“Near-close central unrounded vowel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条 Near-close central unrounded vowel

释义

Features
Occurrence
Notes
References
External links

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa=near-close central unrounded vowel
|ipa symbol=ɨ̞
|ipa symbol2=ɪ̈
|ipa number=317 430
|decimal1=618
|decimal2=776
|x-sampa=1_o or I\\
|braille=st
|braille2=4
|braille3=cc
}}

The near-close central unrounded vowel, or near-high central unrounded vowel,^[1] is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet can represent this sound in a number of ways (see the box on the right), but the most common symbols are {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɨ̞}}}} (lowered {{IPA|[ɨ]}}) and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ̈}}}} (centralized {{IPA|[ɪ]}}). Other possible transcriptions are {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ̠}}}} (retracted {{IPA|[ɪ]}}) and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɘ̝}}}} (raised {{IPA|[ɘ]}}), with the latter symbol being the least common. The X-SAMPA equivalents are, respectively, 1_o, I\\, I_- and @\\_r.

In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}, which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɨ}}}}, which captures its centrality, or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ᵻ}}}},^[2] which captures both. {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ᵻ}}}} is also used in a number of other publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ᵻ}}}} represents free variation between {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}.

Features

Occurrence

Note: Because {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}} is commonly used for the close-mid near-front unrounded vowel (see near-close front unrounded vowel), some of the vowels transcribed with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ̈}}}} can be actually close-mid as well. See close-mid central unrounded vowel.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Amharic^[3]		am\|ሥር}}	[sɨ̞r]}}	'root'	{{IPA\|ɨ}}}}.
Berber	Central Atlas Tamazight^[4]	text=orthographic form?\|date=September 2016}}	[χdɪ̈m]}}	'to work'	Epenthetically inserted into consonant clusters before labial and coronal consonants.
English	Inland Southern American^[5]	good	{{IPA\|[ɡɪ̈d]}}	'good'	ʊ}} in other dialects. See English phonology
	Southeastern English^[6]	good	{{IPA\|[ɡɪ̈d]}}	'good'	ʊ̈}} instead;^[6] it corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʊ}} in other dialects. See English phonology
	London^[7]^[8]	lip	[lɪ̈ʔp]}}	'lip'	/ɪ/}}.^[7]^[8]
	South African^[9]		{{IPA\|[lɪ̈p]}}		ə}}. General and Broad varieties of SAE have an allophonic variation, with {{IPA\|[ɪ]}} ({{IPAblink\|i}} in Broad) occurring near velar and palatal consonants, and {{IPA\|[ɪ̈~{{IPAplink\|ə}}]}} elsewhere. See South African English phonology
	Southern American^[10]		{{IPA\|[lɪ̈p]}}		/ɪ/}} before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments.^[10]
Irish	Munster^[11]	goirt	[ɡɨ̞ɾˠtʲ]}}	'salty'	/ɪ/}} between broad consonants.^[11] See Irish phonology
Irish	Ulster^[12]	date=November 2014}}	/ɪ/}}.^[12]
Mah Meri{{sfnp\|Kruspe\|Hajek\|2009\|p=244}}		{{IPA\|[d͡ʑäbɨ̞ʔ͡k̚]}}		'to be drunk'
Mapudungun^[13]		arn\|müṉa}}	[mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝]}}	'male cousin on father's side'	/ɘ/}}.^[13]
Russian^[14]		ru\|кожа}}	Ru-кожа.ogg\|[ˈkʷo̞ʐ̺ɨ̞]\|help=no}}	'skin'	Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants and in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Sema^[15]		nsm\|sü}}	[ʃɨ̞̀]}}	'to hurt'	ɨ}}.^[16]
Tera^[17]		ttr\|v{{underline\|u}}r}}	[vɨ̞r]}}	'to give'	/ɨ/}} in closed syllables.^[17]
Turkish	Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}}	tr\|acı}}	[äˈd͡ʒɨ̞]}}	'pain'	/ɯ/}} in final open syllable of a phrase.{{sfnp\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}} See Turkish phonology
Welsh	Northern dialects^[18]	pump	[pɨ̞mp]}}	'five'	Merges with {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} in southern dialects. See Welsh phonology

Notes

1. ^{{Vowel terminology}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pullum|Ladusaw|1996|p=298}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Hayward|Hayward|1999|p=47}}
4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971|p=15}}
5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|pp=534–535}}
6. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Lodge|2009|p=174}}
7. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Altendorf|Watt|2004|pp=188–189}}
8. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Mott|2012|p=75}}
9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Lass|2002|pp=113–115}}
10. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=534}}
11. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Ó Sé|2000}}
12. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Ní Chasaide|1999|p=114}}
13. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=92}}
14. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=38}}
15. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Teo|2012|p=368}}
16. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Teo|2014|p=28}}
17. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Tench|2007|p=231}}
18. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ball|1984|p=?}}

References

{{citation

|title= A Reference Grammar of Tamazight
|last= Abdel-Massih
|first= Ernest T.
|year= 1971
|publisher= University of Michigan
|location=Ann Arbor
}}

{{citation

|last1=Altendorf
|first1=Ulrike
|last2=Watt
|first2=Dominic
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|chapter=The dialects in the South of England: phonology
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=181–196
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}

{{citation

|last=Ball
|first=Martin J.
|editor-last=Ball
|editor-first=Martin J.
|editor2-last=Jones
|editor2-first=G.E
|chapter=Phonetics for phonology
|year=1984
|title=Welsh Phonology
|place=Cardiff
|publisher=University of Wales Press
|ISBN=0-7083-0861-9
}}

{{citation

|last=Hayward
|first=Katrina
|last2=Hayward
|first2=Richard J.
|year=1999
|chapter=Amharic
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|pages=45–50
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004874
}}

{{citation

|last=Jones
|first=Daniel
|last2=Ward
|first2=Dennis
|year=1969
|title=The Phonetics of Russian
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}

{{citation

|last1=Kruspe
|first1=Nicole
|last2=Hajek
|first2=John
|year=2009
|title=Mah Meri
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=39
|issue=2
|pages=241–248
|doi=10.1017/S0025100309003946
}}

{{citation

|last=Lass
|first=Roger
|chapter=South African English
|editor-last=Mesthrie
|editor-first=Rajend
|year=2002
|title=Language in South Africa
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=9780521791052
}}

{{citation

|last=Lodge
|first=Ken
|year=2009
|title=A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC
}}

{{citation

|last=Mott
|first=Brian
|year=2012
|title=Traditional Cockney and popular London speech
|journal=Dialectologia
|volume=9
|pages=69–94
|publisher=RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert)
|issn=2013-2247
|url=http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dialectologia/article/viewFile/259233/346495
}}

{{citation

|last=Ní Chasaide
|first=Ailbhe
|year=1999
|chapter=Irish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
|pages=111–16
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
}}

{{citation

|surname=Ó Sé
|given=Diarmuid
|title=Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne
|place=Dublin
|publisher=Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann
|year=2000
|isbn=0-946452-97-0
|language=ga
}}

{{citation

|last=Pullum
|first=Geoffrey K.
|last2=Ladusaw
|first2=William A.
|year=1996
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHb7ug_U_O0C&q=298#v=snippet&q=298&f=false
|title=Phonetic Symbol Guide
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|location=Chicago, IL, USA
|isbn=9780226685366
}}

{{citation

|last1=Sadowsky
|first1=Scott
|last2=Painequeo
|first2=Héctor
|last3=Salamanca
|first3=Gastón
|last4=Avelino
|first4=Heriberto
|year=2013
|title=Mapudungun
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=87–96
|url=https://www.academia.edu/3234126/Illustrations_of_the_IPA_Mapudungun
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369
}}

{{citation

|last=Tench
|first=Paul
|year=2007
|title=Tera
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=1
|pages=228–234
|doi=10.1017/s0025100307002952
}}

{{citation

|last=Teo
|first=Amos B.
|year=2012
|title=Sumi (Sema)
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=42
|issue=03
|pages=365–373
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000254
}}

{{citation

|last=Teo
|first=Amos B.
|year=2014
|title=A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland
|publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics
|isbn=978-1-922185-10-5
|location=Canberra
|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/12015/1/Teo%20A%20phonological%20and%20phonetic%20description%20of%20Sumi%202014.pdf
}}

{{citation

|last=Wells
|first=John C.
|authorlink=John C. Wells
|year=1982
|title=Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-28541-0
}}

{{citation

|last=Zimmer
|first=Karl
|last2=Orgun
|first2=Orhan
|year=1999
|chapter=Turkish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|pages=154–158
|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
}}{{refend}}

External links

{{phoible|ɨ̞}}
{{phoible|ɪ̈}}

3 : Near-close vowels|Central vowels|Unrounded vowels

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