“National Committee of the Republic of Estonia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The National Committee of the Republic of Estonia ({{Lang-et|Eesti Vabariigi Rahvuskomitee}}, EVRK) was a self-styled resistance movement in German-occupied Estonia in March 1944.^[1] By April 1944 a large number of the committee members were arrested by the German security agencies.^[2]

History

The original initiative to form the committee came from the Estonian former pre-plebiscite of 1933 opposition parties and it denied the constitutional authority of Jüri Uluots, the last pre-war Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia. The Committee aimed to establish a provisional government, during the German withdrawal expected as the Red Army had reached the border of Estonia on February 2, 1944.

On 1 August 1944 the "committee" declared itself even the bearer of the supreme power of State (instead of people).

The Committee succeeded in establishing a communication network with the Estonian diplomats in Finland and Sweden.^[3]

In response to this unconstitutional "committee", on 20 April 1944, Jüri Uluots convened the Electoral Committee of the Republic of Estonia (Vabariigi Presidendi Asetäitja Valimiskogu, the institution specified in the Constitution for electing the Acting President of the Republic)^[4], which held a clandestine meeting in Tallinn. The participants included:

The Committee determined that the Soviet-era appointment of Johannes Vares as Prime Minister by Konstantin Päts had been illegal and that Uluots had assumed the President's duties from June 21, 1940 onwards.^[5] On 21 April 1944, Jüri Uluots appointed Alfred Maurer and Otto Tief as deputy prime ministers.^[6] On 18 September 1944, Uluots, suffering from cancer, named Otto Tief the Acting Prime Minister and appointed a Government which consisted of 11 members. Thus some members of the "national committee" became now members of the constitutional government. On 20 September 1944, Uluots departed for Sweden. Tief assumed office in accordance with the constitution and took the opportunity, with the departure of the Germans, to declare the legitimate Estonian government restored. Most of members of this government left from Tallinn on 21 September and Tief on 22 September. As reported by the Royal Institute of International Affairs at the time, the Estonian national government was proclaimed in Estonia and Estonian military units seized the national government buildings in Toompea Castle and ordered the German forces to leave.^[7] The flag of Germany was replaced with the flag of Estonia in the Pikk Hermann tower of Toompea. Tief’s government, however, failed to stay in power as Estonian military units led by Johan Pitka clashed with both Germans and Soviets. On 22 September, the Soviet Leningrad Front took control of Tallinn. Most of the members and officials including Tief were caught, jailed, deported, or executed. Tief managed to survive a decade in Siberia and, after return from deportation, died in 1976. Kaarel Liidak, Minister of Agriculture, died in hiding on 16 January 1945.

After Uluots died on January 9, 1945 in Sweden, August Rei, as the most senior surviving member of the government, assumed the role of acting head of state. Rei was supported by the surviving members of the Tief's government in Sweden. Rei was the last Estonian envoy in Moscow before the Soviet annexation and had managed to escape from Moscow through Riga to Stockholm in June 1940.^[8]

On 12 January 1953, the Estonian Government in Exile was appointed in Oslo, Norway.

References

1. ^{{cite book |title=Estonia: Independence and European Integration |last=Smith |first=David James |authorlink= |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=978-0-415-26728-1 |pages=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lx-UmTnLJv0C&pg=PA36&dq }}
2. ^{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia |last=Miljan |first=Toivo |authorlink= |year=2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location= |isbn=978-0-8108-4904-4 |pages=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKWRct15XfkC&pg=PA21&dq }}
3. ^{{cite book |title=War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956 |last=Laar, |first=Mart |authorlink= |author2=Tiina Ets |author3=Tonu Parming |year=1992 |publisher= |location= |isbn=978-0-929590-08-0 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxfYHYaHsdoC&pg=PA19 }}
4. ^https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Estonian_Republic_(1938) Art. 46.
5. ^L. Mälksoo, Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law, Nordic Journal of International Law, Volume 69, Number 3 / March, 2000
6. ^Chronology {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609224537/http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/pdf/tables/chronology.pdf |date=2007-06-09 }} at the EIHC
7. ^[https://books.google.com/books?ei=cm01R5fMF5SysgP38dmFAg&id=V4siAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Otto+Tief+%22&q=Otto+Tief&pgis=1#search By Royal Institute of International Affairs. Information Dept. Published 1945]
8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=wRbdAwtxVIAC&pg Diplomats Without a Country By James T. McHugh, James S. Pacy; p. 183] {{ISBN|0-313-31878-6}}