| 词条 | American Jewish Committee |
| 释义 |
| name = American Jewish Committee | image = AJC_Logo2 color web.jpg | motto = Global Jewish Advocacy | formation = {{start date and age|1906|11|11}}[1] | headquarters = New York City[2] | type = Human rights, civil rights, pro-Israel, human relations | leader_name = John M. Shapiro | leader_title = President | leader_name2 = David Harris[3] | leader_title2 = Executive Director | leader_name3 = Avital Leibovich[4] | leader_title3 = Director, AJC Israel | mission = To safeguard the welfare and security of Jews; to strengthen the basic principles of democracy and pluralism around the world; and to enhance the quality of Jewish life.[2] | tax_id = 13-5563393[2] | status = 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[2] | employees = 288[2] | employees_year = 2014 | volunteers = 1,856[2] | volunteers_year = 2014 | revenue = $54,782,673[2] | revenue_year = 2014 | expenses = $46,209,859[2] | expenses_year = 2014 | endowment = $79,561,265[2] | subsidiaries = Project Interchange Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council AJC Transatlantic Institute | website = {{URL|http://www.ajc.org}} }}American Jewish Committee (AJC) is a Jewish advocacy group established on November 11, 1906.[1][5] It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations and, according to The New York Times, is "widely regarded as the dean of American Jewish organizations".[6] As of 2009, AJC envisions itself as the "Global Center for Jewish and Israel Advocacy".[16] Besides working in favor of civil liberties for Jews, the organization has a history of fighting against forms of discrimination in the United States and working on behalf of social equality, such as filing a friend-of-the-court brief in the May 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education and participating in other events in the Civil Rights Movement.[7] AboutAJC is an international advocacy organization whose key areas of focus is to promote religious and civil rights for Jews internationally.[5][19] The organization has 22 regional offices in the United States, 10 overseas offices, and 33 international partnerships with Jewish communal institutions around the world.[8] AJC's programs and departments include the Africa Institute, the Asia Pacific Institute, the Belfer Center for American Pluralism, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, Contemporary Jewish Life, Government and International Affairs, the Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Institute for International Interreligious Affairs, Interreligious and Intergroup Relations, the Dorothy and Julius Koppelman Institute for American Jewish-Israeli Relations, the Latino and Latin American Institute, Project Interchange, the Lawrence and Lee Ramer institute for German-Jewish Relations, Russian Affairs, Thanks to Scandinavia, the Transatlantic Institute, and the Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council.[9] History1900–1929On November 11, 1906, 81 Jewish Americans met in the Hotel Savoy in New York City to establish the American Jewish Committee.[1] The group was concerned about pogroms against Jews in the Russian Empire. The official committee statement on the purpose was to "prevent infringement of the civil and religious rights of Jews and to alleviate the consequences of persecution."[10] The organization was led in its early years by lawyer Louis Marshall, banker Jacob H. Schiff, Judge Mayer Sulzberger, scholar Cyrus Adler, and other well-to-do and politically connected Jews. Later leaders were Judge Joseph M. Proskauer,[11] Jacob Blaustein, and Irving M. Engel. In addition to the central office in New York City, local offices were established around the country. AJC did not want the American public to envision American Jewry as a foreign culture transplanted artificially to American shores. The committee saw itself as the natural "steward" of the community and took on the mission of educating the new arrivals in proper Americanism.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015|reason=this paragraph seems very POV and editorialistic, maybe whitewashing some unpleasant attitudes?}} Starting in 1912, Louis B. Marshall was president of the organization until 1929.[12] In 1914, AJC helped create the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, established to aid Jewish victims of World War I. After the war, Marshall went to Europe and used his influence to have provisions guaranteeing the rights of minorities inserted into the peace treaties.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015|reason=for this para. up to here}} While president, Marshall is credited with making the AJC a leading voice in the 1920s against immigration restriction. Additionally, he succeeded in stopping Henry Ford from publishing anti-Semitic literature and distributing it through his car dealerships and forced Ford to apologize publicly.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015|reason=for this para. up to here}} The 1930s and 1940sAJC advocated finding places of refuge for Jewish refugees from Adolf Hitler in the 1930s, but had little success. After World War II broke out in 1939, AJC stressed that the war was for democracy and discouraged emphasis on Hitler's anti-Jewish policies lest a backlash identify it as a "Jewish war" and increase anti-Semitism in the U.S. When the war ended in 1945, it urged a human rights program upon the United Nations and proved vital in enlisting the support that made possible the human rights provisions in the UN Charter.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015|reason=for this whole para.}} The 1950sAJC took the position that prejudice was indivisible, and that the rights of Jews in the United States could be best protected by arguing in favor of the equality of all Americans. AJC supported social science research into the causes of and cures for prejudice, and forged alliances with other ethnic, racial and religious groups.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015|reason=for this para. up to here}} The organization's research was cited in the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that outlawed segregated schools.[13] In 1950 AJC President Jacob Blaustein reached an agreement with Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion stating that the political allegiance of American Jews was solely to their country of residence. By the Six-Day War of 1967 AJC had become a passionate defender of the Jewish state, shedding old inhibitions to espouse the centrality of Jewish peoplehood. The 1960s and 1970sThrough direct dialogue with the Catholic Church, AJC played a leading role in paving the way for a significant upturn in Jewish-Christian relations in the years leading up to the Roman Catholic Church's 1965 document Nostra aetate, and in the ensuing years. Before the Six-Day War in 1967, AJC was officially "non-Zionist". It had long been ambivalent about Zionism as possibly opening up Jews to the charge of dual loyalty, but it supported the creation of Israel in 1947-48, after the United States backed the partition of Palestine. It was the first American Jewish organization to open a permanent office in Israel.[14] In the 1970s AJC spearheaded the fight to pass anti-boycott legislation to counter the Arab League boycott of Israel. In particular, Japan's defection[15] from the boycott was attributed to AJC persuasion. In 1975 AJC became the first Jewish organization to campaign against the UN's "Zionism is Racism" resolution, a campaign that finally succeeded in 1991. AJC played a leading role in breaking Israel's diplomatic isolation at the UN by helping it gain acceptance in WEOG (West Europe and Others), one of the UN's five regional groups. AJC was active in the campaign to gain emigration rights for Jews living in the Soviet Union; in 1964 it was one of the founders of the American Jewish Conference on Soviet Jewry, which in 1971 was superseded by the National Conference on Soviet Jewry. The 1980s and 1990sFounded in 1982, Project Interchange runs seminars in Israel for influential Americans.[16] In December 1987 AJC's Washington representative, David Harris, organized the Freedom Sunday Rally on behalf of Soviet Jewry. Approximately 250,000 people attended the D.C. rally, which demanded that the Soviet government allow Jewish emigration from the USSR.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} In 1990, David Harris become Executive Director. Under his leadership, AJC became increasingly involved in international affairs. Regular meetings with foreign diplomats both in the United States and in their home countries were supplemented each September by what came to be called a “diplomatic marathon,” a series of meetings with high-level representatives of foreign countries who were in New York for the UN General Assembly session. The AJC annual meeting was also moved from New York to Washington, D.C., so that more government officials and foreign diplomats might participate.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} In 1998 AJC established a full-time presence in Germany—the first American Jewish organization to do so—opening an office in Berlin.[17] In 1999 AJC ran an ad campaign in support of the NATO's intervention in Kosovo.[18] The 2000sIn 2000, AJC helped establish the Atlanta Jewish Film Festival in Atlanta, Georgia, the largest Jewish film festival in the world.[19] In 2001 AJC became official partners with the Geneva-based UN Watch.[20] AJC opened in Brussels the AJC Transatlantic Institute in Brussels in 2004, which according to its mission statement works to promote "transatlantic cooperation for global security, Middle East Peace and human rights."[21] That same year, it opened a Russian Affairs Division[22] to identify and train new leaders in American Jewish public advocacy. Other offices were opened in Paris, Rome, Mumbai, and São Paulo. In 2005, as part of its continuing efforts to respond to humanitarian crises, the organization contributed US$2.5 million to relief funds and reconstruction projects for the victims of the South Asian tsunami and Hurricane Katrina in the US.[23] In 2007, Commentary, a magazine published by AJC that focused on political and cultural commentary and analysis of politics and society in the U.S. and the Middle East, separated from AJC and became its own organization. In 2008, AJC stopped publishing the American Jewish Yearbook, a highly detailed annual account of the Jewish life in the U.S., Israel and the world.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} AJC became increasingly involved in the advocacy of energy independence for the U.S. on the grounds that this would reduce dependence on foreign, especially Arab, oil; boost the American economy; and improve the environment. AJC urged Congress and several Presidential administrations to take action toward this goal, and called upon the private sector to be more energy-conscious. It adopted "Green" policies for itself institutionally, and in 2011 earned LEED certification, denoting that its New York headquarters was energy efficient and environmentally sound.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} As part of a new strategic plan adopted in 2009, AJC said it envisioned itself as the "Global Center for Jewish and Israel Advocacy" and the "Central 'Jewish Address' for Intergroup Relations and Human Rights." Its new tagline was "Global Jewish Advocacy."[24] In 2010, AJC renamed their annual conference "Global Forum". The 2010sAJC diplomatic efforts since 2010 include opposition to Iran’s program to attain nuclear capability;[25] a campaign to get the European Union to designate Hezbollah a terrorist organization;[26] preserving the right of Jews to practice circumcision in Germany; and urging the government of Greece to take action against the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party.[27] Along with other agencies such as the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Union for Reform Judaism, the AJC condemned a move in mid-2014 by the U.S. Presbyterian Church to divest from companies that do business with Israel settlements. An AJC statement asserted that the divestment is just one incident of the U.S. church group "demonizing Israel", referring to "one-sided reports and study guides, such as 'Zionism Unsettled'" as proof of anti-Zionist sentiments.[28] In 2016, the AJC and Islamic Society of North America formed the Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council to address rising bigotry against Jews and Muslims in the United States.[29] On 22 February 2019, AJC condemned the Otzma Yehudit party, calling its views "reprehensible." The AJC statement said Otzma Yehudit's views "do not reflect the core values that are the very foundation of the State of Israel."[30] The AJC statement came after the Bayit Yehudi party merged with Otzma Yehudit and the new joint slate appeared likely to win enough votes to earn seats in the next Knesset as well as ministerial roles for some of its members.[31] CriticismAJC response during HolocaustAJC "worked to contain nativist sentiment in America rather than work to open America’s doors to refugees" during the Holocaust. They were criticized for their lack of reaction and silence during the Holocaust; historian and AJC National Director of Jewish Communal Affairs Steven Bayme said AJC leaders never understood the uniqueness of Nazism and its "war against the Jews."[32] ControversyNew anti-semitismA 2007 essay, "Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism" by Professor Alvin H. Rosenfeld,[33] published on the AJC website, criticized Jewish critics of Israel by name, particularly the editors and contributors to "Wrestling With Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" (Grove Press), a 2003 collection of essays edited by Tony Kushner and Alisa Solomon. The essay accused these writers of participating in an "onslaught against Zionism and the Jewish State," which he considered a veiled form of supporting a rise in antisemitism.[34] In an editorial, the Jewish newspaper The Forward called Rosenfeld's essay "a shocking tissue of slander" whose intent was to "turn Jews against liberalism and silence critics." Richard Cohen remarked that the essay "has given license to the most intolerant and narrow-minded of Israel's defenders so that, as the AJC concedes in my case, any veering from orthodoxy is met with censure ... the most powerful of all post-Holocaust condemnations—anti-Semite—is diluted beyond recognition."[35] The essay was also criticized by Rabbi Michael Lerner[36] and in op-eds in The Guardian[37] and The Boston Globe.[38] In a Jerusalem Post op-ed, AJC Executive Director David Harris explained why the organization published Rosenfeld's essay in 2007: Rosenfeld has courageously taken on the threat that arises when a Jewish imprimatur is given to the campaign to challenge Israel's very legitimacy. He has the right to express his views no less than those whom he challenges. It is important to stress that he has not suggested that those about whom he writes are anti-Semitic, though that straw-man argument is being invoked by some as a diversionary tactic. As befits a highly regarded and prolific scholar, he has written a well-documented and thought-provoking essay that deserves to be considered on its merits.[39] Unity pledgeIn October 2011 AJC issued a joint statement with the Anti-Defamation League urging American Jews to support a Joint Unity Pledge stating: "America's friendship with Israel is an emotional, moral and strategic bond that has always transcended politics." It urged that "now is the time to reaffirm that Israel's well-being is best served, as it always has been, by American voices raised together in unshakeable support for our friend and ally."[40] The statement aroused a storm of protest from Jewish opponents of President Obama's re-election, who perceived it as a call to avoid criticizing the president's policies toward Israel. In the pages of The Wall Street Journal, former Under Secretary of Defense Douglas Feith asked: "Since when have American supporters of Israel believed that a candidate's attitudes toward Israel should be kept out of electoral politics? Since never."[41] David Harris responded that the statement was intended to preserve the tradition of bipartisan support for Israel and prevent it from becoming "a dangerous political football." While Harris recognized the right of anyone in the Jewish community to take a partisan position, he stressed the need for "strong advocacy in both parties" at a time of looming international difficulties for the Jewish state.[42] Notable people
See also{{portal|Judaism}}
References1. ^1 2 "Hebrews Form Committee: Its Object to Give Aid Whenever The Necessity Arises". The Baltimore Sun. November 12, 1906. p. 1. 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". American Jewish Committee. Guidestar. December 31, 2014. 3. ^"Leadership {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610010304/http://www.ajc.org/site/c.7oJILSPwFfJSG/b.8466981/k.21B5/Leadership.htm |date=2016-06-10 }}". American Jewish Committee. Accessed on June 10, 2016. 4. ^"Staff {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613154900/http://www.ajc.org/site/c.7oJILSPwFfJSG/b.8467165/k.E79D/AJC_Staff.htm |date=2016-06-13 }}". American Jewish Committee. Accessed on June 10, 2016. 5. ^1 {{cite web|title=The American Jewish Committee|url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Modern_History/1700-1914/America_at_the_Turn_of_the_Century/Organizational_Life/American_Jewish_Committee.shtml|publisher=MyJewishLearning|accessdate=16 November 2013}} 6. ^{{cite news|last=GOLDMAN|first=ARI|title=Jewish Group Faces Reorganization|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/13/us/jewish-group-faces-reorganization.html|accessdate=16 November 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=February 13, 1990}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sdjewishworld.com/2014/05/16/brown-vs-board-celebrated-60-years-later/|publisher=San Diego Jewish World. sdjewishworld.com|title=‘Brown vs. Board’ celebrated 60 years later|date=16 May 2014|accessdate= 21 June 2014}} 8. ^"Where We Work {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209131239/http://www.ajc.org/site/c.7oJILSPwFfJSG/b.8466973/k.9B45/Where_We_Work.htm |date=2017-02-09 }}" (2016). American Jewish Committee. ajc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-24. 9. ^{{cite web|title=INSTITUTES & AFFILIATES - Extending AJC's Reach and Expertise|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/c.7oJILSPwFfJSG/b.8466991/k.64CB/Institutes__Affiliates.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212070737/http://www.ajc.org/site/c.7oJILSPwFfJSG/b.8466991/k.64CB/Institutes__Affiliates.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=12 February 2013|accessdate=7 January 2014}} 10. ^1 {{cite news|title=Jewish Committee Meets|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/11/11/104712077.pdf|accessdate=16 November 2013|newspaper=The NYT}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=Judge Joseph M. Proskauer Dies at 94|url=http://www.jta.org/1971/09/13/archive/judge-joseph-m-proskauer-dies-at-94|accessdate=16 November 2013|newspaper=Jewish Telegraph Agency|date=September 13, 1971}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/11/13/archives/less-antisemitism-found-in-america-president-marshall-tells-america.html?sq=marshall%2520reports%2520on%2520anti-semitism%2C%2520american%2520jewish%2520committee&scp=2&st=cse|title=LESS ANTI-SEMITISM FOUND IN AMERICA; President Marshall Tells American Jewish Committee ThatAgitation is Waning.15,393,815 JEWS IN WORLDCommunist Policy Has Improved Their Condition in Russia-- Election of Officers|date=13 November 1922|work=The New York Times}} 13. ^Brief for the American Jewish Committee et al. as amicus curiae, Barbara Grutter v. Lee Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003). Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 16 November 2013.{{page needed|date=December 2016}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=American Jews and Israel Have Never Been Closer|url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2013/01/25/american-jews-and-israel-have-never-been-closer/|accessdate=16 November 2013|newspaper=The Algemeiner}} 15. ^{{cite news |last=Helm |first=Leslie |title=Japan Asks Arab States to End Boycott of Israel : Trade: Move could boost Tokyo's role as peacemaker in Mideast.|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-12-05/news/mn-1377_1_arab-states |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=20 January 2012|date=5 December 1992}} 16. ^{{cite news|title=Hispanic leaders boost Latino-Jewish ties|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4144947,00.html|accessdate=16 November 2013|newspaper=Ynet|date=2011-11-11}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.jta.org/2009/12/09/news-opinion/world/german-army-american-jewish-committee-expand-ties|title=German army, American Jewish Committee expand ties|last=Oster|first=Marcy|date=December 9, 2009|accessdate=16 November 2013}} 18. ^American Jewish Committee. "AJC Runs Ads Applauding Nato Action In Kosovo; Urges Public To Also Express Appreciation". 15 April 1999. Available online: http://www.charitywire.com/charity11/00477.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718210208/http://www.charitywire.com/charity11/00477.html |date=2008-07-18 }} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.ajff.org/missionhistory|title=Our Mission and History|work=Atlanta Jewish Film Festival|access-date=2017-03-31|language=en}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=UN Watch, AJC Seal Partnership|date=4 January 2001|url=http://www.charitywire.com/charity11/00664.html|accessdate=16 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012010100/http://www.charitywire.com/charity11/00664.html|archive-date=12 October 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Mission Statement|url=http://www.transatlanticinstitute.org/?page_id=163/|work=AJC Transatlantic Institute|accessdate=2013-10-22}} 22. ^Дом - AJC - Russian 23. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20051206005233/http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.835985/k.77CF/Humanitarian_Campaigns.htm Humanitarian Campaigns] 24. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/293263-1 |title=Global Jewish Advocacy - C-SPAN Video Library |publisher=C-spanvideo.org |date=2010-04-30 |accessdate=2012-10-19}} 25. ^{{cite news|title=Iran's nuclear plans must be deterred|url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20111110/COLUMNIST/111109477|accessdate=16 November 2013|newspaper=heraldtribune|date=November 10, 2011}} 26. ^{{cite news|title=Time for EU to call Hezbollah a terrorist group |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/02/06/3220718/time-for-eu-to-call-hezbollah.html|accessdate=16 November 2013}} 27. ^{{cite news|last=Ellis|first=Tom|title=AJC executive director asks for tough measures against Golden Dawn, praises arrests|url=http://ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite3_1_29/09/2013_520762|accessdate=16 November 2013}} 28. ^Gruen, Sarah. "Jewish groups condemn US Presbyterian Church vote to divest from Israel" The Jerusalem Post. June 22, 2014. 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new-york/muslim-jewish-council-forms-amid-spike-hate-crime|title=Muslim-Jewish Council Forms Amid Spike In Hate Crime: Launch of first such national group buttressed by post-election bias incidents against the two groups|first=Steve|last=Lipman|work=The Jewish Week|date=November 16, 2016|accessdate=November 17, 2016}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/major-us-jewish-groups-slam-racist-and-reprehensible-extremist-israeli-party/|title=AIPAC to boycott ‘racist and reprehensible’ Kahanist party wooed by Netanyahu|last=staff|first=T. O. I.|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-23}} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/major-us-jewish-groups-slam-racist-and-reprehensible-extremist-israeli-party/|title=AIPAC to boycott ‘racist and reprehensible’ Kahanist party wooed by Netanyahu|last=staff|first=T. O. I.|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-23}} 32. ^{{cite web|last=Bayme|first=Steven|work=American Jewish Archives|title=American Jewish Leadership Confronts the Holocaust|url=http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/2009_61_02_00_Bayme.pdf|accessdate=16 November 2013}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/PROGRESSIVE_JEWISH_THOUGHT.PDF |title=Progressive Jewish thought |publisher=Ajc.org |accessdate=2012-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312025251/http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/PROGRESSIVE_JEWISH_THOUGHT.PDF |archive-date=2010-03-12 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 34. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/arts/31jews.html | work=The New York Times | first=Patricia | last=Cohen | title=Essay Linking Liberal Jews and Anti-Semitism Sparks a Furor | date=31 January 2007}} 35. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501249.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Richard | last=Cohen | title=Cheapening a Fight Against Hatred | date=6 February 2007}} 36. ^{{cite web|last=Michael |first=Rabbi |url=http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/020207LERNER.shtml |title=There Is No New Anti-Semitism |publisher=BaltimoreChronicle.com |date=2007-02-02 |accessdate=2012-10-19}} 37. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/feb/08/matthewyglesias | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Matthew | last=Yglesias | title=Are we all anti-semites now? | date=8 February 2007}} 38. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/02/07/all_critics_of_israel_arent_anti_semites/ | work=The Boston Globe | first=Stanley I. | last=Kutler | title=All critics of Israel aren't anti-Semites | date=7 February 2007}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1170359796236&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |accessdate=February 3, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/144968 |title=Proposed Unity Pledge Spurs Debate – |publisher=Forward.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-19}} 41. ^{{cite news|last=Feith |first=Douglas J. |title=Israel Should Be a U.S. Campaign Issue|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203687504577005812793260468|accessdate=16 November 2013|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=November 2, 2011}} 42. ^{{cite news|last=Robert Wiener|title=In NJ talk, AJC director defends ‘unity’ pledge|url=http://www.njjewishnews.com/article/7318/in-nj-talk-ajc-director-defends-unity-pledge#.UjneMz9aHRY|accessdate=16 November 2013|newspaper=NJ Jewish News|date=November 18, 2011}} Further reading
External links
7 : American Jewish Committee|Israel–United States relations|United States political action committees|Organizations established in 1906|The Holocaust and the United States|1906 establishments in the United States|Jewish political organizations |
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