词条 | Neoaves |
释义 |
|name = Neoavians |fossil_range = Late Cretaceous – Holocene, {{fossil range|69|0}}[1] |image = Toulouse - Sturnus vulgaris - 2012-02-26 - 3.jpg |image_caption = Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) |taxon = Neoaves |authority = Sibley et al., 1988 |subdivision_ranks = Clades |subdivision =
}} Neoaves is a clade that consists of all modern birds (Neornithes or Aves) with the exception of Paleognathae (ratites and kin) and Galloanserae (ducks, chickens and kin). Almost 95% of the roughly 10,000 known species of modern birds belong to the Neoaves. The early diversification of the various neoavian groups occurred very rapidly around the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event,[2] and attempts to resolve their relationships with each other have resulted initially in much controversy.[3][4] {{clear}}PhylogenyOne hypothesis for the phylogeny of modern birds was presented by Prum, R.O. et al. (2015)[5] The following cladogram illustrates the proposed relationships, with some taxon names following Yury, T. et al. (2013)[6] and Kimball et al. 2013.[7] {{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:95%|label1=Neoaves |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Strisores |1={{clade |1=Caprimulgiformes (nightjars) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Steatornithiformes (oilbird) |2=Nyctibiiformes (potoos) |2={{clade |1=Podargiformes (frogmouths) |2={{clade |1=Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars) |2=Apodiformes (hummingbirds, treeswifts, and swifts) }} }} }} }} }} |label2= |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Columbaves |1={{clade |label1=Otidimorphae |1={{clade |1=Musophagiformes (turacos) |label2= |2={{clade |1=Otidiformes (bustards) |2=Cuculiformes (cuckoos) }} }} |label2=Columbimorphae |2={{clade |1=Columbiformes (pigeons) |label2= |2={{clade |1=Mesitornithiformes (mesites) |2=Pteroclidiformes (sandgrouse) }} }} }} }} |label2= |2={{clade |1=Gruiformes (rails and cranes) |label2= |2={{clade |label1=Aequorlitornithes |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1=Mirandornithes |1={{Clade |1=Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos) |2=Podicipediformes (grebes) |2=Charadriiformes (waders and relatives) |label2= Ardeae |2={{clade |label1=Eurypygimorphae |1={{clade |1=Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds) |2=Eurypygiformes (sunbittern and kagu) |label2=Aequornithes |sublabel2=(core waterbirds) |2={{clade |1=Gaviiformes (loons) |2={{clade |label1=Austrodyptornithes |1={{clade |1=Procellariiformes (albatross and petrels) |2=Sphenisciformes (penguins) |2={{clade |1=Ciconiiformes (storks) |2={{clade |1=Suliformes (boobies, cormorants, etc.) |2=Pelecaniformes (pelicans, herons, ibises, etc.) }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=Inopinaves |2={{clade |1=Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin) |label2=Telluraves |sublabel2=(core landbirds) |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Accipitrimorphae |1={{clade |1=Cathartiformes (New World vultures) |2=Accipitriformes (hawks and relatives) }} }} |2={{clade |label1=Afroaves |1={{clade |1=Strigiformes (owls) |label2=Coraciimorphae |2={{clade |1=Coliiformes (mouse birds) |label2=Cavitaves |2={{clade |1=Leptosomatiformes (cuckoo roller) |label2=Eucavitaves |2={{clade |1=Trogoniformes (trogons) |label2=Picocoraciae |2={{clade |1=Bucerotiformes (hornbills and relatives) |label2= Picodynastornithes |2={{clade |1=Coraciformes (kingfishers and relatives) |2=Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives) }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=Australaves |2={{clade |1=Cariamiformes (seriemas) |label2=Eufalconimorphae |2={{clade |1=Falconiformes (falcons) |label2=Psittacopasserae |2={{clade |1=Psittaciformes (parrots) |2=Passeriformes (passerines) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} References1. ^Van Tuinen M. (2009) Birds (Aves). In The Timetree of Life, Hedges SB, Kumar S (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 409–411. {{Taxonbar|from=Q2330918}}2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Claramunt |first1=S. |last2=Cracraft |first2=J. |title=A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds |journal=Sci Adv |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=e1501005 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501005 |pmc=4730849 |pmid=26824065}} 3. ^Mayr G. (2011) Metaves, Mirandornithes, Strisores and other novelties - a critical review of the higher-level phylogeny of neornithine birds. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 49:58-76. 4. ^Matzke, A. et al. (2012) Retroposon insertion patterns of neoavian birds: strong evidence for an extensive incomplete lineage sorting era Mol. Biol. Evol. 5. ^Prum, R.O. et al. (2015) A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526, 569–573. 6. ^Yuri et al. (2013) Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology, 2(1):419-444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419 7. ^Kimball, R.T. et al. (2013) Identifying localized biases in large datasets: A case study using the Avian Tree of Life. Mol Phylogenet Evol. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.029 3 : Neognathae|Bird superorders|Extant Campanian first appearances |
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