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词条 National symbols of the Philippines
释义

  1. Development of the symbols

     Making a national symbol official   Pending and vetoed laws   Filipinos as national symbol 

  2. List of national symbols

     Official  Unofficial  From failed and proposed laws  From various sources 

  3. Notes

  4. References

{{good article}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}{{Culture of the Philippines}}

The national symbols of the Philippines consist of symbols that represent Philippine traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity of the Filipino people.[1] Some of these symbols namely the national flag, the Great Seal, the coat of arms and the national motto are stated in the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, which is also known as Republic Act 8491.[1] In the Constitution of the Philippines, the Filipino language is stated as the national language of the Philippines.[2] Aside from those stated symbols in the Constitution and in Republic Act 8491, there are only six official national symbols of the Philippines enacted through law, namely sampaguita as national flower, narra as national tree, the Philippine eagle as national bird, Philippine pearl as national gem, arnis as national martial art and sport and the Filipino Sign Language as the national sign language. Thus, there is a total of twelve official national symbols passed through Philippine laws.

There are symbols such as the carabao (national animal), mango (national fruit) and anahaw (national leaf) that are widely known as national symbols but have no laws recognizing them as official national symbols.[4] Even Jose Rizal, who is widely considered as a national hero, has not been declared officially as a national hero in any existing Philippine law according to historical experts.[4][6] Although in 2003, Benigno Aquino, Jr. was officially declared by the President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as a national hero by an executive order.[7] A National Artist of the Philippines is a rank or a title given to a Filipino citizen in recognition to the recipient's contributions to Philippine arts and letters and they are not considered as a national symbol that represents traditions and ideals.[3]

Through the years, there were attempts to make those traditional symbols official. One of them is House Bill 3926, a bill proposed on 17 February 2014 by Bohol First District Representative Rene Relampagos of the Philippine House of Representatives that sought to declare, re-declare or recognize a number of national symbols.[4] House Bill 3926 ("Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014"), aimed to encourage nationalism and unity; to guarantee respect, preservation and promotion of national symbols; and to correct the "unofficial" status of the symbols.[4] Among the national symbols listed in the measure are Jose Rizal as the only historical Filipino to be recognized as national hero, adobo as national food and jeepney as national vehicle.[11] It also includes the previous eleven official national symbols.[5] The bill is still pending to become a law and once the bill turned into law, all the symbols stated in the bill would be official national symbols of the Philippines.

Development of the symbols

The Republic Act (RA) 8491, also known as Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, stipulates the code for national flag, anthem, motto, coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines.[1] According to Article XIV Section 6 of the Constitution of the Philippines, the national language of the Philippines is Filipino.[2] Apart from RA 8491 and the Constitution, the Philippines has only six official national symbols enacted either through a proclamation by the executive department or through a Republic Act by the legislative department, namely sampaguita, narra, the Philippine eagle, the Philippine pearl, arnis and the Filipino Sign Language.

In 1934, during the Commonwealth era, Governor-General Frank Murphy declared sampaguita[6] and narra[7] as national flower and national tree, respectively, through Proclamation No. 652. Philippine President Fidel Ramos proclaimed the Philippine eagle as the national bird in 1995 through Proclamation No. 615.[8] Ramos also declared the South Sea Pearl or Philippine Pearl as the national gem in 1996 through Proclamation No. 905.[9] In 2009, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declared arnis as the national sport and martial art through Republic Act 9850.[10] On 30 October 2018, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11106, a law declaring the Filipino Sign Language as the national sign language of the Filipino deaf and the official sign language of the Philippine government involving communications to the deaf.[11][12]

Making a national symbol official

A Philippine national symbol will be considered official once it is declared through a law or a proclamation. National symbols such as the cariñosa, carabao, bangus (milkfish), and anahaw (footstool palm) that are circulating through various sources have no official status and have not established by law.[13][14] According to Nestor Castro, a Filipino cultural anthropologist, most of these unofficial symbols were passed on as tradition in schools every start of the school year when students were asked to buy posters containing the supposed national symbols.[13] While official national symbols are declared through law, Castro and National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza considered[13] that the public must be consulted first before declaration of national symbol.[13]

Pending and vetoed laws

Throughout the history of legislation in the Philippines, attempts were made to expand the list of official national symbols. In February 2013, the Philippine Senate passed a bill declaring waling-waling (Vanda sanderiana) as the national flower alongside Sampaguita.[15] A similar bill in the House of Representatives[16] had already been passed in 2012.[17] Normally, the bill would become law after being signed by the President.[30] However, it was vetoed by President Benigno Aquino III.[18] The veto did not grant the waling-waling as the second national flower due to the confusion that it would create.[32]

A year later, on 17 February 2014, Representative Rene Relampagos, a congressman from the First District of Bohol, introduced a legislation in the Philippine House of Representatives that sought to declare, re-declare or recognize a number of national symbols.[4] House Bill 3926 or the "Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014" aimed to encourage nationalism and unity; to guarantee respect, preservation and promotion of national symbols; and to correct the "unofficial" status of the symbols.[4] It listed 26 symbols including the previous eleven official national symbols.[4][5]

In February 2016, the House of Representatives approved on final reading of House Bill 6366, which declared the ancient boat balangay as the national boat of the Philippines.[37][19] The legislation is unresolved as Senate concurrence and a presidential signature is pending.[20]

Filipinos as national symbol

{{Main article|National hero of the Philippines}}

According to the NHCP Section Chief Teodoro Atienza,[13] and Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo,[14] there is no Filipino historical figure officially declared national hero through law or executive order.[21][22] Although, there were laws and proclamations honoring Filipino heroes. In the Rizal Law principally sponsored by Claro M. Recto and enacted in 1956, Jose Rizal is mentioned as a national hero in the "whereas" clause of the law.[23] Although, "whereas" clauses function as a preamble or introduction and it is not part of the provisions.[24] On 15 November 1995, the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee, created through Executive Order No. 5 by former President Fidel Ramos, recommended nine Filipino historical figures to be National Heroes: Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario Mabini, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat, Juan Luna, Melchora Aquino, and Gabriela Silang.[22] No action has been taken for these recommended National Heroes[22] until it was revisited in one of the proceedings of the 14th Congress in 2009.[48]

On 3 August 2009, shortly after the death of former President Corazon Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino, Jr., legislative measures have been filed calling for her official recognition as a national hero.[25][26] Congresswoman Liwayway Vinzons-Chato filed a house resolution declaring Corazon Aquino a national hero.[27] Although, a week after she filed the resolution, she realized that there is no Filipino historical figure declared through law. On 10 August 2009, she cited on her privilege speech in Congress the nine Filipino heroes recommended by National Heroes Committee in 1995. She then urge Congress to sign the resolutions declaring the nine Filipinos recommended by the National Heroes Committee plus Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Corazon Aquino as national heroes.[28] Congressman Salvador Escudero interpellated Vinzons-Chato's speech and stated that heroes are made in the hearts and minds of people and not through legislation.[28] After the interpellation, it was moved by House of Representatives to refer the privilege speech of Vinzons-Chato to the Committee of Basic Education and Culture.[28]

In 2013, Bayan Muna Congressmen Neri Colmenares and Carlos Isagani Zarate filed House Bill 3431 aiming to declare Andres Bonifacio as National Hero due to his actual participation in the Philippine Revolution against Spain.[29][30] Another measure filed by Congressman Rene Relampagos from Bohol in February 2014 sought to declare Jose Rizal as the sole Filipino national hero. According to the bill, he was a nationalist and well known for his Philippine reforms advocacy during the Spanish colonial era.[4]

Filipinos awarded with the rank or title National Artist of the Philippines are not considered to be national symbols because the title is given in recognition to the recipient's contributions to Philippine arts and letters and not as a symbol that represents traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity.[3]

Despite declaration from historical experts that there is no historical person declared as a national hero, in 2003, an executive order by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo officially declared Beningno Aquino Jr. as one of the national heroes according to a news report by The Philippine Star.[7] The recognition of Rizal and Bonifactio as national heroes is considered implied due to laws declaring their heroism according to NHCP.[22][30][31]

List of national symbols

Official

Here are the list of national symbols totaling to twelve and excluding national heroes that were enacted through Philippine law.

TypeSymbolImageAdoptedLegal basis
Declared through Republic Act No. 8491 and the Philippine Constitution
Coat of arms
Coat of arms of the Philippines
 3 July 1946
(Reaffirmed 12 February 1998)		 Reaffirmed by Republic Act No. 8491{{ref label>id1|Note 1|1}}
Great Seal
Great Seal of the Philippines
 12 February 1998 Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter V
National anthem
Lupang Hinirang
{{listen>filename=Lupang Hinirang instrumental.ogg|title=Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land)|Sample}} Music : 12 June 1898
Lyrics : 26 May 1958
(Reaffirmed 12 February 1998)		 Music : Proclamation of President Emilio Aguinaldo
Lyrics : Department of Education Administrative Order
Reaffirmed by Republic Act No. 8491
National flag
Flag of the Philippines
 12 June 1898
(Reaffirmed 12 February 1998)		 Proclamation of President Emilio Aguinaldo
Reaffirmed by Republic Act No. 8491
National language
Filipino
 {{NA}} 11 February 1987 Article XIV, Sec. 6 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
National motto
National motto of the Philippines
"Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa"
("For God, People, Nature, and Country")
 12 February 1998 Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter III, Section 40
Declared through executive orders and other Republic Acts
National bird
Philippine eagle
(Pithecophaga jefferyi)
 4 July 1995[32] Proclamation No. 615
National flower
Sampaguita
(Jasminum sambac)
 1 February 1934[32][33] Executive Proclamation No. 652, issued by Governor General Frank Murphy
National gem
Philippine pearl
(Pinctada maxima)
 15 October 1996[9] Proclamation No. 905
National sign language
Filipino Sign Language
 {{NA}} 30 October 2018 Republic Act No. 11106
National sport and martial art
Arnis (Eskrima/Kali)
 11 December 2009[34] Republic Act No. 9850
National tree
Narra
(Pterocarpus indicus)
 1 February 1934[33] Executive Proclamation No. 652

Unofficial

Here are the lists of national symbols that have no official status.

From failed and proposed laws

  • The following individuals were recommended by the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee as national heroes:
    • Emilio Aguinaldo
    • Melchora Aquino
    • Andrés Bonifacio
    • Marcelo H. del Pilar
    • Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
    • Juan Luna
    • Apolinario Mabini
    • José Rizal
    • Gabriela Silang
    • The review by the Technical Committee of National Heroes was revisited during the 14th Congress at the House of Representatives.[27] In a resolution, a congresswoman added the following two historical figures to the nine heroes declared by the National Heroes Committee, making the total to eleven national heroes. This was referred to a Congressional Committee and remains unresolved.
    • Rizal and Bonifacio are considered implied national heroes according to NHCP.[22]
  • In August 2009, a bill called for official recognition of Corazon Aquino's as a national hero.[25][26] In 2003, Benigno Aquino Jr., was already officially declared as one of the national heroes by then President Gloria Arroyo through an executive order according to the news report by The Philippine Star.[35]
  • Waling-waling as national flower; passed by Congress in 2013 but was vetoed by the President Benigno Aquino III.[16][36]
  • As per House Bill 3926 by Congressman Rene Relampagos, the following are proposed national symbols (excluding the 11 official national symbols).[4]
    • Adobo as national food
    • Anahaw as national leaf
    • Bakya as national slippers
    • Bangus as national fish
    • Barong and Baro't saya as national costume
    • "Bayan Ko" as national song
    • Carabao as national animal
    • Cariñosa as national dance
    • Jeepney as national vehicle
    • Jose Rizal as national hero
    • Malacañang Palace as national seat of government
    • Mango as national fruit
    • Manila as national capital
    • Nipa hut (bahay kubo) as national house
    • Philippine peso as national currency
  • The House of Representatives has approved on third and final reading of House Bill 6366 declaring the Balangay as the national boat.[37]

From various sources

  • Juan de la Cruz - as national personification[38][39][40] (symbolizing the Filipino people)
  • Lechon[41][42] and sinigang[43][44] as national food
  • Sipa as national sport[45]
  • Tinikling as national dance[46][47]

Notes

  1. {{note label|id1||1}} The description of the Philippines' coat of arms can be found under section 14 of Executive Order No. 292 (Book I/Chapter 4), which is also known as the Administrative Code of 1987.&91;48&93;

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |title=Republic Act No. 8491 of the Philippines |access-date=11 September 2018 |website=Official Gazette of the Philippine Government|publisher=Philippine government}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|title=THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE XIV|url=http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=Government of the Republic of the Philippines|accessdate=26 March 2016}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|title=Briefer on the Order of National Artists|url=http://www.gov.ph/the-order-of-national-artists/|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=Government of the Republic of the Philippines|accessdate=20 February 2013}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=House Bill No. 3926 - Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014|url=http://congress.gov.ph/download/basic_16/HB03926.pdf|work=Philippine House of Representatives|publisher=Government of the Republic of the Philippines|accessdate=1 April 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702062005/http://congress.gov.ph/download/basic_16/HB03926.pdf|archivedate=2 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Bacani|first=Louis|date=28 February 2014|title=House bill officially declares adobo as national food|url=http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/02/28/1295540/house-bill-officially-declares-adobo-national-food|newspaper=The Philippine Star |location=Philippines|publisher=Philstar Daily Inc.|accessdate=1 April 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-sampaguita.php|title=Philippine Fast Facts, National Flower: Sampaguita|accessdate=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915034956/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-sampaguita.php|archive-date=15 September 2008|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-narra.php|title=Philippine Fast Facts, National Tree: Narra|accessdate=10 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915034946/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-narra.php|archive-date=15 September 2008|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-phil-eagle.php|title=Philippine Fast Facts, National Bird: Philippine Eagle|accessdate=10 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915034951/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-phil-eagle.php|archive-date=15 September 2008|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-pearl.php|title=Philippine Fast Facts, National Gem: Philippine Pearl|access-date=20 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820011316/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-pearl.php|archive-date=20 August 2010|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}
10. ^{{cite web|first=George|last=Lizares|url=http://sports.inquirer.net/sportsevents/sportsevents/view/20091220-243044/Arnis-now-a-national-sport|title=Arnis now a national sport|access-date=13 January 2010|date=20 December 2009|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|website=inquirer.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909224359/http://sports.inquirer.net/sportsevents/sportsevents/view/20091220-243044/Arnis-now-a-national-sport|archive-date=9 September 2015}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf|title=Filipino Sign Language declared as nat’l sign language of Filipino deaf|last=Kabiling|first=Genalyn|date=13 November 2018|website=Manila Bulletin|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=18 January 2019}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2018/10/30/republic-act-no-11106/|title=Republic Act No. 11106 {{!}} GOVPH|last=|first=|date=12 November 2018|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=Government of the Republic of the Philippines|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=18 January 2019}}
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news|title='Rizal is not our official national hero' and other facts about PHL's national symbols|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/256043/lifestyle/artandculture/rizal-is-not-our-official-national-hero-and-other-facts-about-phl-s-national-symbols|accessdate=20 February 2013|newspaper=GMA News|date=24 April 2012|first=Ralph Angelo|last=Ty}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20090303-192135/What-is-Philippine-or-national |title=Looking Back: What is 'Philippine' or 'national'?|accessdate=10 March 2009|first=Ambeth|last=Ocampo|authorlink=Ambeth Ocampo|date=3 March 2009|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215205542/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20090303-192135/What-is-Philippine-or-national|archive-date=15 February 2012}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=Senate passes bill declaring Waling-waling nat’l flower alongside Sampaguita|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/352497/senate-passes-bill-declaring-waling-waling-national-flower|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=4 February 2013}}
16. ^1 {{cite news|title=Waling-waling soon a national flower|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/01/30/902646/waling-waling-soon-national-flower|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=Philippine Star|date=30 January 2013|author=Christina Mendez}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=From the BIS Online Query of the Philippine Congress|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/legis/search/hist_show.php?congress=15&save=1&journal=&switch=0&bill_no=HB05655|publisher=Philippine Congress|accessdate=5 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518051217/http://www.congress.gov.ph/legis/search/hist_show.php?congress=15&save=1&journal=&switch=0&bill_no=HB05655|archivedate=18 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}
18. ^{{cite news|last=Calonzo|first=Andreo|date=4 June 2013|title=For PNoy, 66 bills not good enough to become laws|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/311322/news/specialreports/for-pnoy-66-bills-not-good-enough-to-become-laws|newspaper=GMA News|location=Philippines|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=1 April 2014}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/bill-pushes-declaration-of-national-symbols/|title=Bill pushes declaration of National Symbols|last1=Rosario|first1=Ben|first2=Ellson|last2=Quismorio|date=1 March 2014|access-date=4 February 2016|newspaper=Manila Bulletin}}
20. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov.ph/about/legpro.asp|title=Legislative Process|website=Official Website of the Senate of the Philippines|publisher=Philippine government}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-phil-fast-facts.php|title=Philippine Fast Facts|accessdate=3 March 2009|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|website=gov.ph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206161803/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-phil-fast-facts.php|archive-date=6 December 2008}}
22. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-nationalhero.php|title=Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures|accessdate=10 March 2009|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418115757/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-nationalhero.php|archive-date=18 April 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Republic Act No. 1425|url=http://www.gov.ph/1956/06/12/republic-act-no-1425/|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=Government of the Republic of the Philippines|accessdate=20 February 2013}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=The "whereas" clause|url=https://www.translegal.com/drafter/whereas|publisher=TransLegal|date=23 November 2009|accessdate=26 March 2016}}
25. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090805-218800/Declare-Cory-Aquino-a-national-hero|title=2 Lawmakers urge: 'Declare Cory Aquino a national hero'|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|work=INQUIRER.net|last1=Avendaño|first1=Christine|last2=Salaverria|first2=Leila|date=5 August 2009|accessdate=9 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214111354/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090805-218800/Declare-Cory-Aquino-a-national-hero|archive-date=14 December 2014}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20090806-219009/Bids-to-make-Cory-national-hero-gain-support|title=Bids to make Aquino a hero gain support|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|work=INQUIRER.net|last1=Ager|first1=Maila|last2=Dalangin-Fernandez|first2=Lira|date=6 August 2009|access-date=9 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214111211/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20090806-219009/Bids-to-make-Cory-national-hero-gain-support|archive-date=14 December 2014}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite web|format=PDF|title=Congressional Record: Plenary Proceedings of the 14th Congress, Third Regular Session|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/congrec/14th/3rd/3RS-04-080309.pdf|publisher=Philippine House of Representatives|accessdate=21 February 2013|date=3 August 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518051125/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/congrec/14th/3rd/3RS-04-080309.pdf|archivedate=18 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}
28. ^1 2 {{cite web|format=PDF|title=Congressional Record: Plenary Proceedings of the 14th Congress, Third Regular Session|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/congrec/14th/3rd/3RS-05-081009.pdf|publisher=Philippine House of Representatives|accessdate=21 February 2013|date=10 August 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518044844/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/congrec/14th/3rd/3RS-05-081009.pdf|archivedate=18 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}
29. ^{{cite web|format=PDF|title=House Bill No. 3431 - AN ACT DECLARING ANDRES BONIFACIO AS NATIONAL HERO|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/basic_16/HB03431.pdf|publisher=Philippine House of Representatives|accessdate=10 May 2016|date=26 November 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213210934/http://congress.gov.ph/download/basic_16/HB03431.pdf|archivedate=13 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}
30. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/44897-solons-bonifacio-national-hero|title=Solons: Make Bonifacio our official national hero|last=Geronimo|first=Jee|date=29 November 2013|accessdate=10 May 2016|newspaper=Rappler}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/the-making-of-a-philippine-national-hero/213977/|title=The making of a Philippine national hero|newspaper=The Manila Times|last=Manto-Beltran|first=Lea|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=10 May 2016}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.ph/1995/07/04/proclamation-no-615-s-1995/|title=Proclamation No. 615, s. 1995|work=Philippine government|date=4 July 1995|access-date=4 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022215/http://www.gov.ph/1995/07/04/proclamation-no-615-s-1995|archivedate=13 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}
33. ^1 {{cite web|last=Pangilinan Jr.|first=Leon|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/|date=3 October 2014|title=In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols|work=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|access-date=29 March 2016}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/181104/sports/palace-declares-arnis-as-national-martial-art-and-sport|accessdate=27 September 2011|title=Palace declares arnis as national martial art and sport|date=8 January 2010|work=GMA News}}
35. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/229549/ninoy-officially-national-hero|title=Ninoy officially a national hero|publisher=The Philippine Star|work=philstar.com|last=Villanueva|first=Marichu|date=8 November 2003|accessdate=17 September 2015}}
36. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Veto Message of President Aquino on House Bill No. 5655|url=http://www.gov.ph/2013/03/26/veto-message-of-president-aquino-on-house-bill-no-5655/|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=Government of the Republic of the Philippines|accessdate=10 May 2016|date=26 March 2013}}
37. ^1 {{cite web|title='Balangay' to be declared national boat|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/03/1549211/balangay-be-declared-national-boat|website=philstar.com|access-date=4 February 2016|last=Romero|first=Paolo|date=3 February 2016}}
38. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/supreme/796471/juan-direction|title=Juan direction|last=Dela Paz|first=Gino|date=14 April 2012|newspaper=The Philippine Star|access-date=23 March 2016}}
39. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/look-back-exceptional-manila-times-editors/133515/|title=A look back at some of the exceptional Manila Times editors|last=Maniebo|first=Eana|date=11 October 2014|newspaper=The Manila Times|access-date=23 March 2016}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thesummitexpress.com/2013/02/juan-dela-cruz-pilot-episode-earns-good.html|title='Juan dela Cruz' pilot episode earns good reviews on Twitter|date=4 February 2013|access-date=23 March 2016|website=thesummitexpress.com}}
41. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/18/travel/my-national-dish-cnnfood/|title=#CNNFood challenge: What's your country's national dish?|date=18 September 2015|access-date=16 March 2016|newspaper=CNN}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailymeal.com/news/travel/philippines-declared-guinness-world-record-holder-largest-serving-lechon/110915|title=The Philippines Declared the Guinness World Record Holder for the Largest Serving of Lechon|website=thedailymeal.com|date=9 November 2015|access-date=23 March 2016}}
43. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346029/newstv/investigativedocumentaries/mga-pambansang-sagisag-muling-pag-aralan-sa-investigative-documentaries|title=Mga pambansang sagisag, muling pag-aralan sa 'Investigative Documentaries'|language=Tagalog|date=29 January 2014|access-date=23 March 2016|newspaper=GMA News Online}}
44. ^{{cite news|url=http://bandera.inquirer.net/89/ano-ang-dapat-na-pambansang-ulam|title=Ano ang dapat na pambansang ulam?|language=Tagalog|date=19 January 2009|newspaper=Bandera|access-date=23 March 2016}}
45. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/sea-games-philippines-sepak-takraw-bets-proud-to-carry-on-sipa-tradition-aiming-high-in-singapore|title=SEA Games: Philippines' sepak takraw bets proud to carry on 'sipa' tradition, aiming high in Singapore|last=Joble|first=Rey|newspaper=InterAksyon|date=5 June 2015|access-date=23 March 2016}}
46. ^{{cite book|last=Villaruz|first=Basilio Esteban S.|title=Treading Through: 45 Years of Philippine Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA158|accessdate=26 March 2016|year=2006|publisher=University of the Philippines Press|isbn=978-971-542-509-4|page=158}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.likha.org/p/tinikling.html|title=Philippine National dance - Tinikling|website=likha.org|access-date=23 March 2016}}
48. ^{{cite web|title=Executive Order No. 292 [BOOK I/Chapter 4-National Symbols and Official Languages]|url=http://www.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-4-national-symbols-and-official-languages/|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=Government of the Republic of the Philippines|accessdate=10 May 2016|date=25 July 1987}}
{{Asia topic|National symbols of}}{{Symbols of the Philippines}}{{Philippines topics}}

2 : National symbols of the Philippines|Philippine culture
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