| 词条 | National Launch System |
| 释义 |
The National Launch System (or New Launch System) was a study authorized in 1991 by President George H. W. Bush to outline alternatives to the Space Shuttle for access to Earth orbit.{{sfn|Bush|1991}} Shortly thereafter, NASA asked Lockheed Missiles and Space, McDonnell Douglas, and TRW to perform a ten-month study.{{sfn|Flight International|1991|p=12}} A series of launch vehicles was proposed, based around the proposed Space Transportation Main Engine (STME) liquid-fuel rocket engine. The STME was to be a simplified, expendable version of the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME).{{sfn|Lyons|1992|p=19}}{{sfn|Federation of American Scientists |1996}} The NLS-1 was the largest of three proposed vehicles and would have used a modified Space Shuttle external tank for its core stage. The tank would have fed liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen to four STMEs attached to the bottom of the tank. A payload or second stage would have fit atop the core stage, and two detachable Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters would have been mounted on the sides of the core stage as on the Shuttle.{{sfn|Lyons|1992|p=19}} Period illustrations suggest that much larger rockets than NLS-1 were contemplated, using multiples of the NLS-1 core stage.{{sfn|Lyons|1992|loc=Figure 1}}{{sfn|Duffy|Lehner|Pannell|1993|loc=Figure 1}} Program cancellationThe NLS program did not venture beyond the planning stages and did not survive the Presidency of Bill Clinton, which started in January 1993. In 1992, Daniel Goldin was selected to replace Vice Admiral Richard H. Truly as NASA administrator. Goldin championed the motto, "faster, better, cheaper,"{{sfn|Thompson|Davis|2009}} which may not have fit the ambitious NLS vision. A NASA history from 1998 says that reusable single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) rockets and space planes such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-X and the Lockheed Martin X-33 seemed attainable and represented smaller, simpler alternatives to the sprawling Shuttle program.{{sfn|NASA History Division|1998}} The NLS, by contrast, was more of a continuation of the Shuttle legacy. By the beginning of the Clinton administration, the expensive Space Shuttle and planned Space Station Freedom programs had enough momentum to continue, and the SSTO projects showed enough promise to fund. There was no money left for another big program such as the NLS. LegacyIn 1994, the United States Air Force proposed the faster, better, and cheaper Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV), Rocketdyne realized that they would need a powerful, simple engine for the proposed liquid-fueled Common Booster Core (CBC). NLS research on the STME, a simpler SSME, served as a starting point for the greatly simplified RS-68 that (as of 2010) powered the Delta IV EELV rocket.{{sfn|Wood|2002|p=1}} The Delta IV Heavy rocket, composed of three CBCs, has already launched, and plans exist for rockets with as many as seven CBCs.{{sfn|Boeing|2005|p=50}} It could be argued that with its SSME-derived engines and bundled CBC form, the Delta IV Heavy rocket represents an embodiment of the NLS ideal, albeit on a smaller scale.{{fact|date=July 2018}} See also{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
NotesReferences
| author = Boeing | date = c. 2005 | contribution = Delta IV Heavy growth options for space exploration | title = Delta Launch 310 – Delta IV Heavy Demo Media Kit | url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/delta/kits/d310_d4heavy_demo.pdf | accessdate = April 25, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203093321/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/delta/kits/d310_d4heavy_demo.pdf | archive-date= February 3, 2007 | dead-url=yes }}
| last = Bush | first = George H. W. | year = 1991 | title = National Space Launch Strategy NSPD-4, July 10, 1991 | url = http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/nspd4.htm | accessdate = April 25, 2010 }}
External links
2 : Shuttle-derived space launch vehicles|Cancelled space launch vehicles |
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