  • Sir Walter Bodmer, medical researcher[32]
  • Max Born, quantum mechanics, Nobel Prize (1954) (converted to Christianity)[33]
  • Heinrich Caro, industrial chemist[34]
  • Nikodem Caro, industrial chemist[35]
  • Albert Einstein, theoretical physics, Nobel Prize (1921)[36]
  • Erwin Finlay-Freundlich, astronomer[37]
  • James Franck, quantum physics, Nobel Prize (1925)[38]
  • Adolph Frank, industrial chemist[39]
  • Herbert Fröhlich, physicist[40]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • Eugen Glueckauf, chemist, expert on atomic energy{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
  • Hans Goldschmidt, industrial chemist[41]
  • Fritz Haber, developed the Haber process, Nobel Prize (1918)[42]
  • Walter Heitler, chemist[41]
  • Arthur Korn, physicist[43]
  • Ernst Ising, statistical mechanics[44]
  • Albert Ladenburg, chemist[45]
  • Fritz London, quantum mechanics[46]
  • Leonard Mandel, quantum optics[47]
  • Kurt Mendelssohn, German-born British medical physicist[48]
  • Viktor Meyer, organic chemist (converted to Christianity)[49]
  • Leonor Michaelis, biochemist[50]
  • Albert A. Michelson, measured speed of light, Nobel Prize (1907) (Jewish father)[51][52]
  • Ludwig Mond, chemist and industrialist[53]
  • Sir Rudolf Peierls, solid state theory[54]
  • Arno Penzias, co-discoverer of CMB, Nobel Prize (1978)[55]
  • Alfred Philippson, geologist[56]
  • John Charles Polanyi, chemist, Nobel Prize (born Berlin)  
  • Ernst Pringsheim, spectrometry, black-body radiation[57]
  • Michael Rossmann, physicist and microbiologist (Jewish mother)[58]
  • Rudolf Schoenheimer, biochemist[59]
  • Arthur Schuster, spectroscopist{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
  • Karl Schwarzschild, physicist and astronomer (converted to Christianity)[60]
  • Franz Simon, physicist, separation of Uranium 235[61]
  • Jack Steinberger, particle physics, Nobel Prize (1988)[62]
  • Otto Stern, experimental physicist, Nobel Prize (1943)[63]
  • Otto Wallach, chemist, Nobel Prize (1910) (converted to Christianity)[64]
  • Richard Willstätter, chemist, Nobel Prize (1915)[65]

Physicians and medical researchers

  • Adolph Baginsky, pediatrician, diphtheria researcher[66]
  • Alfred Bielschowsky, ophthalmologist[67]
  • Max Bielschowsky, neuropathologist[68]
  • Konrad Bloch, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1964)[69]
  • Marcus Elieser Bloch, physician[70]
  • Gustav Born, professor of pharmacology[71]
  • Edith Bulbring, Professor of pharmacy (Jewish mother)[72]
  • Sir Ernst Chain, developed penicillin, Nobel Prize (1945)[73]
  • Ferdinand Cohn, pioneer in microbiology[74]
  • Julius Friedrich Cohnheim, pathologist[24]
  • Paul Ehrlich, developed magic bullet concept, Nobel Prize (1908)[75]
  • Arthur Eichengrün, possible inventor of aspirin[76]
  • Wilhelm Feldberg, biologist{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
  • Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist[77]
  • Hermann Friedberg, physician[24]
  • Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch, geneticist[78]
  • Ernst Gräfenberg, obstetrician, the G-spot[79]
  • Martin Gumpert, physician, writer[80]
  • Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, physician (converted to Christianity)[81]
  • Sir Bernard Katz, biophysicist, Nobel Prize (1970)[82]
  • Hans Kornberg, biochemist researcher[83]
  • Hans Kosterlitz, discovered endorphins[84]
  • Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)[85]
  • Fritz Lipmann, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)[86]
  • Jacques Loeb, physiologist[87]
  • Otto Loewi, pharmacologist, Nobel Prize (1936)[88]
  • Elisabeth Mann, biologist (Jewish mother)[89]
  • Otto Meyerhof, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1922) (Jewish father)[90]
  • Oskar Minkowski, physiologist[91]
  • Albert Neisser, physician, discovered the cause of gonorrhea (Jewish father)[92]
  • Emin Pasha, physician, naturalist, explorer[93]
  • Nathanael Pringsheim, botanist[94]
  • Ottomar Rosenbach, physician[24]
  • Moritz Heinrich Romberg, physician, innovative author in neuroscience[24]
  • Karl Stern, Canadian neurologist, psychiatrist, author.
  • Moritz Traube, biochemist[95]
  • Moshe Wallach, founder and director, Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem[96]
    • Schwester Selma, longtime head nurse at Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem[97]
  • Carl Warburg, doctor of medicine and clinical pharmacologist.[98]
  • Otto Heinrich Warburg, physiologist, Nobel Prize (1931) (Jewish father)[77]
  • Karl Weigert, pathologist[99]

Mathematicians

  • Felix Bernstein, set theory (converted to Christianity)[100]
  • Maurice Block, statistician[101]
  • Richard Brauer, modular representation theory[102]
  • Paul Cohn, algebraist[103]
  • Richard Courant, mathematical analysis and applied mathematics[104]
  • Max Dehn, topology[105]
  • Paul Epstein, number theory[106]
  • Adolf Fraenkel, set theory[107]
  • Hans Freudenthal, algebraic topology[108]
  • Felix Hausdorff, topology[109]
  • Heinz Hopf, topology (Jewish father)[110]
  • Adolf Hurwitz, mathematician[111]
  • Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, analysis[112]
  • Leopold Kronecker, number theory[113]
  • Edmund Landau, number theory[114]
  • Rudolf Lipschitz, mathematician[115]
  • Kurt Mahler, mathematician[116]
  • Hermann Minkowski, geometrical theory of numbers[117]
  • Claus Moser, Statistician[118]
  • Leonard Nelson, mathematician, philosopher (converted to Christianity)[119]
  • Bernhard Neumann, mathematician[120]
  • Emmy Noether, algebra and theoretical physics[121]
  • Alfred Pringsheim, analysis, theory of functions[122]
  • Richard Rado, combinatorics[123]
  • Abraham Robinson, nonstandard analysis[124])[125]
  • Arthur Moritz Schönflies, mathematician[126]
  • Issai Schur, mathematician[127]
  • Otto Toeplitz, linear algebra and functional analysis[128]

Technical scientists

  • Ralph Baer, inventor of the games console[129]
  • Emile Berliner, inventor of the gramophone[130]
  • Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970, from Russia, but published in German), pioneered Microdots and microfilm retrieval technology[131]
  • Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, electrical engineer[132]
  • Siegfried Marcus, automobile pioneer[133]
  • Michael O. Rabin, computer algorithms, Turing Award (1976)[134]
  • Reinhold Rudenberg, electrical engineer and inventor,[135]
  • Adolf Schallamach, pioneered understanding of friction and wear phenomena in rubber
  • Joseph Weizenbaum, AI critic, ELIZA[136]

Psychologists

  • Karl Abraham, psychoanalyst[137]
  • Rudolf Arnheim, perception theorist{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
  • Erik Erikson, developmental psychologist (Jewish mother)[138]
  • Erich Fromm, psychologist and humanistic philosopher[139]
  • Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, psychoanalyst[140]
  • Kurt Goldstein, Gestalt-influenced neurologist[141]
  • Max Hamilton, psychiatrist[142]
  • Magnus Hirschfeld, sexologist[143]
  • Kurt Koffka, Gestalt psychologist{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
  • Kurt Lewin, social psychologist[144]
  • Hugo Münsterberg, industrial psychologist{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
  • Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist (Jewish father)[145]
  • Erich Neumann, analytical psychologist[146]
  • Fritz Perls, psychotherapist[147]
  • Harvey (née Heinz) Schloesser, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
  • Otto Selz, cognitive psychologist[148]
  • William Stern, the Intelligence Quotient[149]
  • Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychologist[150]

Academic figures

Philosophers

  • Theodor Adorno (1903–1969), philosopher (Jewish father)[151]
  • Ernst Bloch, philosopher[152]
  • Constantin Brunner, philosopher[153]
  • Ernst Cassirer, philosopher[154]
  • Hermann Cohen, philosopher[155]
  • Friedrich Dessauer, philosopher[156]
  • Max Dessoir, philosopher[157]
  • Julius Frauenstädt, philosopher[158]
  • Kurt Grelling, philosopher[159]
  • Richard Hönigswald (Jewish father)[160]
  • Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), philosopher and sociologist[161]
  • Edmund Husserl, philosopher (converted to Christianity)[162]
  • Hans Jonas, philosopher[163]
  • Horace Kallen, philosopher[164]
  • Adolf Lasson, philosopher[24]
  • Theodor Lessing, philosopher, writer[165]
  • Karl Löwith, philosopher[166]
  • Salomon Maimon, philosopher[167]
  • Fritz Mauthner, author and philosopher[168]
  • Moses Mendelssohn, philosopher, scholar[169]
  • Helmuth Plessner, philosopher (Jewish father)[170]
  • Hans Reichenbach, philosopher (Jewish father)[171]
  • Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, philosopher (Jewish father)[172]
  • Max Scheler, philosopher (Jewish mother)[173]
  • Kurt Sternberg, philosopher[174]
  • Richard Rudolf Walzer, philosopher (Jewish Year Book 1975 p. 214)

Economists

  • Robert Aumann, Nobel Prize for Economics[175]
  • Richard Ehrenberg, economist (converted to Christianity)[176]
  • Ludwig Lachmann, economist[177]
  • Emil Lederer, economist[178]
  • Robert Liefmann, economist[179]
  • Adolph Lowe, economist[180]
  • Rosa Luxemburg, economist, co-founder of the KPD[181]
  • Fritz Naphtali, economist, editor, later Israeli finance minister[182]
  • Sigbert Prais, economist (JYB 2005 p. 215)
  • Reinhard Selten, Nobel prize[183] (1994)
  • Hans Singer, economist[184]

Social Scientists

  • Reinhard Bendix, sociologist[185]
  • Eduard Bernstein, founder of evolutionary socialism[186]
  • Franz Boas, cultural anthropologist[187]
  • Lewis A. Coser, sociologist[188]
  • Norbert Elias, sociologist[189]
  • Amitai Etzioni, sociologist[190]
  • Shelomo Dov Goitein, Arabist[191]
  • Moses Hess, socialist[192]
  • Eugene Kamenka, sociologist[193]
  • Siegfried Kracauer, sociologist and film critic[194]
  • Ferdinand Lassalle, founder of first German worker's party[195]
  • Karl Mannheim, sociologist[196]
  • Herbert Marcuse, sociologist, New Left figurehead[197]
  • Karl Marx, founder of Marxism (parents converted to Protestantism)[198]
  • Franz Oppenheimer, sociologist and economist[199]
  • Leo Loewenthal, sociologist[200]
  • Georg Simmel, sociologist[201]
  • Georg Steindorff, Egyptologist (Jewish father)[202]
  • Jacob Taubes, theologist[203]
  • Louis Wirth, sociologist[204]

Historians

  • Ernst Bernheim, historian[205]
  • Isaak Markus Jost, historian
  • Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (son of Victor Ehrenberg) [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025063939/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cgjs/1-2-2.html]
  • Richard Ettinghausen, art historian[206]
  • Henry Friedlander, historian[207]
  • Peter Gay, historian[208]
  • Heinrich Graetz, historian[209]
  • George W. F. Hallgarten, historian[210]
  • Eric Hobsbawm, historian[211]
  • Ernst Kantorowicz, historian of medieval political and intellectual history
  • Richard Krautheimer, historian[212]
  • Arno Lustiger, historian[213]
  • Lothar Machtan {{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}
  • Golo Mann, historian (Jewish mother)[214]
  • George Mosse, historian[215]
  • Erwin Panofsky, art historian.
  • Otto Rahn, historian of legends about the holy grail[216]
  • Hans Rothfels, historian[217]
  • Fritz Stern, historian[218]
  • Aby Warburg, art historian
  • Rudolf Wittkower, architectural and art historian
  • Michael Wolffsohn, historian[219]

Jurists

  • Hannah Arendt, political theorist[220]
  • Jacob Friedrich Behrend, jurist[24]
  • David Daube, Professor of Law[221]
  • Heinrich Dernburg, jurist{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
  • Victor Ehrenberg, jurist (converted to Christianity)[222]
  • Hugo Haase, jurist[223]
  • Sir Otto Kahn-Freund, Professor of Law[224]
  • Hermann Kantorowicz, jurist[225]
  • Walter Kaskel, jurist[226]
  • Robert Kempner, jurist
  • Paul Laband, jurist, b. Breslau[227]
  • Otto Lenel, jurist[228]
  • Franz Neumann, legal theorist[229]
  • Arthur Nussbaum, jurist[230]
  • Joseph Süss Oppenheimer, financial planner and court Jew[24]
  • Gabriel Riesser, deputy speaker of Frankfurt Assembly in 1848, first Jewish judge in Hamburg[231]
  • Rudolf Schlesinger, jurist[232]
  • Georg Schwarzenberger, jurist[233][234]
  • Hugo Sinzheimer, legal scholar[235]
  • Sigmund Zeisler, jurist[236]

Linguists and philologists

  • Paulus Aemilius, professor of Hebrew[237]
  • Theodor Benfey, linguist (converted to Christianity)[238]
  • Eduard Fraenkel, philologist[239]
  • Wilhelm Freund, philologist[240]
  • Ludwig Friedländer, philologist  
  • Julius Fürst, orientalist[241]
  • Theodor Goldstücker, linguist[242]
  • Moshe Goshen-Gottstein, linguist[243]
  • Victor Klemperer, linguist and diarist[244]
  • Siegbert Salomon Prawer, Professor of German[245]
  • Chaim Menachem Rabin, linguist[246]
  • Edward Sapir, anthropologist-linguist[247]
  • Ernest Simon, professor of Chinese[248]
  • Heymann Steinthal, linguist{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Educationalists

  • Lewis Elton, educationalist [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025063939/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cgjs/1-2-2.html]
  • Kurt Hahn,[249] educationalist
  • Henriette May (1862–1928), German Jewish educator and women's activist

Showbusiness

  • Hugo Egon Balder, comedian, producer (Jewish mother),[250]
  • Ludwig Berger, director[251]
  • Lotte Berk, dancer and health guru[252]
  • Kurt Bernhardt, director[253]
  • Ludwig Blattner: film producer and studio owner, developer of the first magnetic tape recorder.
  • Artur Brauner, film producer[254]
  • Friedrich Dalsheim, director[255]
  • Michael Degen, actor[256]
  • Ernst Dohm, actor, editor[257]
  • Hedwig Dohm-Pringsheim, actress[258]
  • E.A. Dupont, director[259]
  • Michel Friedman, TV personality[260]
  • Kurt Gerron, stage actor and film director[261]
  • Dora Gerson, actress, cabaret singer[262]
  • Therese Giehse, actress Pepermill[263]
  • Lou Jacobs, clown[264]
  • Ludwig Karl Koch, broadcaster and sound recordist[265]
  • Werner Klemperer, Movie, TV Hogan's Heroes and Broadway actor, violinist
  • Carl Laemmle, film producer[266]
  • Ernst Lubitsch, director[267]
  • Jeanine Meerapfel, film director and screenwriter[268]
  • Max Ophüls, film director[269]
  • Richard Oswald, director[270]
  • Ferdinand Eduard Pahnecke, actor[271]
  • Lilli Palmer, actress[272]
  • Hans Rosenthal, one of Germany's most popular TV personalities in history[273]
  • Susan Sideropoulos, actress[274]
  • Robert Siodmak, director[275]
  • Ruth Westheimer, sex therapist[276]
  • Konrad Wolf, film director[277]
  • Peter Zadek, theatre director[278]
  • Christian Berkel, actor

Musicians

  • Samuel Adler, composer[279]
  • Haim Alexander, composer[280]
  • Tzvi Avni, composer[281]
  • Paul Ben-Haim, composer[282]
  • Julius Benedict, composer[283]
  • Herman Berlinski, American composer, organist, pianist, musicologist and choir conductor[284]
  • Wolf Biermann, singer/songwriter (Jewish father)[285]
  • Yehezkel Braun, Israeli composer[286]
  • Manfred Bukofzer, musicologist[287]
  • Paul Dessau, composer[288]
  • Abel Ehrlich, Israeli composer[289]
  • Alfred Einstein, musicologist[290]
  • Hanns Eisler, German-born composer (Jewish father)[291]
  • Lukas Foss, composer and conductor[292]
  • Alexander Goehr, composer[293]
  • Walter Goehr, conductor[294]
  • Berthold Goldschmidt, composer[295]
  • Bernard Greenhouse, cellist[296]
  • Nina Hagen, German-Jewish origin from her father's side, Punk Rock Singer, she was considered an opera prodigy by the time she was nine. Her paternal grandfather died in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
  • George Henschel, singer and conductor[297]
  • Alfred Hertz, conductor[298]
  • André Herzberg, musician (Pankow)[299]
  • Gerard Hoffnung, musicologist [https://web.archive.org/web/20071112170949/http://www.chrisbeetles.com/pictures/artists/Hoffnung_Gerard/Hoffnung_Gerard.htm]
  • Friedrich Holländer, composer[300]
  • Salomon Jadassohn, composer[301]
  • Leon Jessel, composer[302]
  • Robert Kahn, composer[303]
  • Otto Klemperer, conductor[304]
  • Robert Lachmann, musicologist{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
  • Ludwig Lenel, organist and composer
  • Hermann Levi, conductor[305]
  • Alfred Lion and Frank Wulff, founders of Blue Note Records[306]
  • Edward Lowinsky, musicologist[307]
  • Gustav Mahler, composer[308]
  • Michael Mann, musician (Jewish mother)[309]
  • Arnold Mendelssohn, organist[310]
  • Felix Mendelssohn, composer and conductor (Jewish ancestry but raised Lutheran)[311]
  • Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, composer[312]
  • Giacomo Meyerbeer, composer[313]
  • Ben-Zion Orgad, Israeli composer[314]
  • Menahem Pressler, pianist[315]
  • André Previn, conductor[316]
  • Franz Reizenstein, pianist, composer[317]
  • Curt Sachs, musicologist, co-founder of modern organology[287]
  • Kurt Sanderling, conductor[318]
  • Adolf Martin Schlesinger, music publisher[319]
  • Arnold Schoenberg, composer
  • Heinrich Sontheim, tenor[320]
  • William Steinberg, conductor[321]
  • Erich Walter Sternberg, composer[322]
  • Josef Tal, composer[323]
  • Ilia Trilling, synagogue composer[324]
  • Ignatz Waghalter, composer and conductor[325]
  • Bruno Walter, conductor (Jewish father)[326]
  • Franz Waxman, film composer[327]
  • Kurt Weill, composer[328]
  • Indira Weiss, singer and actress[329]
  • Hans Winterberg, composer
  • Stefan Wolpe, composer[330]
  • Alec Empire, member of Atari Teenage Riot[331]
  • Hilde Zadek, soprano[332]
  • Aron Liedtke, music producer[333]

Artists

  • Anni Albers, textile designer[334]
  • Frank Auerbach, painter[335]
  • Eduard Bendemann, painter[24]
  • Martin Bloch, British painter[336]
  • Erwin Blumenfeld, photographer[337]
  • Alfred Eisenstaedt, photographer[338]
  • Benno Elkan, sculptor[339]
  • James Ingo Freed, architect[340]
  • Gisèle Freund, photographer[341]
  • Eva Hesse, materials artist[342]
  • Erich Kahn, painter, expressionist[343]
  • Eugen Kaufmann, architect{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
  • Hugo Lederer (1871–1940) sculptor[344]
  • Ludwig Levy, architect[345]
  • Max Liebermann, painter[346]
  • Wilhelm Löwith, artist[347]
  • Peter Max, pop artist[348]
  • Ludwig Meidner, painter[349]
  • Erich Mendelsohn, architect[350]
  • Fritz Nathan, Architekt
  • Helmut Newton, photographer (Jewish father)[351]
  • Felix Nussbaum, painter[352]
  • Meret Oppenheim, surrealist[353]
  • Erwin Panofsky, art historian[354]
  • Hans Schleger, designer[355]
  • Charlotte Salomon, artist[356]
  • Erich Salomon, news photographer[357]
  • Erna Weill, sculptor[358]
  • Victor Weisz, Vicky, cartoonist[359]

Writers

  • Erich Auerbach, literature critic[360]
  • Berthold Auerbach, author and poet[361]
  • Julius Bab, dramatist and theater critic[362][363]
  • Jurek Becker, writer[364]
  • Maxim Biller, writer[365]
  • Ludwig Börne, satirist[366]
  • Otto Brahm, literary critic[367]
  • Henryk Broder, journalist[368]
  • Walter Benjamin (1892–1940), literary critic and philosopher[369]
  • Emil Carlebach, writer, dissident[370]
  • Joseph Derenbourg, orientalist, father of Hartwig Derenbourg[371]
  • Hilde Domin, poet[372]
  • Lion Feuchtwanger, novelist[373]
  • Hubert Fichte, author (Jewish father)[374]
  • Anne Frank, diarist[375]
  • Karen Gershon (1923–1993), poet [https://web.archive.org/web/20070702175205/http://www.fiveleaves.co.uk/jewish-int.html]
  • Friedrich Gundolf, literary man[376]
  • Glückel of Hameln, 18th-century Yiddish diarist[377]
  • Maximilian Harden, journalist[378]
  • Heinrich Heine, poet[379] (converted to Protestantism for job prospects)
  • Stefan Heym, novelist, politician[380]
  • Wolfgang Hildesheimer[381]
  • Edgar Hilsenrath, novelist[382]
  • Daniel Hoffmann, writer and philologist (German Studies)
  • Barbara Honigmann, writer[383]
  • Heinrich Eduard Jacob, writer and journalist[384]
  • Siegfried Jacobsohn, journalist and theater critic[385]
  • Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter[386]
  • Wladimir Kaminer, short story writer[387]
  • Judith Kerr, children's writer[388]
  • Victor Klemperer, writer[389]
  • Else Lasker-Schüler, writer, poet and artist[390] (converted to Protestantism for job prospects)
  • Claire Loewenfeld, writer and herbalist.[391]
  • Emil Ludwig, writer[392][393]
  • Gila Lustiger, author[394]
  • Erika Mann, writer, actress (Jewish mother)[309]
  • Klaus Mann, writer (Jewish mother)[309]
  • Monika Mann, writer (Jewish mother)[309]
  • Liselotte Marshall, novelist[395]
  • Julius Mosen, born Moses[396]
  • Erich Mühsam, anarchist poet[397]
  • Henning Pawel, children's author, writer[398]
  • Solomon Perel, author[399]
  • Marcel Reich-Ranicki, literary critic[400]
  • H. A. Rey and Margret Rey, creators of Curious George[401]
  • Renate Rubinstein (Jewish father)[402]
  • Nelly Sachs, poet, Nobel Prize (1966)[403]
  • Anna Seghers, novelist[404]
  • Oskar Seidlin, writer[405]
  • Rafael Seligmann, writer[406]
  • Süßkind von Trimberg, medieval writer, minnesinger[407]
  • Kurt Tucholsky, writer (converted to Protestantism)[408]
  • Samuel Ullman, poet[409]
  • Rahel Varnhagen, writer and saloniste (converted to Christianity)[410]
  • Moritz Callmann Wahl[24]
  • Jakob Wassermann, novelist[411]
  • Trude Weiss-Rosmarin[412]
  • Jeanette Wohl[413]
  • Friedrich Wolf, writer, physician[414]
  • Carl Zuckmayer, playwright (Jewish mother)[415]
  • Arnold Zweig, writer[416]
  • Stefan Zweig, novelist, playwright and journalist, best known for his autobiographies

Entrepreneurs

See also Court Jews

  • Alfred Beit, financier[224]
  • Sir Ernest Cassel, banker[417]
  • Maurice de Hirsch, banker[418]
  • Sir Robert Mayer, German-born businessman and philanthropist[419]
  • Marcus Goldman (1821–1904), German-born banker, co-founder of Goldman Sachs
  • Abraham Kuhn[420] and Solomon Loeb, founders of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
  • Henry Lehman (1822–1855), Emanuel Lehman (1827–1907) and Mayer Lehman (1830–1897), German-born bankers, co-founders of former bank Lehman Brothers
  • Joseph Mendelssohn (1770–1848), founder of former bank Mendelssohn & Co.
  • Salomon Oppenheim (1772–1828), founder of bank Sal. Oppenheim
  • Ernest Oppenheimer (1880–1957), diamond and gold mining entrepreneur and financier who controlled De Beers and founded the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa
  • Emil Rathenau (1838–1915), founder of AEG
  • Hugo Reiss
  • Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), founder of British company N M Rothschild & Sons
  • Hermann Tietz (1837–1907), founder of Hertie, a department store
  • Leopold Ullstein (1826–1899), founder of publishing company Ullstein Verlag
  • Moses Marcus Warburg and Gerson Warburg, co-founder of M. M. Warburg & Co., German bank
  • Georg Wertheim (1857–1939), founder of former Wertheim, a department store
  • Stef Wertheimer [https://web.archive.org/web/20050517000508/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1652/is_200403/ai_n5987000] "77-year-old German-born Stef Wertheimer"
  • Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, founder of Harland and Wolff[421]

Sports

  • Alon Abelski, football player
  • Rudi Ball, ice hockey player, right wing, Olympic bronze, world runner-up, bronze[422]
  • Gretel Bergmann, high jumper[423]
  • Hans Berliner, world postal chess champion[424]
  • Barney Dreyfuss, co-founder of the World Series[425]
  • Alfred Flatow, 3x Olympic gymnastics champion (parallel bars, team parallel bars, team horizontal bar), silver (horizontal bar)
  • Gustav Felix Flatow, 2x Olympic gymnastics champion (team parallel bars, team horizontal bar)
  • Gottfried Fuchs, soccer player, (German national team)[426]
  • Ludwig Guttmann, founder of the Paralympics[427]
  • Lilli Henoch, world records (discus, shot put, and 4x100-m relay); shot by the Nazis in Latvia
  • Julius Hirsch, footballer, German champion, killed during the Holocaust
  • Bernhard Horwitz, chess player[424]
  • Herbert Klein, swimmer, Olympic bronze (200-m breaststroke); 3 world records
  • Emanuel Lasker, world chess champion[428]
  • Henry Laskau, racewalker, won 42 national titles; Pan American champion; 4x Maccabiah champion
  • Helene Mayer, foil fencer (Jewish father), Olympic champion[429]
  • Sarah Poewe, swimmer (Jewish mother), Olympic bronze (4x100 medley relay)[430]
  • Ellen Preis (Ellen Müller-Preis) (1912–2007), German-born Austrian Olympic champion foil fencer
  • Daniel Prenn, tennis player, highest world ranking # 6[431]
  • Gil Shohat, football player
  • Anton Shynder, football player
  • Siegbert Tarrasch, chess player[432]

Military

{{main article|German Jewish military personnel of World War I}}

Literature

  • Walter Tetzlaff, ed. "2000 Kurzbiographien bedeutender deutscher Juden des 20. Jahrhunderts" (Lindhorst: Askania, 1982).

See also

  • History of the Jews in Germany
  • List of Austrians
  • List of Austrian Jews
  • List of Czech, Bohemian, Moravian and Slovak Jews
  • List of Germans
  • List of Galician Jews
  • Lists of Jews

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68. ^Whonamedit - Julius Hallervorden
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142. ^Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the son of Jewish parents"
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151. ^Adorno, Theodor [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
152. ^Literary Encyclopedia | Ernst Bloch
153. ^constantinbrunner.info
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155. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/HermannCohen.html Hermann Cohen | Jewish Virtual Library]
156. ^{{cite web|url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/luminary/dessauer-friedrich |title=Friedrich Dessauer |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |accessdate=2006-07-14}}
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301. ^Records International February 2003 Catalogue
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309. ^1 2 3 Thomas Mann Kilchberg pictures photos
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324. ^Musto, John- Bio, Albums, Pictures – Naxos Classical Music
325. ^Musical Pointers
326. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.maurice-abravanel.com/walter.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211063114/http://www.maurice-abravanel.com/walter.html |archivedate=2007-02-11 |df= }}
327. ^He Wrote the Songs | Village Voice {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108041100/http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0650%2Cstein%2C75280%2C20.html |date=2007-01-08 }}
328. ^Peter Dawson- Albums, Pictures – Naxos Classical Music
329. ^Das Dschungelcamp 2014 | Ich bin ein Star – holt mich hier raus - RTL.de
330. ^Project MUSE - On the Music of Stefan Wolpe: Essays and Recollections (review)
331. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1997/112097/music1.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114172007/http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1997/112097/music1.html |archivedate=2007-11-14 |df= }}
332. ^Singing As A Path
333. ^[https://www.facebook.com/AronLiedtke?fref=ts]
334. ^Albers and Moholy-Nagy: from the Bauhaus to the New World | Tate {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102063724/http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/albersmoholy/albersmoholy_tp.pdf |date=2007-01-02 }}
335. ^http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ArtistWorks?cgroupid=999999961&artistid=676&page=1&sole=y&collab=y&attr=y&sort=default&tabview=bio
336. ^ 
337. ^Blumenfeld - beauty and mystery - SFGate
338. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Eisenstaedt.html Alfred Eisenstaedt | Jewish Virtual Library]
339. ^Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born at Dortmund of Jewish parentage"
340. ^James Freed - architect of S.F. new Main Library - SFGate
341. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/freund.htm |title=Gisèle Freund |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=Kuusankoski Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114153813/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/freund.htm |archivedate=November 14, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
342. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/page.do/18790/Jewish_Arts.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018082537/http://www.jewishpress.com/page.do/18790/Jewish_Arts.html |archivedate=2006-10-18 |df= }}
343. ^http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=7814&searchid=11883&tabview=text
344. ^International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126083259/http://www.jewishgen.org/cemetery/e-europe/czechu-z.html |date=2007-01-26 }}: he is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Znojmo, Czech Republic; accessed 18 May 2007
345. ^{{cite web|last1=Singer|first1=Isidore|title=Levy, Ludwig|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9898-levy-ludwig|publisher=Jewish Encyclopaedia|accessdate=31 August 2017}}
346. ^The Jewish Museum - Press Releases {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003142238/http://www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/press.php?id=60 |date=2006-10-03 }}
347. ^http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1911_1912_4_YearReview.pdf
348. ^Metroactive Arts | Peter Max
349. ^The Courtauld Institute of Art : Newsletter Archive {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925022348/http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/newsletter/autumn_2002/sympomeid.html |date=2006-09-25 }}
350. ^Looking for Open2.net? - OpenLearn - Open University
351. ^helmut-newton-dead
352. ^Architecture projects | Studio Daniel Libeskind {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204032013/http://www.daniel-libeskind.com/projects/pro.html?ID=4 |date=2007-02-04 }}
353. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.modernamuseet.se/feature/2004/MO_ManRay/template3.asp?lang%3DEng%26id%3D2447 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624153714/http://www.modernamuseet.se/feature/2004/MO_ManRay/template3.asp?lang=Eng&id=2447 |archivedate=2007-06-24 |df= }}
354. ^PACPubServer.com: The Leading PAC Pub Server Site on the Net
355. ^Title Search {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071003/http://www.lundhumphries.co.uk/pages/single/2219.html |date=2007-09-28 }}
356. ^5. Charlotte Salomon: "Life? or Theater?"
357. ^Charlotte Salomon: Life or Theatre - Art Gallery of Ontario - Absolutearts.com
358. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-22507137.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611135309/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-22507137.html | dead-url=yes | archive-date=2014-06-11 | title=ERNA WEILL, NOTED TEANECK SCULPTOR | work=Bergen Record | date=1996-04-30 | accessdate=4 May 2014 | author=Markowitz, Michael}}
359. ^Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Germany of Hungarian Jewish parents"
360. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/auerb.htm |title=Erich Auerbach |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=Kuusankoski Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210175324/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/auerb.htm |archivedate=10 February 2015 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
361. ^{{cite web|last1=Singer|first1=Isidore|last2=Isaacs|first2=Abram S.|title=AUERBACH, BERTHOLD (BARUCH)|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2112-auerbach-berthold-baruch|website=Jewish Encyclopedia|accessdate=29 November 2016}}
362. ^{{cite web|title=BAB, JULIUS|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_01792.html|website=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=29 November 2016}}
363. ^Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Bab, Julius
364. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uwp.co.uk/book_desc/1456.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214071826/http://www.uwp.co.uk/book_desc/1456.html |archivedate=2007-02-14 |df= }}
365. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.coh.arizona.edu/german/syllabi/05fall/ger376.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905130405/http://www.coh.arizona.edu/german/syllabi/05fall/ger376.pdf |archivedate=2006-09-05 |df= }}
366. ^Jüdisches Museum Berlin {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121153534/http://www.juedisches-museum-berlin.de/site/EN/01-Exhibitions/05-Rafael-Roth-Learning-Center/02-news/01-05-02-news.php |date=2007-01-21 }}
367. ^Otto Brahm (German critic) - Encyclopædia Britannica
368. ^Project MUSE - Review: Speaking Out - Jewish Voices from United Germany
369. ^Home Page {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922080502/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/catalog/data/023112/0231126565.HTM |date=2006-09-22 }}
370. ^William Pomeroy, Right Wing Revises History on V-E Day Anniversary
371. ^Conversion in nineteenth-century France: Unusual or common practice? - Springer
372. ^All About Jewish Theatre - Poet of homecoming whose optimism celebrated the spirit of the new Germany : Hilde Domin (1909-2006) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024054158/http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=1770 |date=2006-10-24 }}
373. ^ 
374. ^{{cite web|url=http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biof1/fich1.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061225052933/http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biof1/fich1.html |archivedate=2006-12-25 |df= }}
375. ^Gale ~ Page Missing ~ Page Error Redirect {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206075027/http://www.gale.com/free_resources/whm/bio/frank_a.htm |date=2007-02-06 }}
376. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/goebbels.html Joseph Goebbels | Jewish Virtual Library]
377. ^Glückel of Hameln
378. ^http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/Discus/2002-12-05CraigOnElon.rtf
379. ^"Heinrich Heine, 'Blackguard' and 'Apostate': A Study of the Earliest Attitude Towards Him" by Sol Liptzin
380. ^ 
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382. ^Bestselling German-Jewish Author Satirizes the Holocaust | Culture | DW.DE | 09.04.2006
383. ^ 
384. ^The Gabriele Killert and Richard Schroetter: Obligation destruction fixes. The forgotten Jewish writer Heinrich Eduard Jacob; in: "new inhabitants of zurich newspaper" (boarding school Expenditure), NR. 78. Zurich, 5./6. April 1997, S. 50.
385. ^Kultur - Goethe-Institut
386. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jhab.htm |title=Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=Kuusankoski Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209223409/http://kirjasto.sci.fi/jhab.htm |archivedate=February 9, 2007 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
387. ^Kultur - Goethe-Institut
388. ^Project MUSE - A Knock at the Door: Reading Judith Kerr's Picture Books in the Context of Her Holocaust Fiction
389. ^The Lesser Evil: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1945–1959
390. ^Project MUSE - "I am Prince Jussuf": Else Lasker-Schüler's Autobiographical Performance
391. ^Pincus, Lily Verloren, gewonnen: Mein Weg von Berlin nach London, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1980
392. ^"Emil Ludwig, Famous Biographer, Calls on Jews to Answer Hitler ‘in Own Terms’", The Sentinel (Chicago), 13 August 1936, p. 36.
393. ^Harry Hansen, "Ludwig, Emil," Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 7, New York: Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc., 1942, p. 231.
394. ^Kulturserver gGmbH - CultureBase - DefaultName
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396. ^biblewiki.be - biblewiki Resources and Information. This website is for sale!{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
397. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20010215002900/http://www.ijpa.org/letter1nov00.htm Ijpa.org]
398. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fbk-thueringen.jetzweb.de/Projekte/Stafette_Buch/Henning_Pawel/henning_pawel.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070928141456/http://www.fbk-thueringen.jetzweb.de/Projekte/Stafette_Buch/Henning_Pawel/henning_pawel.html |archivedate=2007-09-28 |df= }}
399. ^Academic Publications — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024002931/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/details.php?content=1997-02 |date=2007-10-24 }}
400. ^Author of Himself, The ... The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki
401. ^Journey That Saved Curious George Wartime Escape of Margret and H. A. Rey
402. ^[https://www.nias.knaw.nl:10051/en/oudfellows/research_group_1999_2000/summaries_99_00/hans_goedkoop/]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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404. ^Literary Encyclopedia | Anna Seghers
405. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.learningcalendar.com/this_day_in_history/days_template.cfm?history_id%3D57673 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928094230/http://www.learningcalendar.com/this_day_in_history/days_template.cfm?history_id=57673 |archivedate=2007-09-28 |df= }}
406. ^Jews in today's German culture
407. ^CEEOL Derekh Judaica Urbinatensia , Issue 3 /2005
408. ^ {{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
409. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us/sec31det.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214093036/http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us/sec31det.html |archivedate=2007-02-14 |df= }}
410. ^Rahel Varnhagen The Life of a Jewish Woman by Hannah Arendt
411. ^ {{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
412. ^Hymen, E. Paula and Dash Moore, Deborah. (eds) (1997) Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-91934-7}} (pp. 1463–1465)
413. ^[https://archive.today/20071107070219/http://www.judaistik.uni-frankfurt.de/aktuellarchiv/008_aktuell-ss02.html]
414. ^http://www.umass.edu/defa/filmtour/sjprofmamlock.shtml
415. ^[http://www.content-space.de/textpattern/artikel/the-immigration-of-carl-zuckmayer-into-the-usa The immigration of Carl Zuckmayer into the USA [Content-space.de]]
416. ^Arnold Zweig (German writer) - Encyclopædia Britannica
417. ^K. Grunwald, ‘Windsor Cassel: the last court Jew’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 14 (1969), 119–61
418. ^Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "born on 9 December 1831 in Munich ... His grandfather Jacob had established the family as one of the first Jewish families to acquire great wealth and social acceptability in Bavaria ... His mother came from an Orthodox Frankfurt family and ensured that the children were properly instructed in Jewish matters."
419. ^http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1987_7_WestEurope.pdf
420. ^Charles R. Geisst, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tE2RMBKGItgC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=%22Abraham+Kuhn%22+%22Loeb%22&source=bl&ots=P3YaqhOn5J&sig=ax52-z3DDG6NOacNH4rWasenv_c&hl=en&ei=LLqWTOTUNoaSuwP82oSaDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=%22Abraham%20Kuhn%22%20%22Loeb%22&f=false The last partnerships: inside the great Wall Street money dynasties], p. 55
421. ^Culture Northern Ireland {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181245/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?county=14&articleID=1890&cultID=25&townID=0&cultSubID=0&page=0&navID=5 |date=September 30, 2007 }}
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423. ^Gretel Bergmann {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219040800/http://jewishsports.net/PillarAchievementBios/GretelBergmann.htm |date=2006-12-19 }}
424. ^1 Jewish Chess Players
425. ^Levi Strauss & Barney Dreyfuss
426. ^[https://archive.today/20070609173117/http://www.farenet.org/news_article.asp?intNewsID=752]
427. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsports.net/biopages/LudwigPoppaGuttmann.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419084754/http://jewishsports.net/BioPages/LudwigPoppaGuttmann.htm |archivedate=2007-04-19 |df= }}
428. ^Lasker biography
429. ^[https://www.amazon.com/dp/157143092X Foiled: Hitler's Jewish Olympian; The Helene Mayer Story: Milly Mogulof: 9781571430922: Amazon.com: Books]
430. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Poewe.html Sarah Poewe | Jewish Virtual Library]
431. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/olympics.html The Nazi Olympics (August 1936) | Jewish Virtual Library]
432. ^Tarrasch, Englisch
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