“National Socialist People's Welfare”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The National Socialist People's Welfare ({{lang-de|Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt}}, NSV) was a social welfare organization during the Third Reich. The NSV was established in 1933 shortly after the Nazi Party took power in Weimar Germany. Its seat was in Berlin. The structure of the NSV was based on the Nazi Party model, with local, county (Kreis) and group administrations.

With 17 million Germans receiving assistance under the auspices of NSV by 1939, the agency "projected a powerful image of caring and support".^[4] The Nazis provided a plethora of social welfare programs under the Nazi concept of Volksgemeinschaft, which promoted the collectivity of a people's community where citizens would sacrifice themselves for the greater good. The NSV operated 8,000 day-nurseries by 1939 and funded holiday homes for mothers, distributed additional food for large families and was involved with a wide variety of other facilities.^[5]

The Nazi social welfare provisions included old age insurance, rent supplements, unemployment and disability benefits, old-age homes and interest-free loans for married couples, along with healthcare insurance, which was not decreed mandatory until 1941.^[6] One of the NSV branches, the Office of Institutional and Special Welfare, was responsible "for travellers' aid at railway stations; relief for ex-convicts; 'support' for re-migrants from abroad; assistance for the physically disabled, hard-of-hearing, deaf, mute, and blind; relief for the elderly, homeless and alcoholics; and the fight against illicit drugs and epidemics".^[7] The Office of Youth Relief, which had 30,000 branch offices by 1941, took the job of supervising "social workers, corrective training, mediation assistance" and dealing with judicial authorities to prevent juvenile delinquency.^[8]

One of the NSV's premier activities was the Winter Relief of the German People, which coordinated an annual drive to collect charity for the poor under the slogan: "None shall starve or freeze". These social welfare programs represented a Hitlerian endeavor to lift the community above the individual while promoting the wellbeing of all bona fide citizens. As Hitler told a reporter in 1934, he was determined to give Germans "the highest possible standard of living".^[9]

During World War II, the NSV took over more and more governmental responsibilities, especially in the fields of child and youth labor. The expenses for the Nazi’s welfare state continued to mount, increasing significantly just before and after the beginning of World War II. In three budgetary years, the funds required by Germany's social welfare programs had more than doubled from 640.4 million Reichmarks in 1938 to 1,395.3 million Reichmarks by 1941.^[10]

In a social engineering effort, the NSV often refused to provide aid to Jews since they did not belong to the German people's community.^[11]

After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the American Military Government issued a special law outlawing the Nazi Party and all of its branches. Known as Law number five, this denazification decree disbanded the NSV, like all organizations linked to the Nazi Party. The social welfare organizations had to be established anew during the postwar reconstruction of both West and East Germany.

See also

References

1. ^Michael Burleigh (2000). The Third Reich: A New History. New York City, New York: Hill and Wang. p. 219. {{ISBN|0-8090-9326-X}}.
2. ^Martina Steber and Bernhard Gotto (2014). Visions of Community in Nazi Germany: Social Engineering and Private Lives. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 2, p. 92.
3. ^Michael Burleigh (2000). The Third Reich: A New History. New York City, New York: Hill and Wang. p. 221.
4. ^Richard J. Evans (2005). The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939. New York City, New York: The Penguin Press. p. 489.
5. ^Richard J. Evans (2005). The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939. New York City, New York: The Penguin Press. p. 489.
6. ^Götz Aly (2007). Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State. New York City, New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 50.
7. ^Martina Steber; Bernhard Gotto (2014). Visions of Community in Nazi Germany: Social Engineering and Private Lives. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 93.
8. ^Martina Steber; Bernhard Gotto (2014). Visions of Community in Nazi Germany: Social Engineering and Private Lives. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94.
9. ^Michael Burleigh (2000). The Third Reich: A New History. New York City, New York: Hill and Wang. p. 247. Interview with Adolf Hitler by Louis P. Lochner, Associated Press correspondent in Berlin.
10. ^Götz Aly (2007). Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State. New York City, New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 163.
11. ^{{cite book|author1=Emanuel Ringelblum|author2=Joseph Kermish|author3=Shmuel Krakowski|title=Polish-Jewish Relations During the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42sz6MifjMEC&pg=PA37|date=1992|location=Evanston, Illinois|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-0963-6|pages=37–38|accessdate=1 March 2011}}