“List of Governors of Alabama”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Alabama's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

There have officially been 54 governors of the state of Alabama; this official numbering skips acting and military governors.^[2] The first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the total number of people serving as governor to 59, spread over 63 distinct terms. Four governors have served multiple non-consecutive terms: Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom, and Fob James each served two, and George Wallace served three non-consecutive periods. Officially, these non-consecutive terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity.

The longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served 16 years over four terms. The shortest term for a non-acting governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four and a half months after replacing the resigning Clement Comer Clay. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first woman to serve as governor of Alabama, and the third woman to serve as governor of any state. The current governor is Republican Kay Ivey, who took office on April 10, 2017 following Governor Robert J. Bentley's court-mandated resignation following a guilty plea-deal amidst a corruption scandal. She is the second female governor of Alabama.

Governors

Governor of the Territory of Alabama

Alabama Territory was formed on March 3, 1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one governor appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state; he became the first state governor.

Governor of the Territory of Alabama

Governor

Term in office

Appointed by

William Wyatt Bibb

Records are scarce as to when Bibb was actually appointed. The territory was formed on March 3, 1817, but he was appointed by President James Monroe, who did not take office until the next day. Other resources indicate that other major appointments for the territory were made on March 6, 1817.^[2]|name=date-1817}}
–
November 9, 1819{{efn|name=date-1819}}

James Monroe

Governors of the State of Alabama

Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819. It seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861, and was a founding member of the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861. Following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14, 1868.

The first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years.^[3] This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years.^[4] The current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years,^[5] but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves.^[6] Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once; a governor serving two consecutive terms can run again after waiting out the next term.^[7] The constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governor's term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election.^[6] However, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that a governor's term ends at midnight at the end of Monday, and the next governor's term begins the next day, regardless of if they were sworn in on Monday.^[10]

The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868,^[8] abolished in 1875,^[9] and recreated in 1901.^[10] According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor, and if the office of governor becomes vacant the lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship.^[11] Earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor,^[12] but the official listing includes these as full governors.^[13] The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket.

Alabama was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic-Republican and Democratic parties. It had two Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 112 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

Data is sourced from the Alabama Department of Archives and History, unless supplemental references are required.}}

{{abbr|No.|Number{{efn|Repeat governors are officially numbered only once;^[13] subsequent terms are marked with their original number italicized.

Governor

Term in office

Party

Election

Lt. Governor{{efn|The office of Lieutenant Governor was created in the 1868 constitution,^[8] abolished in the 1875 Constitution,^[9] and recreated in the 1901 Constitution.^[10]{{efn|Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.

William Wyatt Bibb

November 9, 1819}}{{efn|Bibb was inaugurated on November 9, even though Alabama did not formally become a state until December 14.^[13]|name=date-1819}}
–
July 10, 1820{{efn|Sources are evenly split on if Bibb died on July 9 or 10; the Alabama Department of Archives and History says July 10.^[13]}}{{efn|name=date-1820}}
(died in office)

Democratic-
Republican

1819

Office did not exist

Thomas Bibb

July 10, 1820}}{{efn|Multiple sources state that Thomas Bibb did not succeed William Wyatt Bibb until either July 15^[14] or July 25.^[13] It is unknown if this was the formal inauguration, or if a vacancy existed in the office; it is assumed that succession was automatic, as per the constitution, and that Thomas Bibb's term began on July 10.|name=date-1820}}
–
November 9, 1821
(not candidate for election)

Democratic-
Republican

Succeeded from
President of
the Senate

Israel Pickens

{{dts|November 9, 1821}}
–
November 25, 1825
(term limited)

Democratic-
Republican

1821

1823

John Murphy

{{dts|November 25, 1825}}
–
November 25, 1829
(term limited)

Jackson
Democrat

1825

1827

Gabriel Moore

November 25, 1829}}
–
March 3, 1831
(resigned){{efn|Moore resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.^[15]}}

Jackson
Democrat

1829

Samuel B. Moore

March 3, 1831}}
–
November 26, 1831
(lost election)

Democratic

Succeeded from
President of
the Senate

John Gayle

{{dts|November 26, 1831}}
–
November 21, 1835
(term limited)

Democratic

1831

1833

Clement Comer Clay

November 21, 1835}}
–
July 17, 1837{{efn|name=date-1837-07}}
(resigned){{efn|Clay resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.^[16]}}

Democratic

1835

Hugh McVay

July 17, 1837}}{{efn|Sources disagree on the exact date McVay succeeded Clay, with the Alabama Department of Archives and History and National Governors Association mentioning both July 16 and July 17, though July 17 is used more prominently. Further confusing matters, the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress says that Clay's term in the United States Senate began on June 19.^[17]|name=date-1837-07}}
–
November 21, 1837{{efn|name=date-1837-11}}
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

Succeeded from
President of
the Senate

Arthur P. Bagby

{{dts|November 21, 1837}}{{efn|Sources are evenly split on when Bagby succeeded McVay, with some saying November 21, 22, or 30.^[18]^[19] However, contemporary news places the inauguration on November 21.^[20]|name=date-1837-11}}
–
November 22, 1841
(term limited)

Democratic

1837

1839

Benjamin Fitzpatrick

{{dts|November 22, 1841}}
–
December 10, 1845
(term limited)

Democratic

1841

1843

Joshua L. Martin

December 10, 1845}}
–
December 16, 1847
(not candidate for election)

Martin was a Democrat who opposed party leaders and ran as an independent.^[21]}}

1845

Reuben Chapman

December 16, 1847}}
–
December 17, 1849
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

1847

Henry W. Collier

{{dts|December 17, 1849}}
–
December 20, 1853
(term limited)

Democratic

1849

1851

John A. Winston

{{dts|December 20, 1853}}
–
December 1, 1857
(term limited)

Democratic

1853

1855

Andrew B. Moore

{{dts|December 1, 1857}}
–
December 2, 1861
(term limited)

Democratic

1857

1859

John Gill Shorter

December 2, 1861}}
–
December 1, 1863
(lost election)

Democratic

1861

Thomas H. Watts

December 1, 1863}}
–
May 1, 1865
(arrested and removed){{efn|Watts was arrested by Union forces soon after the American Civil War ended; he was released a few weeks later.^[32]^[22]}}

Sources disagree on Watts' party; the Alabama Department of Archives and History says Democratic,^[13] but most others say Whig.^[23]^[24]^[25]}}

1863

—

Vacant

{{dts|May 1, 1865}}
–
June 21, 1865

—

Office vacated
after civil war

Lewis E. Parsons

June 21, 1865}}
–
December 13, 1865
(provisional term ended)

Parsons was appointed and therefore did not run for office under a party; he was a member of the Democratic Party.^[38]}}

Provisional
governor
appointed by
President{{efn|Parsons was appointed provisional governor by the Union occupation.^[26]}}

Robert M. Patton

December 13, 1865}}
–
July 14, 1868{{efn|Some sources say Patton left office on July 24, after Smith was sworn in on July 14;^[40]^[13] it is unknown what would cause this discrepancy.|name=date-1865}}
(not candidate for election)

Patton later switched to the Republican Party, but ran as a Whig.^[40]}}

name=swayne}}

—

Wager Swayne

{{dts>March 2, 1867}}{{efn|The date given for Swayne is the date of the first Reconstruction Act, which placed Alabama into the Third Military District; all references only say "March 1867"^[40] and "when the Reconstruction Acts were passed".^[27]}}
–
January 11, 1868{{efn|In December 1867, President Andrew Johnson ordered the removal of Major General Swayne, and he was replaced on January 11, 1868, by Major General Julius Hayden.^[28]}}
(removed)^[28]

—

Military
occupation{{efn|The United States Congress stripped Patton of most of his authority in March 1867, after which time the state was effectively under the control of Major General Swayne.^[29]|name=swayne}}

William Hugh Smith

{{dts|July 14, 1868}}{{efn|name=date-1865}}
–
November 26, 1870{{efn|name=elect-1870}}
(lost election)

Republican

1868

Andrew J. Applegate
(took office August 13, 1868)
(died August 21, 1870)

Vacant

Robert B. Lindsay

November 26, 1870}}
–
November 17, 1872
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

Lindsay was sworn into office on November 26, 1870, but Smith refused to leave his seat for two weeks, claiming Lindsay was fraudulently elected; he finally left office on December 8, 1870, when a court so ordered.^[30]|name=elect-1870}}

Edward H. Moren

David P. Lewis

November 17, 1872}}
–
November 24, 1874
(lost election)^[31]

Republican

1872

Alexander McKinstry

George S. Houston

{{dts|November 24, 1874}}
–
November 28, 1878
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

1874

Robert F. Ligon

1876

Office did not exist

Rufus W. Cobb

{{dts|November 28, 1878}}
–
December 1, 1882
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

1878

1880

Edward A. O'Neal

{{dts|December 1, 1882}}
–
December 1, 1886
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

1882

1884

Thomas Seay

{{dts|December 1, 1886}}
–
December 1, 1890
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

1886

1888

Thomas G. Jones

{{dts|December 1, 1890}}
–
December 1, 1894
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

1890

1892

William C. Oates

December 1, 1894}}
–
December 1, 1896
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

1894

Joseph F. Johnston

{{dts|December 1, 1896}}
–
December 1, 1900
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

1896

1898

—

William D. Jelks

{{dts>December 1, 1900}}
–
December 26, 1900
(acting)

Democratic

1900{{efn|At the start of Samford's term, he was out of state seeking medical treatment; as president of the senate, Jelks acted as governor in his absence. Samford later died in office, and Jelks succeeded him.^[32]}}

William J. Samford

December 1, 1900}}
–
June 11, 1901
(died in office)

Democratic

William D. Jelks

{{dts|June 11, 1901}}
–
January 14, 1907
(term limited)

Democratic

Succeeded from
President of
the Senate

First term under the 1901 constitution, which lengthened terms to four years.^[5]}}{{efn|Jelks was out of state for medical treatment for nearly a year; as lieutenant governor, Cunningham acted as governor in his absence.^[33]}}

Russell McWhortor Cunningham
(acted as governor
April 25, 1904–March 5, 1905)

B. B. Comer

January 14, 1907}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 16, 1911
(term limited)

Democratic

1906

Henry B. Gray

Emmet O'Neal

January 17, 1911}}{{efn|The constitutional start date for 1911 was January 16. However, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in the case of Oberhaus v. State ex rel. McNamara that, regardless of when the swearing in took place, B. B. Comer's term did not end until the end of Monday, and Emmet O'Neal's term did not begin until the first minute of the next day.^[34] This precedent appears to have quietly continued, as contemporary news coverage of Robert J. Bentley's inauguration noted he would not officially take office until midnight.^[35] Therefore, governors since 1911 that served to the end of their term are noted as leaving office on Monday, and their successor taking office on Tuesday. It is assumed this did not apply ex post facto to terms between when the constitutional date was established in 1901, and the court ruling in 1911.|name=midnight}}
–
January 18, 1915
(term limited)

Democratic

1910

Walter D. Seed Sr.

Charles Henderson

January 19, 1915}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 20, 1919
(term limited)

Democratic

1914

Thomas Kilby

January 21, 1919}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 15, 1923
(term limited)

Democratic

1918

Nathan Lee Miller

William W. Brandon

January 16, 1923}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 17, 1927
(term limited)

Democratic

{{efn>Brandon was out of state for 21 days as a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention; as lieutenant governor, McDowell acted as governor for two days.^[13]}}

Charles S. McDowell
(acted as governor
July 10, 1924–July 11, 1924)

Bibb Graves

January 18, 1927}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 19, 1931
(term limited)

Democratic

1926

William C. Davis

Benjamin M. Miller

January 20, 1931}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 14, 1935
(term limited)

Democratic

1930

Hugh Davis Merrill

Bibb Graves

{{dts|January 15, 1935}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 16, 1939
(term limited)

Democratic

1934

Thomas E. Knight
(died May 17, 1937)

Vacant

Frank M. Dixon

January 17, 1939}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 18, 1943
(term limited)

Democratic

1938

Albert A. Carmichael

Chauncey Sparks

January 19, 1943}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 20, 1947
(term limited)

Democratic

1942

Leven H. Ellis

Jim Folsom

January 21, 1947}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 15, 1951
(term limited)

Democratic

1946

James C. Inzer

Gordon Persons

January 16, 1951}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 17, 1955
(term limited)

Democratic

1950

James Allen

Jim Folsom

January 18, 1955}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 19, 1959
(term limited)

Democratic

1954

William G. Hardwick

John Malcolm Patterson

January 20, 1959}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 14, 1963
(term limited)

Democratic

1958

Albert Boutwell

George Wallace

January 15, 1963}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 16, 1967
(term limited)

Democratic

1962

James Allen

Lurleen Wallace

January 17, 1967}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
May 7, 1968
(died in office)

Democratic

{{efn>Wallace was out of state for 20 days for medical treatment; as lieutenant governor, Brewer became acting governor on July 25, 1967; Wallace returned to the state later that day.^[13]^[36]}}

Albert Brewer
(acted as governor
July 25, 1967)

Albert Brewer

May 7, 1968}}
–
January 18, 1971
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

Succeeded from
Lieutenant
Governor

Vacant

George Wallace

{{dts|January 19, 1971}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 15, 1979
(term limited)

Democratic

{{efn>Wallace was out of state for 52 days for medical treatment following an assassination attempt while campaigning for President of the United States; as lieutenant governor, Beasley acted as governor for 32 days.^[13]}}

Jere Beasley
(acted as governor
June 5, 1972–July 7, 1972)

1974

Fob James

January 16, 1979}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 17, 1983
(not candidate for election)^[37]

Democratic

1978

George McMillan

George Wallace

January 18, 1983}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 19, 1987
(not candidate for election)

Democratic

1982

Bill Baxley

H. Guy Hunt

{{dts|January 20, 1987}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
April 22, 1993
(resigned){{efn|Hunt was forced to resign upon being convicted of illegally using campaign and inaugural funds to pay personal debts; he was later pardoned by the state parole board.^[38]}}

Republican

1986

Jim Folsom Jr.{{efn|name=ltgov-dem|Represented the Democratic Party.}}

1990

Jim Folsom Jr.

April 22, 1993}}
–
January 16, 1995
(lost election)

Democratic

Succeeded from
Lieutenant
Governor

Vacant

Fob James

January 17, 1995}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 18, 1999
(lost election)^[39]

Republican

1994

Don Siegelman{{efn|name=ltgov-dem}}

Don Siegelman

January 19, 1999}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 20, 2003
(lost election)^[39]

Democratic

1998

Steve Windom{{efn|name=ltgov-rep|Represented the Republican Party.}}

Bob Riley

{{dts|January 21, 2003}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
January 17, 2011
(term limited)

Republican

2002

Lucy Baxley{{efn|name=ltgov-dem}}

2006

Jim Folsom Jr.{{efn|name=ltgov-dem}}

Robert J. Bentley

{{dts|January 18, 2011}}{{efn|name=midnight}}
–
April 10, 2017
(resigned){{efn|Bentley resigned from office as part of a plea deal involving campaign violations.^[40]}}

Republican

2010

Kay Ivey

2014

Kay Ivey

{{dts|April 10, 2017}}
–
present{{efn|Ivey's first full term began on January 15, 2019, and will expire on January 16, 2023.}}

Republican

Succeeded from
Lieutenant
Governor

Vacant

2018

Will Ainsworth

See also

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/csg-releases-2013-governor-salaries | title=CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries | publisher=The Council of State Governments | date=June 25, 2013 | accessdate=November 23, 2014 }}
2. ^{{cite book | last=Shearer | first=Benjamin | title=The Uniting States – The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States, Volume 1: Alabama to Kentucky | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdB0wx9WsgEC&pg=PP1&pg=PA41 | publisher=Greenwood Press | location=Westport, Connecticut | page=41 | accessdate=August 2, 2010}}
3. ^1819 Const. art. IV, § 4
4. ^1868 Const. art. V, § 2
5. ^¹AL Const. art. V, § 114
6. ^¹AL Const. art. V, § 116
7. ^AL Const. amendment 282
8. ^¹1868 Const. art. V, § 1
9. ^¹1875 Const. art. V, § 1
10. ^¹AL Const. art. V, § 112
11. ^AL Const. art. V, § 127
12. ^1819 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1861 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1865 Const. art V, § 19; 1868 Const. art. V, § 15; 1875 Const. art. V § 15
13. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govslist.html |title=Alabama Governors |publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History |accessdate=April 10, 2012}}
14. ^{{cite web | url=https://classic.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_alabama/col2-content/main-content-list/title_bibb_thomas.default.html | title=Thomas Bibb | publisher=National Governors Association | accessdate=November 24, 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web | url=https://classic.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_alabama/col2-content/main-content-list/title_moore_gabriel.default.html | title=Gabriel Moore | publisher=National Governors Association | accessdate=November 24, 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web | url=https://classic.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_alabama/col2-content/main-content-list/title_clay_clement.default.html | title=Clement Comer Clay | publisher=National Governors Association | accessdate=November 24, 2018}}
17. ^{{CongBio|C000481|CLAY, Clement Comer|inline=true}}
18. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEgCBAAAQBAJ | title=Alabama Governors: A Political History of the State | first1=Samuel | last1=Webb | first2=Margaret | last2=Armbrester | publisher=University of Alabama Press | page=47 | year=2014 | accessdate=December 2, 2018}}
19. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GQTAAAAYAAJ | page=357 | title=Alabama History | year=1915 | author=Du Bose, Jose Campbell | publisher=B. F. Johnson Publishing Company | accessdate=December 2, 2018}}
20. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/320982339/ | title=Inauguration | work=Voice of Sumter | location=Livingston, Alabama | date=November 28, 1837 | accessdate=December 7, 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://classic.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_alabama/col2-content/main-content-list/title_martin_joshua.default.html | title=Joshua Lanier Martin |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=November 24, 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wattst.html | title=Thomas Hill Watts | publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History | accessdate=December 7, 2018}}
23. ^¹{{cite web | url=https://classic.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_alabama/col2-content/main-content-list/title_watts_thomas.default.html | title=Thomas Hill Watts | publisher=National Governors Association | accessdate=December 7, 2018}}
24. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ySPAwAAQBAJ | pages=440–441 | title=Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800–1860 | author=Thornton, J. Mills | publisher=LSU Press | year=2014 | accessdate=December 8, 2018}}
25. ^{{cite journal | last=Alexander | first=Thomas | date=August 1961 | title=Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860-1877 | journal=The Journal of Southern History | volume=27 | number=3 | pages=305–329 | jstor=2205211}}
26. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://classic.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_alabama/col2-content/main-content-list/title_parsons_lewis.default.html|title=Lewis Eliphalet Parsons |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=November 24, 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_patton.html | title=Robert Miller Patton | publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History | accessdate=October 13, 2008}}
28. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1465 | title=Wager T. Swayne | work=Encyclopedia of Alabama | accessdate=September 21, 2015}}
29. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=https://classic.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_alabama/col2-content/main-content-list/title_patton_robert.default.html |title=Robert Miller Patton |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=November 24, 2018}}
30. ^{{cite book | last=White | first=James Terry | publisher= James T. White & Company | year=1900 | title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography | page=435 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tt4DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA435 | accessdate=January 18, 2008}}
31. ^{{cite web | url=https://classic.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_alabama/col2-content/main-content-list/title_lewis_david.default.html | title=David Peter Lewis | publisher=National Governors Association | accessdate=December 8, 2018}}
32. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_jelksw.html | title=William Dorsey Jelks | publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History | accessdate=December 7, 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_cunnin.html |title=Russell Cunningham | publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History | accessdate=October 13, 2008}}
34. ^¹Oberhaus v. State ex rel. McNamara, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pVotAQAAMAAJ pp. 483–499
35. ^{{cite news | url=http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2011/01/bentley_ready_to_take_office_a.html | title=Robert Bentley ready to take office as next Alabama governor | work=The Birmingham News | date=January 17, 2011 | author=White, David | accessdate=December 10, 2018 | quote=Bentley under state law won't officially be governor until just after the stroke of midnight Tuesday morning.}}
36. ^{{cite book | last=Owen | first=Thomas McAdory | publisher=Alabama Department of Archives & History | year=1979 | title=Alabama Official and Statistical Register | page=17 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrIuAAAAIAAJ&q=brewer&pgis=1#search | accessdate=September 28, 2008}}
37. ^{{cite web | url=https://classic.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_alabama/col2-content/main-content-list/title_james_forrest.default.html | title=Forrest Hood James | publisher=National Governors Association | accessdate=December 8, 2018}}
38. ^{{cite news|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|title=Ex-Gov. Hunt of Alabama Cleared by Pardon Board|work=The New York Times|page=18|date=12 June 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/12/us/ex-gov-hunt-of-alabama-cleared-by-pardon-board.html| accessdate=September 28, 2008}}
39. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3300 | title=Don Siegelman (1999-2003) | publisher=Encyclopedia of Alabama | accessdate=December 8, 2018}}
40. ^{{cite news|last=Blinder|first=Alan|title=Robert Bentley, Alabama Governor, Resigns Amid Scandal|work=The New York Times|date=10 April 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/us/robert-bentley-alabama-governor.html| accessdate=April 10, 2017}}

Governors

Governor of the Territory of Alabama

Governors of the State of Alabama

See also

Notes

References

External links