| 释义 |
- What it means to be a GNU package
- Base system Notes
- Software development GNU toolchain Other libraries and frameworks Other compilers and interpreters Other developer tools
- User applications Graphical desktop General system administration Database Scientific software Internet Office Multimedia Games Business applications Fonts
- See also
- References
- External links
A number of notable software packages were developed for, or are maintained by, the Free Software Foundation as part of the GNU Project. What it means to be a GNU packageSummarising the situation in 2013, Richard Stallman identified nine aspects which generally apply to being a GNU package,[1] but he noted that exceptions and flexibility are possible when there are good reasons:[2] - The package should say that it is a GNU package.
- It should be distributed via ftp.gnu.org, or another site offering access to everyone.
- The package's homepage should be on the GNU website.
- The developers must pay attention to making their software work well with other GNU packages.
- Documentation should be in Texinfo format, or in a format easily convertible to Texinfo.
- Should use GNU Guile for its extension language, but exceptions are explicitly possible in this regard.
- Should not recommend any non-free program, nor refer the user to any non-free documentation or non-free software.
- Use GNU terminology, including referring to "GNU/Linux systems" in many situations where other observers would just write "Linux", and "free software" rather than "open source".
- The maintainer should be contactable, at least infrequently, to discuss problems in the software or fixing compatibility issues.
Base systemThere is no official "base system" of the GNU operating system. GNU was designed to be a replacement for Unix operating systems of the 1980s and used the POSIX standards as a guide, but either definition would give a much larger "base system". The following list is instead a small set of GNU packages which seem closer to being "core" packages than being in any of the further down sections. Inclusions (such as plotutils) and exclusions (such as the C standard library) are of course debatable. {{Update|section|discuss=Versions are outdated|inaccurate=yes|date=July 2018}}| Name | Description | Provides | Version[3] | | bash | GNU's UNIX compatible shell | bash | {{Latest stable software release/Bash}} |
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| coreutils | base commands | fileutils: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm, etc.
textutils: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, od, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste, etc.
shellutils: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep, etc. | {{Latest stable software release/GNU Core Utilities}} |
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| cpio | archiving program | cpio | {{Latest stable software release/Cpio}} |
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| diffutils | contains utilities to compare files | diff, cmp, diff3, sdiff | 3.2 (September 2, 2011) |
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| findutils | contains search utilities | find, locate, updatedb, xargs | 4.4.2, (June 6, 2009) |
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| finger | user information | n/a | 1.37, (October 28, 1992) |
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| grep | search for strings in files | grep | 2.10, (November 16, 2011) |
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| groff | document processing system (groff) | groff | {{Latest stable software release/Groff}} |
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| GRUB | GRand Unified Bootloader | grub | {{Latest stable software release/GNU GRUB}} |
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| gzip | compression program (gzip) | gzip | {{Latest stable software release/GNU Gzip}} |
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| hurd[4] | microkernel-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel | n/a | 0.7, (October 31, 2015) |
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| inetutils | useful utils for networking | ftp, telnet, rsh, rlogin, tftp | 1.9.4, (June 10, 2015) |
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| linux-libre | kernel that is maintained from modified versions of Linux to remove any software that does not include its source code, has its source code obfuscated, or is released under proprietary licenses | n/a | 4.13.10-gnu, (October 28, 2017)[5] |
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| plotutils | useful utils for plotting to different devices | graph, libplot, libplotter | 2.6, (September 27, 2009) |
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| readline | useful library for reading command lines | readline | {{Latest stable software release/GNU readline}} |
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| screen | a terminal multiplexer | screen | {{Latest stable software release/GNU Screen}} |
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| sysutils[6] | system utilities to manage users, groups, passwords, shells | add-shell, chage, chfn, chgroup, chgrpmem, chpasswd, chsh, chuser, cppw, expiry, gpasswd, grpck, gshadow, hwclock, isosize, last, lastlog, login, lsage, lsgroup, lsuser, mkgroup, mkuser, nologin, passwd, pwck, remove-shell, rmgroup, rmuser, setpwnam, vipw, wall, write | 0.1.6[7] (2009) |
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| tar | archiver able to create and handle file archives in various formats | tar | {{Latest stable software release/GNU Tar}} |
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| texinfo | documentation system for producing online and printed manuals | n/a | {{Latest stable software release/Texinfo}} |
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| time | program to determine the duration of execution of a particular command | time | 1.8, (November 11, 2017[8]) |
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Notes1. ^{{cite mailing list |url=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2013-04/msg00109.html |title=Re: On the subject of Git, Bazaar, and the future of Emacs development |date=April 3, 2013 |mailinglist=emacs-devel |last=Stallman |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Stallman |accessdate=25 August 2014}}
2. ^{{cite mailing list |url=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2013-04/msg00163.html |title=Re: On the subject of Git, Bazaar, and the future of Emacs development |date=April 3, 2013 |mailinglist=emacs-devel |last=Stallman |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Stallman |accessdate=25 August 2014}}
3. ^Stable versions. Note that some distros (e.g., Gentoo) use some development versions in case the stable versions are a bit old.
4. ^Note that because HURD is under active development, there is no stable version. Hurd is distributed through version control systems.
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/|title=Index of /pub/linux-libre/releases|publisher=fsfla.org|accessdate=November 1, 2017}}
6. ^No stable version yet. Current version is alpha and is not suitable for use in production systems.
7. ^subversion repository NEWS file of sysutils retrieved 2013-07-23
8. ^http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/time.git/tree/NEWS?h=v1.8
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2016-02/msg00012.html|title=Release of version 1.5 of complexity|date=29 February 2016|accessdate=2 March 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web |title=GNUnited Nations |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/gnun/ |website=GNU.org |publisher=Free Software Foundation, Inc. |accessdate=19 December 2018}}
11. ^https://www.gnu.org/software/mc/
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/librejs/ |title=GNU LibreJS |publisher=The Free Software Foundation |accessdate=December 8, 2014}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/|title=GNU Software|publisher=GNU.org|accessdate=September 24, 2015}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://taler.net/|title=GNU Taler - Taxable Anonymous Libre Electronic Reserve|accessdate=September 24, 2015}}
15. ^{{cite mailing list |last= Marston |first=Tim |title=GNU Typist 2.9.3 released |publisher=info-gnu |date=2013-06-07 |url=http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2013-06/msg00002.html |accessdate=2013-06-09}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/remotecontrol |title=GNU remotecontrol |date=30 September 2013 |website=directory.fsf.org |publisher=FSF}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://savannah.gnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=8466|title=Foliot is now part of GNU and becomes GNU Foliot|date=27 February 2016|accessdate=2 March 2016|publisher=Savannah}}
18. ^[https://taler.net/]
19. ^[https://news.bitcoin.com/richard-stallman-gnu-unlike-bitcoin/]
20. ^[https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=GNU-Taler-0.0.0]
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/freefont/|title=GNU FreeFont|publisher=GNU.org}}
Software developmentThe software listed below is generally useful to software developers and other computer programmers. GNU toolchain {{main article|GNU toolchain}}- GNU Binutils – contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
- GNU bison – parser generator intended to replace yacc
- GNU build system (autotools) – contains Autoconf, Automake, Autoheader, and Libtool
- GNU Compiler Collection – optimizing compiler for many programming languages, including C, C++, Fortran, Ada, and Java
- GNU Debugger (gdb) – an advanced debugger
- GNU m4 – macro processor
- GNU make – Make program for GNU
Other libraries and frameworks The following libraries and software frameworks are often used in combination with the basic toolchain tools above to build software. (For libraries specifically designed to implement GUI desktops, see Graphical desktop.) - BFD – object file library
- DotGNU – replacement for Microsoft .NET
- GNU C Library (glibc) – POSIX-compliant C library
- GNU Classpath – libraries for Java
- GNU FriBidi – a library that implements Unicode's Bidirectional Algorithm
- GNU ease.js – A Classical Object-Oriented framework for JavaScript
- GNU gettext – internationalization library
- Gnulib – portability library designed for use with the GNU build system
- GNU libmicrohttpd – embeddable HTTP server
- GNU lightning – just-in-time compilation for generating machine language
- GNU oSIP – Session Initiation Protocol library to implement VoIP applications
- GNU Portable Threads (pth) – software threads for POSIX-compatible operating systems
Other compilers and interpretersThe following packages provide compilers and interpreters for programming languages beyond those included in the GNU Compiler Collection. - CLISP – ANSI Common Lisp implementation (compiler, debugger, and interpreter)
- Gawk – GNU awk implementation
- GnuCOBOL – COBOL compiler
- GNU Common Lisp – implementation of Common Lisp
- GNU MDK – a development kit for programming in MIX
- GNU Pascal – Pascal compiler
- GNU Smalltalk – ANSI Smalltalk-98 implementation (interpreter and class library)
- MIT/GNU Scheme – interpreter, compiler and library for the Scheme programming language developed at MIT
- SmartEiffel – GNU Eiffel compiler
- Gforth — GNU Forth compiler
Other developer tools- Data Display Debugger – debugger front-end for several debuggers (ddd)
- GNU arch – distributed revision control system (deprecated in favor of GNU Bazaar)
- GNU AutoGen – active tier-style tool for automated code generation
- GNU Bazaar – distributed revision control system
- GNU cflow – generates C flow graphs
- GNU cppi – indents C preprocessor directives in files to reflect their nesting
- GNU Fontutils – font management utilities
- GNU gperf – perfect hash function generator
- GNU indent – program to indent C and C++ source code
- GNU complexity – measures the complexity of C source code[9]
- GNUnited Nations - programme for the translation of html files.[10]
User applicationsThe software listed below is generally useful to users not specifically engaged in software development. Graphical desktopThe following packages provide GUI desktop environments, window managers, and associated graphics libraries. - GIMP – GNU Image Manipulation Program, a bitmap image editor (similar to Photoshop)
- GTK+ – GIMP Toolkit, containing the GTK+, GDK, and GLib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
- GNOME – GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU desktop platform
- GNUstep – implementation of the Cocoa/OpenStep libraries and development tools for graphical applications
- Window Maker – window manager for the GNUstep environment
General system administration- GNU Accounting Utils – set of utilities providing statistics on users and processes (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
- GNU Ddrescue – data recovery tool
- GNU Emacs – implementation of Emacs editor
- GNU fcrypt – on-the-fly encryption
- GNU Guix – package manager
- GNU libextractor – metadata extraction library and tool
- GNU Midnight Commander[11] – text-based Orthodox file manager & FTP client
- GNU parallel – shell tool for executing jobs in parallel
- GNU Parted – hard drive partitioning program
- GNU Privacy Guard – PGP encryption replacement
- GNU Privacy Assistant, a graphical frontend to GNU Privacy Guard
- GNU Stow – managing the installation of software packages
- pexec – shell tool for executing jobs in parallel
Database- GnowSys – kernel for semantic computing (a distributed agent oriented knowledge base.)
- GNU dbm (GDBM)
- GNU Ferret – Free Entity Relationship and Reverse Engineering Tool, an SQL database designer
Scientific software- GNU Archimedes – TCAD software for semiconductor device simulations
- GNU Astronomy Utilities (Gnuastro) – Programs and libraries for astronomical data manipulation and analysis
- GNU Circuit Analysis Package (Gnucap) – GNU Circuit Analysis Package
- GNU datamash – programming language and command line utility for statistical computing
- GNU Electric – EDA software used to draw schematics and to do integrated circuit layout
- GNU MCSim – simulation and statistical inference tool for algebraic or differential equation systems
- GNU Multi-Precision Library (GMP) – arbitrary precision numerical calculation programming library
- GNU Octave – program for numerical computations, similar to MATLAB
- GNU Scientific Library (GSL) – Numeric analysis library.
- GNU Units – unit conversion
- R – programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics
- PSPP – statistical program, similar to SPSS
- XaoS – fractal zoomer
Internet- Jami (formerly GNU Ring) – a free softphone and videocall software, a drop-in replacement for Skype
- GNU Alexandria – uses GNU Bayonne to provide access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network
- GNU Anubis – outgoing mail processor that sits between the Mail User Agent and the Mail Transport Agent
- GNU FM – federated{{clarify|date=August 2014|reason=is this a technical term?}} music community platform, most commonly associated with Libre.fm
- GNU Mailman – electronic mailing list management
- GNU MediaGoblin – decentralized media sharing
- GNU Artanis – Web Application Framework
- GNU Social – distributed social network that is the continuation of the StatusNet codebase
- Gnu Sovix – PHP-based website revision system
- GNU wget – advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
- GNUnet – decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
- Gnuzilla – version of the Mozilla Application Suite containing free software only (includes GNU IceCat web-browser)
- lsh – implementation of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol version 2
- GNU LibreJS – a browser add-on that detects and blocks non-free and non-trivial JavaScript[12]
- GNU Taler – an anonymous electronic payment system[13][14]
Office- GNU Aspell – spell-checker designed to eventually replace Ispell
- GNU gcal – calculating and printing calendars
- GNU Miscfiles – several data files including standard airport, country, and language codes
- GNU Typist – multi-lingual typing tutor[15]
- Gnumeric – spreadsheet program (Excel compatible)
- Ocrad – optical character recognition
Multimedia- 3DLDF – graphics package for producing three-dimensional technical drawings (especially for inclusion in TeX documents)
- Dia – vector graphics program for creating diagrams
- Gnash – player and browser plugin for the Adobe Flash file format
- GNU LibreDWG – library for reading and writing .dwg files (used in CAD applications)
- GNU LilyPond – music typesetting application
- Gnu Maverik – Virtual Reality microkernel
- Gnu Panorama – 3D framework, ray tracing
Games- GNU Backgammon – backgammon game
- GNUbik – implementation of the Rubik's Cube puzzle
- GNU Chess – chess engine for use with glChess, Xboard or similar
- GNU Go – implementation of the board game Go
- GNU Jump – based on Xjump; also known as SDL Jump
- GNU Kart – racing game
- GNU Robots – game for computer programmers
- Liquid War – war game
Business applications- GNU Health – free health and hospital information system
- GNUmed – medical practice management software
- GnuCash – financial accounting application
- GNU remotecontrol[16] – a web application for managing building automation devices
- GNU Foliot – time keeping application for small organizations[17]
- GNU.FREE, a free voting system, suspended in 2002
- GNU Taler - upcoming decentralized online payment system designed to be taxable and accessible to mainstream currencies.[18][19][20]
- GNUe (GNU Enterprise), an enterprise planning software.
Fonts- GNU FreeFont – a family of scalable outline fonts[21]
- GNU Unifont
See also{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}- Free software movement
- High Priority Free Software Projects
References{{Reflist|30em}}External links- [https://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF Free Software Directory – All GNU Packages]
{{GNU}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Gnu Packages}} 2 : Lists of software|GNU Project software |