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词条 List of languages by number of native speakers in India
释义

  1. Overview

  2. List of languages by number of native speakers

     More than one million speakers  100,000 to one million speakers 

  3. List of mother tongues by number of speakers

  4. Notes

  5. See also

  6. References

     Notes  General references 

  7. External links

India is home to several hundred languages. Most Indians speak a language belonging to the families of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European (c. 77%), the Dravidian (c. 20.61%), the Austroasiatic (Munda) (c. 1.2%), or the Sino-Tibetan (c. 0.8%), with some languages of the Himalayas still unclassified. The SIL Ethnologue lists 415 living languages for India.

Overview

India has 23 constitutionally recognized official languages. Hindi and English are typically used as an official language by the Central Government. State governments use respective official languages.

Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of the "Hindi Belt".[3] According to 2001 Census, 53.6% of the Indian population declared that they speak Hindi as either their first or second language, in which 41% of them have declared it as their native language or mother tongue.[4][5][6] 12% of Indians declared that they can speak English as a second language.[7]

Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are "scheduled languages of the constitution". Scheduled languages spoken by fewer than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.63%), Kashmiri (0.54%), Nepali (0.28%), Sindhi (0.25%), Konkani (0.24%), Dogri (0.22%), Meitei (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%) and Sanskrit (In the 2001 census of India, only 14,135 people reported Sanskrit as their native language).[8] The largest language that is not "scheduled" is Bhili (0.95%), followed by Gondi (0.27%), Khandeshi (0.21%), Tulu (0.17%) and Kurukh (0.10%).

Of the Indian population in 1991, 19.4% exhibited bilingualism and 7.2% exhibited trilingualism.

India has a Greenberg's diversity index of 0.914, i.e. two people selected at random from the country will have different native languages in 91.4% of cases.[9]

As per 2011 Census of India languages by highest number of speakers are as follows : Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Gujarati, Urdu, Kannada, Odia, Malayalam[10][11]

List of languages by number of native speakers

{{Further|List of languages by number of native speakers}}

Ordered by number of speakers as first language.

More than one million speakers

The 2001 census recorded 29 individual languages as having more than 1 million native speakers (0.1% of total population). The languages in bold are scheduled languages (the only scheduled language with less than 1 million native speakers is Sanskrit). The first table is restricted to only speaking populations for scheduled languages.

First, Second, and Third languages by number of speakers in India (2001 Census)
Language First language
speakers[12][13]		First language
speakers as a percentage

of total population[14]

 Second language
speakers[13]		 Third language
speakers[13]		 Total speakers[15][13]Total speakers as a

percentage of total

population[14]

Hindi[16]422,048,64241.03%98,207,18031,160,696551,416,51853.60%
English226,4490.02%86,125,22138,993,066125,344,73612.18%
Bengali83,369,7698.10%6,637,2221,108,08891,115,0798.86%
Telugu74,002,8567.19%9,723,6261,266,01984,992,5018.26%
Marathi71,936,8946.99%9,546,4142,701,49884,184,8068.18%
Tamil60,793,8145.91%4,992,253956,33566,742,4026.49%
Urdu51,536,1115.01%6,535,4891,007,91259,079,5125.74%
Kannada37,924,0113.69%11,455,2871,396,42850,775,7264.94%
Gujarati46,091,6174.48%3,476,355703,98950,271,9614.89%
Odia33,017,4463.21%3,272,151319,52536,609,1223.56%
Malayalam33,066,3923.21%499,188195,88533,761,4653.28%
Sanskrit14,135<0.01%1,234,9313,742,2234,991,2890.49%
Table: Ordered by number of native speakers
Rank Language2001 census[17]
(total population 1,028,610,328 )		1991 census[18]
(total population 838,583,988)		 Encarta 2007 estimate[19]
(worldwide speakers)		2011 Census of India[20]
(total population 1,210,854,977 )[21]
Speakers Percentage Speakers Percentage Speakers Speakers Percentage
1 Hindi[16] 422,048,642 41.1% 329,518,087 39.29% 366 M 528,347,193 43.63%
2 Bengali 83,369,769 8.11% 69,595,738 8.30% 207 M 97,237,669 8.03%
3 Marathi 71,936,894 6.99% 62,481,681 7.45% 68.0 M 83,026,680 6.86%
4 Telugu 74,002,856 7.19% 66,017,615 7.87% 69.7 M 81,127,740 6.70%
5 Tamil 60,793,814 5.91% 53,006,368 6.32% 66.0 M 69,026,881 5.70%
6 Gujarati 46,091,617 4.48% 40,673,814 4.85% 46.1 M 55,492,554 4.58%
7 Urdu 51,536,111 5.01% 43,406,932 5.18% 60.3 M 50,772,631 4.19%
8 Kannada 37,924,011 3.69% 32,753,676 3.91% 35.3 M 43,706,512 3.61%
9 Odia 33,017,446 3.21% 28,061,313 3.35% 32.3 M 37,521,324 3.10%
10 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.21% 30,377,176 3.62% 35.7 M 34,838,819 2.88%
11 Punjabi 29,102,477 2.83% 23,378,744 2.79% 57.1 M 33,124,726 2.74%
12 Assamese 13,168,484 1.28% 13,079,696 1.56% 15.4 M 15,311,351 1.26%
13 Maithili 12,179,122 1.18% 7,766,921 0.926% 24.2 M 13,583,464 1.12%
14 Bhili/Bhilodi 9,582,957 0.93% 10,413,637 0.86%
15 Santali 6,469,600 0.63% 5,216,325 0.622% 7,368,192 0.65%
16 Kashmiri 5,527,698 0.54% 6,797,587 0.58%
17 Gondi 2,713,790 0.26% 2,984,453 0.25%
18 Nepali 2,871,749 0.28% 2,076,645 0.248% 16.1 M 2,926,168 0.25%
19 Sindhi 2,535,485 0.25% 2,122,848 0.253% 19.7 M 2,772,264 0.24%
20 Dogri 2,282,589 0.22% 2,596,767 0.22%
21 Konkani 2,489,015 0.24% 1,760,607 0.210% 2,256,502 0.19%
22 Kurukh 1,751,489 0.17% 1,988,350 0.16%
23 Khandeshi 2,075,258 0.21% 1,860,236 0.15%
24 Tulu 1,722,768 0.17% 1,846,427 0.15%
25 Meitei (Manipuri) 1,466,705* 0.14% 1,270,216 0.151% 1,761,079 0.15%
26 Bodo 1,350,478 0.13% 1,221,881 0.146% 1,482,929 0.13%
27 Khasi 1,128,575 0.11% 1,431,344 0.12%
28 Ho 1,042,724 0.101% 1,421,418 0.12%
29 Mundari 1,061,352 0.103% 1,128,228 0.09%
30 Garo 889,479 0.086% 1,128,228 0.09%
31 Tripuri 854,023 0.083% 1,011,294 0.08%
* Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao-Maram and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur for 2001.

** The percentage of speakers of each language for 2001 has been worked out on the total population of India excluding the population of Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur due to cancellation of census results.

100,000 to one million speakers

RankLanguage2001 census
Speakers Percentage
32 Kui 916,222 0.089%
33 Lushai/Mizo 674,756 0.066%
34 Halabi 593,443 0.058%
35 Korku 574,481 0.056%
36 Miri/Mishing 551,224 0.054%
37 Munda 469,357 0.046%
38 Karbi/Mikir 419,534 0.041%
39 Koya 362,070 0.035%
40 Ao 261,387 0.025%
41 Savara 252,519 0.025%
42 Konyak 248,109 0.024%
43 Kharia 239,608 0.023%
44 English 226,449 0.022%
45 Malto 224,926 0.022%
46 Nissi/Dafla 211,485 0.021%
47 Adi 198,462 0.019%
48 Thado 190,595 0.019%
49 Lotha 170,001 0.017%
50 Coorgi/Kodagu 166,187 0.016%
51 Rabha 164,770 0.016%
52 Tangkhul 142,035 0.014%
53 Kisan 141,088 0.014%
54 Angami 132,225 0.013%
55 Phom 122,508 0.012%
56 Kolami 121,855 0.012%
57 Khond/Kondh[22] 118,597 0.012%
58 Dimasa 111,961 0.011%
59 Ladakhi 104,618 0.010%
60 Sema 103,529 0.010%

List of mother tongues by number of speakers

Each of the languages of the 2001 census subsumes one or more mother tongues. Speaker numbers are available for these mother tongues and they are also included in the speaker numbers for their respective language. For example, the language Telugu (with a total of 81,127,740 speakers) includes the mother tongues of Telugu (with 80,912,459 speakers), Vadari (198,020 speakers) and "Others" (17,261 speakers).[23] The General Notes from the 2001 census define "mother tongue" as "the language spoken in childhood by the person's mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person's home in childhood will be the mother tongue."[24]

The following table lists those mother tongues that have more than one million speakers according to the 2011 census:[25]

Mother tongues with more than one million speakers
RankMother tongue2011 censusIncluded
in language
Speakers Percentage
1 Hindi 322230097|4}}26.612|3}}%
2 Bengali 96177835|4}}7.943|3}}%
3 Marathi 82801140|4}}6.838|3}}%
4 Telugu 80912459|4}}6.682|3}}%
5 Tamil 68888839|4}}5.689|3}}%
6 Gujarati 55036204|4}}4.545|3}}%
7 Urdu 50725762|4}}4.189|3}}%
8 Bhojpuri 50579447|4}}4.177|3}}%Hindi
9 Kannada 43506272|4}}3.593|3}}%
10 Malayalam 34776533|4}}2.872|3}}%
11 Odia 34059266|4}}2.813|3}}%
12 Punjabi 31144095|4}}2.572|3}}%
13 Rajasthani 25806344|4}}2.131|3}}%Hindi
14 Chhattisgarhi 16245190|4}}1.342|3}}%Hindi
15 Assamese 14816414|4}}1.224|3}}%
16 Maithili 13353347|4}}1.103|3}}%
17 Magadhi/Magahi 12706825|4}}1.049|3}}%Hindi
18 Haryanvi 9806519|4}} 0.810% Hindi
19 Khortha/Khotta 8038735|4}} 0.664% Hindi
20 Marwari 7831749|4}} 0.647% Hindi
21 Santali 6973345|4}} 0.576%
22 Kashmiri 6554369|4}} 0.541%
23 Bundeli/Bundel khandi 5626356|4}} 0.465% Hindi
24 Malvi 5212617|4}} 0.430% Hindi
25 Sadan/Sadri 4345677|4}} 0.359% Hindi
26 Mewari 4212262|4}} 0.348% Hindi
27 Awadhi 3850906|4}} 0.318% Hindi
28 Wagdi 3393991|4}} 0.280% Bhili/Bhilodi
29 Lamani/Lambadi 3276548|4}} 0.271% Hindi
30 "Pahari" as ambiguous, but in the census returns the language name most commonly comes from the Western Pahari area.[26]}}3253889|4}} 0.269% Hindi
31 Bhili/Bhilodi 3206533|4}} 0.265%
32 Hara/Harauti 2944356|4}} 0.243% Hindi
33 Nepali 2925796|4}} 0.242%
34 Gondi 2856581|4}} 0.236%
35 Bagheli/Baghel Khandi 2679129|4}} 0.221% Hindi
36 Sambalpuri 2630381|4}} 0.217% Odia
37 Dogri 2596763|4}} 0.214%
38 Garhwali 2482089|4}} 0.205% Hindi
39 Nimadi 2309265|4}} 0.191% Hindi
40 Surjapuri 2256228|4}} 0.186% Hindi
41 Konkani 2146906|4}} 0.177%
42 Kumauni 2081057|4}} 0.172% Hindi
43 Kurukh/Oraon 1976920|4}} 0.163%
44 Tulu 1841963|4}} 0.152%
45 Manipuri 1760913|4}} 0.145%
46 Surgujia 1738256|4}} 0.144% Hindi
47 Sindhi 1679246|4}} 0.139%
48 Bagri 1656588|4}} 0.137% Punjabi
49 Ahirani 1636465|4}} 0.135% Khandeshi
50 Banjari 1581271|4}} 0.131% Hindi
51 Brajbhasha 1556314|4}} 0.129% Hindi
52 Dhundhari 1476446|4}} 0.122% Hindi
53 Bodo/Boro 1454547|4}} 0.120% Bodo
54 Ho 1410996|4}} 0.117%
55 Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar 1227901|4}} 0.101% Hindi
56 Mundari 1128050|4}} 0.093%
57 Garo 1125359|4}} 0.093%
58 Kangri 1117342|4}} 0.092% Hindi
59 Khasi 1037964|4}} 0.086%
60 Kachchhi 1030602|4}} 0.085% Sindhi

Notes

{{notelist}}

See also

  • Languages with official status in India
  • List of endangered languages in India

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |format=PDF|accessdate=17 September 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226150914/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archivedate=26 December 2014}}
2. ^Some languages may be over- or under-represented as the census data used is at the state-level. For example, while Urdu has 52 million speakers (2001), in no state is it a majority language.
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Nl73WC1JA8d6KVybBycNlM/How-a-Bihari-lost-his-mother-tongue-to-Hindi.html|title=How a Bihari lost his mother tongue to Hindi}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/239073/these-four-charts-break-down-indias-complex-relationship-with-hindi/|title=These four charts break down India's complex relationship with Hindi}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nearly-60-of-Indians-speak-a-language-other-than-Hindi/articleshow/36922157.cms|title=Nearly 60% of Indians speak a language other than Hindi}}
6. ^2001 census data
7. ^In 1991, there were 90,000,000 "users" of English. (Census of India Indian Census {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223112810/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum1_m_plus.html |date=2006-12-23 }}, Issue 10, 2003, pp. 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism) and Tropf, Herbert S. 2004.India and its Languages. Siemens AG, Munich.)
8. ^{{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071130133947/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement5.htm |archivedate= 2007-11-30 |deadurl=yes |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement5.htm |title=COMPARATIVE SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF SCHEDULED LANGUAGES -1971, 1981, 1991 AND 2001 |work=censusindia.gov |accessdate=2015-10-13 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |location=New Delhi, India}}
9. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Paul|editor1-first= Lewis M.|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first= Gary F.|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles D. Fennig|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|date=2015|publisher=SIL International|edition=Eighteenth|chapter=Summary by country|chapterurl=https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/country}}
10. ^{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Bharti |title=Hindi mother tongue of 44% in India, Bangla second most-spoken |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hindi-mother-tongue-of-44-in-india-bangla-second-most-spoken/articleshow/64759135.cms |accessdate=27 June 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=27 June 2018}}
11. ^Statement 4 : Scheduled Languages in descending order of speakers' strength - 2011
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement5.aspx|title=Census of India: Comparative speaker's strength of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001|first=|last=ORGI|publisher=}}
13. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece|title=Sanskrit and English: there's no competition|first=Rukmini|last=S|publisher=}}
14. ^1 http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/popu1.aspx
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms|title=Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language – Times of India|publisher=}}
16. ^1 includes Western Hindi apart from Urdu, Eastern Hindi, Bihari languages except for Maithili, the Rajasthani languages, and the Pahari languages apart from Nepali and (in 2001) Dogri, whether or not the included varieties were reported as "Hindi" or under their individual names.
17. ^Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000, Census of India, 2001
18. ^Comparative Speaker's Strength of Scheduled Languages -1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001, Census of India, 1991
19. ^{{cite web|title=Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People – Table – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/languages_spoken_by_more_than_10_million_people.html |work= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203134724/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html |archivedate=2007-12-03 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
20. ^Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011
21. ^Statement 2 : Distribution of population by Scheduled and other Languages India, States and Union Territories - 2011
22. ^different from Kui language
23. ^The data are from http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX.
24. ^Census Data 2001 General Notes
25. ^{{cite web|title = 2011 Census tables: C-16, population by mother tongue|website = Census of India Website|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|access-date = 4 November 2018}}
26. ^{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| p = 439}}

General references

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193939/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm Data table of Census of India, 2001]
  • Language Maps from Central Institute of Indian Languages
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080324032158/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement4.htm Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2001]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20081118143215/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement6.htm Comparative ranking of scheduled languages in descending order of speaker's strength-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001]
  • Census data on Languages
  • C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Town Level
  • C-16 Population By Mother Tongue

External links

  • {{cite web|title=Major Indian Languages|url=http://www.indojin.com/discoverindia/indianlang.htm|publisher=Discover India|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101015404/http://www.indojin.com/discoverindia/indianlang.htm|archivedate=1 January 2007}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20050109084200/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=India Ethnologue report]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20041213203632/http://www.ciil.org/ Central Institute of Indian Languages]
{{Languages of India}}{{Languages of South Asia}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages by number of native speakers in India}}

3 : Languages of India|Indian culture-related lists|Lists of languages
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