| 词条 | National Transmission System | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The United Kingdom's National Transmission System (NTS) is the network of gas pipelines that supply gas to about forty power stations and large industrial users from natural gas terminals situated on the coast and to gas distribution companies that supply commercial and domestic users. HistoryOriginsThe National Transmission System (NTS) originated in the construction during 1962-3 of the 200 mile (320 km) long high-pressure methane pipeline from Canvey Island to Leeds.[1] Imported liquified natural gas (LNG) from Algeria was regasified at the Canvey terminal and supplied to the pipeline, this provided eight of the twelve Area Boards with access to natural gas.[2] The gas was initially used to manufacture town gas either as a feedstock in gas reforming processes or to enrich lean gases such as that produced by the Lurgi coal gasification process. The pipeline was 18-inch (460 mm) in diameter and operated at 1,000 pounds per square inch (69 bar). The pipeline had 150 miles (240 km) of spur lines, supplying gas to area boards.[3]
The Gas Council was responsible for this £10 million co-operative scheme and the construction details were a joint effort of the distribution engineers of the Area Boards. LNG had first been imported to Canvey from Louisiana in February 1959 and piped to Romford gas works as feedstock to a reforming plant.[4] UK natural gasNatural gas was discovered on the UK continental shelf in 1965 and production started in 1967.[5] The development of offshore natural gas fields is shown in the following table. Shore terminals were built to receive, process, blend and distribute the gas.
With the assured availability of natural gas a government White Paper on fuel policy[6][7] in November 1967 proposed that natural gas should be immediately and more extensively exploited The Gas Council and Area Boards began a ten-year programme to convert all users and appliances to operate on natural gas and consequently to discontinue the manufacture of town gas at local gasworks. In a pilot scheme users on Canvey Island had been converted to natural gas in 1966.[8] Building the NTSTo exploit the availability of natural gas and to provide for more widespread distribution construction began of a major new transmission network which became the National Transmission System (NTS).[9] Feeder pipelines - EnglandGas from the West Sole field was first dispatched from the Easington terminal in July 1967, via Feeder No. 1 across the Humber to the East Midland Gas Board's gasworks at Killingholme. It was used to enrich low calorific value manufactured gas. Feeder No. 1 was extended to Totley near Sheffield where it connected to the 18-inch methane pipeline, UK natural gas first entered the NTS in July 1968.[10] Feeder lines from the North Sea gas terminals to the spine of the NTS were laid and brought into use as the shore terminals were constructed.[11][12][13][14]
The No. 6 feeder runs via Pickering which received gas from a treatment plant for the onshore Lockton gas field.[14] Feeder pipelines - ScotlandNorth Sea gas first reached Scotland in Spring 1970 at Coldstream, this was via an extension of the Leeds-Newcastle pipeline. This pipeline was then extended to Glenmavis near Coatbridge Lanarkshire (Feeder No. 12) where a natural gas liquification plant was constructed.[14] A major set of pipelines were constructed in Scotland in preparation for arrival of gas from the Frigg gas field in 1977. From the St Fergus terminal in Scotland, two 36-inch (900 mm) pipelines (Feeder No. 10 and No. 11) were laid via Bathgate to Partington and Bishop Auckland to connect to the NTS in England, a total pipeline length of 595 miles (950 km). These lines were commissioned in 1976 and cost £140 million. Initially these pipelines carried gas from southern England into Scotland until the Frigg field began production via St Fergus in September 1977. Compressor stations are provided at 40 mile (65 km) intervals along the pipelines. A third 36-inch pipeline from St Fergus (Feeder No. 12) was completed in 1978, and a fourth 40-inch (1050 mm) pipeline (Feeder No. 13) in 1982.[15] Growth of the NTSThe NTS was extended from Leeds to Newcastle upon Tyne in early 1969.[14] This line was extended to Coldstream in Spring 1970 and then to Glenmavis near Coatbridge Lanarkshire. The Wales Gas Board received natural gas supplies in 1969 from a 24-inch line from Churchover (Rugby) to Swansea via Wormington (an extension to Feeder No. 2). North Wales was also connected in 1969 via a 24-inch/18-inch pipeline from Audley Cheshire to Maelor near Wrexham (an extension to Feeder No. 4).[14] The South Western Gas Board received natural gas at the end of 1970 from a 24-inch/20-inch pipeline from Wormington to Exeter (Feeder No. 14).[14] A 30-inch/24-inch extension of Feeder No. 3 runs to the west of London via Slough to Mogador Surrey and was commissioned in 1970. An extension of the Feeder No. 5 runs from Horndon-on-the Hill, crosses the Thames at Tilbury and runs via Shorne to connect to Mogador, thus completing the South London ring main, this became operational in early 1972.[14] In addition to these distribution pipelines in 1971 Area Boards began to supply natural gas directly to major consumers. For example, a 24-inch 17 mile 'spine' pipeline was constructed to ICI Ltd at Billingham (designated as part of Feeder No. 6), and the West Midlands Gas Board laid six similar 'spine' mains into industrial districts of Birmingham and the Black Country.[14] Most of the NTS was built from the late 1960s to the early 1980s, the growth of the system is shown in the following table.[16]
Later (post-1983) feeder mains not described above include.[17]
The NTS now comprises over 7,600 km of welded steel gas pipelines. The Canvey to Leeds line is no longer part of the NTS. LNG storage sitesIn addition to the Canvey Island Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) import terminal, further NGL storage sites were constructed from the late 1960s.[18] These were peak-shaving facilities used to support the NTS at times of high demand, and to ensure security of gas supplies at strategic locations. When demand was high liquefied natural gas was pumped from storage tanks, heated in vapourisers to a gaseous state and delivered into the NTS. When demand was low, gas was withdrawn from the NTS and liquefied by cryogenic cooling to minus 162 °C to replenish the storage tanks.
High-pressure gas storageIn addition to LNG storage for peak-shaving, several sites had storage facilities for high pressure gas that could be released into, and pressurised from, the NTS. The following sites were operational by 1972.[25]
OperationNTS is the starting point for UK gas distribution. The pipeline system for houses is not part of the NTS, but is part of the Gas Distribution Network of Local Distribution Zones, the two systems combine to form the UK's gas distribution network. The two types of gas pipelines in the UK are: large diameter high-pressure (up to 85[26] bar and 1050 mm[26] diameter) pipelines - the type that the NTS uses, and smaller diameter lower pressure pipelines that connect to users who burn gas for heat. The wall thickness of the high pressure pipelines is up to 0.625-inches (18mm). EntryGas currently enters the NTS from a number of sources:
Gas specification and compositionThe specification of gas transported within the NTS is typically within the following parameters.[29][30][31][32]
Parameters marked * are specified in the Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996. The composition of natural gas in the NTS is typically as follows.[33]
Compressor stationsThere are twenty five (mostly gas turbine driven) compressor stations and over 25 pressure regulators. Gas moves through the NTS at speeds up to 25 mph (40 km/h) depending on pressures and pipeline diameters. Compressor stations generally operate at a pressure ratio of 1:1.4, this ratio is a balance between maintaining pressure and hence flow, and the capital and running cost of the compressors. It also ensures that the temperature rise across the compressors is not high enough to require after-coolers to prevent damage to the pipeline protective coatings. On the pipelines from St Fergus, compressor stations are provided at 40 mile (65 km) intervals; each compresses the gas from about 48 bar at 5 °C to 65 bar at 45 °C.[34] Compressor stations include:
OfftakesOfftakes from the NTS include those supplying industrial users, local distribution networks, storage sites and export pipelines.
Gas distribution networkCompanies that own part of this gas network, also known as the Local Transmission System (LTS), are known officially as Gas Transporters. Gas enters this network via the NTS through a pressure reduction station to the twelve gas distribution zones in England, Scotland and Wales within eight distribution networks. The network covers {{convert|275000|km|abbr=on}}. The LTS is managed from Hinckley, Leicestershire (former headquarters of the NTS). Financial transactions between gas transporters are managed by Xoserve, based in Solihull. It was formerly an internal department of National Grid and then became an independent company. For retail distribution, Cadent owns the network in North West England, the West Midlands, the East Midlands, the East of England and North London. In the North of England, local distribution is owned by Northern Gas Networks; in the Wales and West by Wales and West Utilities; and in Southern England and Scotland by SGN. Ownership of the NTSThe changing ownership of the NTS reflects developments and corporate changes in the UK gas and energy industries.
NG is administratively based in Warwick. While NG owns the gas transmission system in England, Wales and Scotland, electrical distribution in Scotland is owned by two Scottish companies. Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland is not part of the NTS per se and gets its gas via the Scotland-Northern Ireland pipeline (SNIP) owned by Premier Transmission and built between 1994 and 1996. The gas network in Northern Ireland is split, with one area owned by Phoenix Natural Gas and the other by Firmus Energy. See also
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9 10 11 {{Cite journal|last=McHugh|first=J|year=1983|title=The engineering of the national transmission system of the British Gas Corporation|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers|volume=197A|pages=179–96|via=}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/551/contents/made|title=Gas Safety (Management) Regulations, 1996|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.shell.co.uk/promos/bacton/_jcr_content.stream/1451289032675/46fb43f9c78afb11b7670a46955bfa91129605083ae8bf73400ed6bfe833c428/bacton-asset-fact-sheets.pdf|title=Shell Bacton Infrastructure|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.perenco-uk.com/sites/perenco-uk.com/files/documents/Infrastructure_Access_Information_North.pdf|title=Perenco Bacton & Dimlington Infrastructure|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} 32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/Gas-Ten-Year-Statement/|title=Gas Ten Year Statement (GTYS) {{!}} National Grid|website=www2.nationalgrid.com|access-date=2016-09-20}} 33. ^{{Cite book|title=Gas: Natural Energy|last=Cassidy|first=Richard|publisher=Frederick Muller Limited|year=1979|isbn=|location=London|pages=14|via=}} 34. ^{{Cite book|title=Gas: Natural Energy|last=Cassidy|first=Richard|publisher=Frederick Muller Limited|year=1979|isbn=|location=London|pages=46–47|via=}} 35. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www2.nationalgrid.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=34164.|title=Gas Transportation Charges Tables 3&5|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} External links
1 : Natural gas pipelines in the United Kingdom |
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