| 词条 | Nasal infix | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The nasal infix is a reconstructed nasal consonant or syllable {{PIE|*⟨n(é)⟩}} that was inserted (infixed) into the stem or root of a word in the Proto-Indo-European language. It has reflexes in several ancient and modern Indo-European languages. It is one of the affixes that marks the present tense. Proto-Indo-EuropeanIn the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), the nasal infix {{PIE|*⟨n(é)⟩}} is one of several means to form the athematic present tense. It is inserted immediately before the last consonant of the zero-grade root. The infix appeared as {{PIE|*⟨né⟩}} in the forms where a full-grade stem would be expected, and as {{PIE|*⟨n⟩}} in forms where zero-grade would be expected. For example, the PIE root {{PIE|*weik-}} "to win" would yield a nasal-infixed present stem {{PIE|*wi⟨né⟩k- ~ *wi⟨n⟩k-}}.[1][2] These presents are called nasal infix presents or simply nasal presents and are typically active transitive verbs,[3] often with durative aspect.[1] OriginsSince the linguistic ancestor of PIE is not known, there can only be speculations about the origins of the nasal infix. It has been suggested that it arose from a suffix (also related to {{PIE|*-neH-}} and {{PIE|*-neu-}}) which underwent metathesis.[1][4] Other present tense markersBesides the nasal infix, PIE employs a number of affixes to mark the present: {{PIE|*-u-}}, {{PIE|*-neu-}}, {{PIE|*-neH-}}, {{PIE|*-sḱe-}}, {{PIE|*-de-}}, and others. All in all, PIE has at least 18 ways to form the present tense.[5] For many verbs, several of these presents can be reconstructed simultaneously. For example, Scottish Gaelic {{lang|gd|loisg}} "to burn" goes back to {{PIE|*l̥h₂p-sḱé-}}, a {{PIE|sḱe-}}present of the root {{PIE|*leh₂p-}} which is also the source of Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|λάμπειν}} (lámpein) "to shine" via its nasal present {{PIE|*l̥h₂⟨n⟩p-}}.[6] It is not clear why there were so many different types of present forms with no or little discernible differences in meaning. The authors of the Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben proposed that they were derived from a number of prior grammatical aspects with distinct (but lost) meanings.[7] Indo-European languagesThe effects of the nasal infix can be seen in Indo-European languages like Latin, Lithuanian, Ancient Greek, Sanskrit and Slavic languages. In Latin, Ancient Greek and other daughter languages, the {{PIE|*n}} was assimilated to m before labial consonants (b, p), and to ŋ, spelled n in Latin and γ in Ancient Greek, before velar consonants (g, k, qu).[8] Latin {{lang|la|rūpit}} "has broken" / {{lang|la|rumpit}} "breaks", from {{PIE|*rup- / *ru⟨n⟩p-}}, is an example of the first case.[9][10] GreekGreek has some verbs that show a nasal infix in the present as opposed to other forms of the verb:
LatinLatin has a number of verbs with an n in the present stem which is missing in the perfect stem:[11]
Latin loanwordsEnglish and the other Germanic languages show only vestiges of the nasal infix. The only certain remaining example is English stand, with the past tense stood lacking the n.[12] However, it can still be seen in some pairs of Latin loanwords:[13]
Slavic languagesOnly vestiges are left, like Russian лечь (*legti [root "leg"])(to lie down) : лягу (*lęgǫ)(I will lie down), сесть (*sĕsti [root "sĕd"])(to sit down) : сяду (*sędǫ)(I will sit down) (both e:en).[17] ExamplesThis table shows some examples of PIE root aorists (without an infix), their infixed present forms and the reflexes (corresponding forms) in an attested daughter language.
‡It is uncertain whether {{PIE|*sleh₂gʷ-}} had a nasal infix already in PIE, since Greek {{lang|grc|λαμβάνω}} is only attested after Homer. QuenyaIn J. R. R. Tolkien's constructed language Quenya, the nasal infix forms the past tense of verbs ending in any consonant besides -m, -n, or -r. Thus, cen- "to see" has the past tense cen-në, but mat- "to eat" has not *mat-në but the metathesised ma⟨n⟩t-ë.[24] ReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Baldi|1999|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gWY7-DBWPW4C&pg=PA372 p. 372]}} 2. ^{{Harvnb|Rix|2001|p=670}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Fortson|2004|p=88}} 4. ^{{Harvnb|Milizia|2004}} 5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Rix|2001|pp=14–20}} 6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Rix|2001|p=402}} 7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Rix|2001|pp=36–37}} 8. ^1 {{Harvnb|Smyth|1920|loc=§523}} 9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Petschenig|1971|p=435}} 10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Rix|2001|pp=510–511}} 11. ^{{Harvnb|Petschenig|1971|pp=138, 442, 533}} 12. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ringe|2006|pp=78}} 13. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Rix|2001|pp=670, 547–548, 510–511}} 14. ^{{Dictionary.com|confound}} 15. ^{{OEtymD|impact}} 16. ^{{OEtymD|convince}} 17. ^{{Harvnb|Reformatskij|1996}}{{pages needed|date=January 2015}} 18. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Rix|2001|pp=179, 406–407, 566, 316}} 19. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Petschenig|1971|p=227}} 20. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Petschenig|1971|p=298}} 21. ^{{Harvnb|Schäfer|Zimmerman|1990|p=271}} 22. ^Vedabase: yunakti 23. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Fortson|2004|p=250}} 24. ^{{Harvnb|Fauskanger|2003}} Bibliography
2 : Proto-Indo-European language|Infixes |
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