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词条 National symbols of Serbia
释义

  1. Official symbols

  2. Other symbols

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

The national symbols of Serbia are things which are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of Serbia and the Serbian people or Serbian culture. Some are established, official symbols; for example, the Coat of arms of Serbia, which has been codified in heraldry. Other symbols may not have official status, for one reason or another, but are likewise recognised at a national or international level.

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Official symbols

TypeImageSymbol
National flag Flag of Serbia
The national flag of Serbia is a horizontal tricolour of red, blue, and white with the lesser coat of arms placed left of center. The first recorded use of the Serbian tricolour was in 1835.
Coat of arms Coat of arms of Serbia
The national coat of arms of Serbia was adopted in 2004 and is based on the original used during the Kingdom of Serbia (1882-1918).
National anthem {{listen filename = Serbian National Anthem, instrumental.oga title = Bože pravde (Instrumental) description = Serbian National Anthem format = Ogg } Bože pravde
The national anthem of Serbia "Bože pravde" (God of Justice) was first used by the Kingdom of Serbia (1882-1918). It was readopted in 2006 as the official anthem of Serbia.

Other symbols

TypeImageSymbol
National colours The National colours of Serbia are red, blue and white,[1][2][3] the Flag of Serbia being commonly called trobojka (the tricolour).[4] This flag was adopted in 1835.[5]
SymbolThe Serbian cross is based on the tetragramme, a Byzantine symbol, and is believed to have been adopted at least by the 14th century. It consists of a Greek cross, and four firesteels pointing outwards. It is alleged that the firesteels are acronyms for Only Unity Saves the Serbs.
Heraldic symbolThe Serbian eagle, a double-headed white eagle, is depicted on both the coat of arms and flag of Serbia. The heraldic symbol has a long history in Serbian heraldry. The double-headed eagle and the Serbian cross are the main heraldic symbols which represent the national identity of the Serbian people across the centuries.{{sfn|Atlagić|2009|p=180}} It originated from the medieval Nemanjić dynasty.{{sfn|Atlagić|2009|p=180}}
Patron saintSaint Sava is the founder and first Archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church (1219–1233). He is the patron saint of Serbia, and education in the country. He is also a patron saint in Republika Srpska, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Folk costume(s)The most common folk costume of Serbia is that of Šumadija, a region in central Serbia.[6] It includes the national hat, the Šajkača,[7][8] and the traditional leather footwear, opanci.[9] Older villagers still wear their traditional costumes.[6]
Cultural practiceSlava, veneration of the family's patron saint. Inscribed on UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
National animalThe Gray wolf is greatly linked to Balkan and Serbian mythology and cults.[10] It has an important part in Serbian mythology.[11] In the Slavic, old Serbian religion and mythology, the wolf was used as a totem.[12] In the Serbian epic poetry, the wolf is a symbol of fearlessness.[13] Vuk Karadžić, 19th-century Serbian philologist and ethnographer, explained the traditional, apotropaic use of the name Vuk (wolf): a woman who had lost several babies in succession, would name her newborn son Vuk, because it was believed that the witches, who "ate" the babies, were afraid to attack the wolves.[14]
National treeThe oak is a symbol of Serbia, having been part of the historical coat of arms.[15] In the coat of arms, the oak at one side symbolized strength and longevity, while the olive branch at the other symbolized peace and fertility.[15] At troublesome times, when there were no churches, people prayed under oak trees where they would carve a cross, zapis; some of these oaks are over 600 years old and are considered sacred.[16] The oak is used in the Serbian Christmas tradition of Badnjak.
National fruitPlum and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.[17] A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.[17] The fertile region of Šumadija in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and Šljivovica.[18]
National drinkŠljivovica (Plum brandy) is the national drink of Serbia. The name Slivovitz is derived from the Serbian language.[19] Plum and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.[20] A Serbian meal usually starts or ends with plum products.[20] Šljivovica is served as an appertif.[20] A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.[20] Traditionally, Šljivovica (commonly referred to as "rakija") is connected to Serbian culture as a drink used at all important rites of passage (birth, baptism, military service, marriage,[20] death, etc.). It is used in the Serbian Orthodox patron saint celebration, slava.[20] It is used in numerous folk remedies, and is given certain degree of respect above all other alcoholic drinks. The fertile region of Šumadija in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and Šljivovica.[21] Serbia is the largest exporter of slivovitz in the world, and second largest plum producer in the world.[22][23] It has a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO).
National dishesAmong national dishes are ćevapčići, pljeskavica and gibanica (see Serbian cuisine)
National monument(s)Serbia has four cultural monuments inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage: the early medieval capital Stari Ras and the 13th-century monastery Sopoćani; the 12th-century Studenica monastery; the Roman complex of Gamzigrad–Felix Romuliana; and finally the endangered Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (comprising the monasteries of Visoki Dečani, Our Lady of Ljeviš, Gračanica and Patriarchal Monastery of Peć). There are two literary monuments on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme: the 12th-century Miroslav Gospel, and scientist Nikola Tesla's valuable archive.
The Cathedral of Saint Sava is the largest Orthodox church in the world. The church is dedicated to Saint Sava. It is built on the Vračar plateau, on the location where his remains were burned in 1595 by the Ottoman Empire's Sinan Pasha. From its location, it dominates Belgrade's cityscape, and is perhaps the most monumental building in the city.
National artThe Kosovo Maiden, painted by Realist Uroš Predić in 1919, is the central figure in a Serbian epic poem by the same name.
National instrumentThe gusle, the national instrument of Serbia,[24][25] accompanied the Serb bards, called guslari, when they sang epic poetry about medieval Serbia and a better future during the Ottoman period and during war-time.[26]
National poetrySerbian epic poetry is the national poetry, traditionally transmitted orally by the national bards (guslari, "gusle players"). Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787-1864), the father of the study of Serbian folklore and a major reformer of the Serbian language, collected and wrote down epic poems of the Serbs in the early 19th century.[27]
Folk danceSerbian circle dancing, kolo, includes many varieties (see Serbian dances). The most popular is Užičko kolo.[28] Other popular dances include Moravac, Kokonješte, Žikino kolo and Vranjanka.[29]
HandicraftThe Pirot carpet (kilim) is a GI-protected product from southeastern Serbia.
ScriptThe Cyrillic script is an important symbol of Serbian identity.[30] Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic is the only script in official use.[31] Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia, Montenegro and Republika Srpska.[32]
SaluteThe Three-finger salute is commonly used when expressing Serbian Orthodoxy.
Motto Само
слога
Србина
спасава		The phrase "Only Unity Saves the Serbs" ({{lang-sr|Само слога Србина спасава / Samo sloga Srbina spasava}}) is often said to be displayed on the Serbian cross on the Serbian national coat of arms, in the form of four C-shaped firesteels (sr. "ocila"), which form an acronym of the four Cyrillic letters for "S" (written like Latin "C").
Popular musicBalkan Brass.[33]

See also

  • Serbs
  • National identity of Serbia
  • List of World Heritage sites in Serbia

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Orders & Medals Research Society of Great Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0BmAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Orders and Medals Research Society|page=207}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=Chronicles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lMIAQAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Rockford Institute|page=39}}
3. ^{{cite book|author1=Nigel Thomas|author2=Krunoslav Mikulan|title=The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia 1992 - 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7cOQ9Nch2AC&pg=PA58|year=2006|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84176-964-6|page=58}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Vojni muzej Jugoslovenske marodne armije|title=Vesnik|volume=19-20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|quote=Srpska trobojka: crveno-plavo-belo}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Зорица Јанковић|title=Цару на диван: сусрети српских владара и турских султана|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQYWAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher="Београд|quote=ферманом је одређена: црвено-плаво-бела тробојка, са водоравно поређаним бојама.}}
6. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Dragoljub Zamurović|author2=Ilja Slani|author3=Madge Phillips-Tomašević|title=Serbia: life and customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXAMAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=ULUPUDS|page=194}}
7. ^{{cite book | last = Deliso | first = Christopher | year = 2009 | title = Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-313-34436-7|page=97}}
8. ^{{cite book | last1 = Resić | first1 = Sanimir | last2 = Plewa | first2 = Barbara Törnquist | year = 2002 | title = The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe | publisher = Nordic Academic Press | location = Lund, Sweden | isbn = 978-91-89116-38-2 | url = https://books.google.ca/books?id=FS9pAAAAMAAJ | page=48}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Mirjana Prošić-Dvornić|title=Narodna nošnja Šumadije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZwKAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Kulturno-Prosvjetni Sabor Hrvatske|page=62}}
10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sis7AQAAIAAJ|page=257|quote=Вук као митска животиња дубо- ко је везан за балканску и српску митологију и култове. Заправо, то је животиња која је била распрострањена у јужнословенским крајевима и која је представљала сталну опасност како за стоку ...|title=Maske, maskiranje i rituali u Srbiji|isbn=9788675585572|author1=Marjanović|first1=Vesna|year=2005}}
11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=780NAAAAIAAJ|page=221|quote=Тако стоји и еа осталим атрибутима деспота Вука. По- зната је ствар, да и вук (животиња) има зпатну уло- I у у митологији|title=Brankovo kolo za zabavu, pouku i književnost|year=1910}}
12. ^{{cite book|url=|quote=У старој српској ре- лигији и митологији вук је био табуирана и тотемска животиња.}}
13. ^{{Cite document| last=Miklosich| first=Franz| author-link=Franz Miklosich| year=1860| title=Die Bildung der slavischen Personennamen| publisher=Aus der kaiserlich-königlichen Hoff- und Staatdruckerei| place=Vienna| language=German| url=| pages=44–45}}
14. ^{{Cite document| last=Karadžić| first=Vuk Stefanović| author-link=Vuk Stefanović Karadžić| year=1852| script-title=sr:Српски рјечник| publisher=Typis congregationis mechitaristicae| place=Vienna| language=Serbian| url=| page=78}}
15. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Elisabeth Hackspiel-Mikosch|author2=Stefan Haas|title=Civilian uniforms as symbolic communication: sartorial representation, imagination, and consumption in Europe (18th - 21st century)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IzlwL-ihF8C&pg=PA196|year=2006|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|isbn=978-3-515-08858-9|page=196|quote=The oak, symbol of Serbia, symbolized strength, longevity, and the olive branch represented peace and fertility}}
16. ^{{cite book|author1=Andrea Pieroni|author2=Cassandra L. Quave|title=Ethnobotany and Biocultural Diversities in the Balkans: Perspectives on Sustainable Rural Development and Reconciliation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzNpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4939-1492-0|pages=240–}}
17. ^1 {{cite book|author=Stephen Mennell|title=Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue|publisher=Council of Europe|year=2005|isbn=9789287157447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Dz0srxxDFoC|page=383}}
18. ^{{cite book|title=The encyclopedia Americana|author=Grolier Incorporated|publisher=Grolier|year=2000|isbn=9780717201334|page=715}}
19. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Haraksimová |first=Erna |author2=Rita Mokrá |author3=Dagmar Smrčinová |title=slivovica |encyclopedia=Anglicko-slovenský a slovensko-anglický slovník |year=2006 |publisher=Ottovo nakladatelství |location=Praha |isbn=978-80-7360-457-8 |pages=775 }}
20. ^1 2 3 4 5 Mennell 2005, p. 383
21. ^Grolier Incorporated 2000, p. 715
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|title=FAOSTAT|website=faostat.fao.org}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.siepa.gov.rs/attach/FruitIndustryInSerbia.pdf|title=Razvojna agencija Srbije|website=www.siepa.gov.rs}}
24. ^{{cite book|author=Joel Martin Halpern|title=A Serbian village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qblAAAAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Harper & Row|quote=Although the wandering guslari no longer exist, the gusle is considered the national instrument of Serbia, and many village men know how to play it. Almost without exception, all villagers can recite parts of the ballads and children learn them ...}}
25. ^{{cite book|author1=Linda A. Bennett|author2=David Levinson|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Europe (central, western, and southeastern Europe)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUUUAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8161-1811-3|quote=As for the Serbs, the Montenegrin national instrument is the gusle — a single-horsehair wooden instrument stroked with a horsehair bow. The most important function of the instrument is to provide accompaniment for the singing of oral ...}}
26. ^{{cite book|author=Charles Jelavich|title=The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics Since the Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0mWfovlJ9cC&pg=PA107|year=1963|publisher=University of California Press|pages=107–|id=GGKEY:E0AY24KPR0E|quote=Sung by bards to the accompaniment of the gusle, the epics reminded the Serbs of their medieval states and promised them a better future. The clergy, hajduks, craftsmen, and ordinary men sang to the gusle. At home, at church gatherings, ...}}
27. ^{{cite book|title=Book of the Epic|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ORuNC6_4kC&pg=PA489|page=489|quote=This fund of national poetry, transmitted orally by the Serbian guslari or national bards through five centuries of subjection to the Turk, was collected and written down at the beginning of the nineteenth century by|origyear=1916|isbn=9780766159020|last=Guerber|first=H. a}}
28. ^{{cite book|author1=Ursula Hemetek|author2=Adelaida Reyes|author3=Institut für Volksmusikforschung und Ethnomusikologie--Wien|title=Cultural diversity in the urban area: explorations in urban ethnomusicology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US4JAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Institut für Volksmusikforschung und Ethnomusikologie|isbn=978-3-902153-03-6|quote=They played newly composed folk music as well as kolos such as Uzicko kolo, a very popular dance melody from Serbia. The dance, one of the musical ethnic symbols of Serbia; might allude to Serbian ethnicity; otherwise we did not find any ...}}
29. ^{{cite book|author=Savez udruženja folklorista Jugoslavije. Kongres|title=Rad ... Kongresa Saveza folklorista Jugoslavije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iLaAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Savez folklorista Jugoslavie|quote=Za poslednjih dvadesetak godina Moravac je potisnuo svoje prethodnike Kokonjeste, 2ikino kolo i Vranjanku (brzu), naravno, ne potpuno, ali ipak toliko efikasno da je zauzeo mesto pored njih, pa i ispred njih.}}
30. ^{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA414|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|pages=414–}}
31. ^Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (English version {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314172414/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/eng/akta/ustav/ustav_1.asp |date=2011-03-14 }})
32. ^{{cite book|author=Ronelle Alexander|title=Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a Grammar: With Sociolinguistic Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HTdZ5rxJ-cC|date=15 August 2006|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-21193-6|pages=1–2}}
33. ^{{cite book|author=Carol Silverman|title=Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw-Byail0EkC&pg=PA25|date=24 May 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530094-9|pages=25|quote=The brass band has become a Serbian national symbol, and bands such as Boban Markovic are popular on the world music circuit.}}

External links

{{commons category|Symbols of Serbia}}
  • {{cite document|title=Symbols of Statehood|url=http://www.izdavackicentar.ds.org.rs/images/simboli_drzavnosti.pdf}}
{{Europe topic|National symbols of}}{{National symbols of Serbia}}{{Serbia topics}}

3 : National symbols of Serbia|Serbian culture|History of the Serbs
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