“List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The following is a list, ordered by length of reign, of the monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927), the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801), the Kingdom of England (871–1707), the Kingdom of Scotland (878–1707), the Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800), and the Principality of Wales (1216–1542).

Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Victoria.^[1]^[2] On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne.

Overall

These are the ten longest reigning monarchs in the British Isles for whom there is reliable recorded evidence.

The longest claim by a pretender was that of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender"), who was the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for 64 years, 3 months, and 16 days (17 September 1701 – 1 January 1766).

Elizabeth II: the longest-reigning monarch

On 9 September 2015 (at the age of {{age in years and days|1926|4|21|2015|9|9}}), Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning female monarch in world history.^[3]^[4] On 23 May 2016 (at the age of {{age in years and days|1926|4|21|2016|5|23}}), her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender").^[5] On 13 October 2016 (at the age of {{age in years and days|1926|4|21|2016|10|13}}), she became the world's longest-reigning current monarch (and the world's longest-serving current head of state) after the death of Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King of Thailand.^[6]^[7]

Unitary monarchy

United Kingdom

On 1 January 1801 the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, becoming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1927^[11] following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922.

Great Britain

On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England united with the Kingdom of Scotland as the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Kingdoms

England

Includes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Scotland

Includes Scottish monarchs from the installation of Kenneth I (House of Alpin) in 848 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Ireland

The High King of Ireland (846–1198) was primarily a titular title (with the exception of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair who was regarded as the first "King of Ireland"). The later Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800) came into being under the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, the long title of which was "An Act that the King of England, his Heirs and Successors, be Kings of Ireland". In 1801 the Irish crown became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Principalities

Gwynedd

The Principality (or Kingdom) of Gwynedd (5th century–1216) was based in northwest Wales, its rulers were repeatedly acclaimed as "King of the Britons" before losing their power in civil wars or Saxon and Norman invasions. In 1216 it was superseded by the title Principality of Wales, although the new title was not first used until the 1240s.

Wales

The Principality of Wales (1216–1542) was a client state of England for much of its history, except for brief periods when it was de facto independent under a Welsh Prince of Wales (see House of Aberffraw). From 1301 it was first used as a title of the English (and later British) heir apparent. The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England.

Charles, Prince of Wales, is the longest-serving Prince of Wales, with a tenure of {{ayd|1958|7|26}} since his proclamation as such in 1958.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.macleans.ca/society/palace-calculations-queen-elizabeth-ii-set-to-lap-victoria/ |title=Palace calculations: Queen Elizabeth II set to lap Victoria |date=30 December 2014 |accessdate=4 September 2015 |work=Maclean's |author=Patricia Treble}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/ |title=Official Website of the British Monarchy|accessdate=5 September 2015|quote=On 9 September 2015, The Queen will become the longest reigning British Monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria.}}
3. ^{{cite web|author=Warren Gaebel |url=http://warren.gaebel.ca/?p=22 |title=Longest Reigning British Monarch |publisher=Warren Gaebel |date= |accessdate=2015-06-15}}
4. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/9404472/elizabeth-is-about-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-queen-heres-how-shes-changed-monarchy/ |title=Elizabeth is about to become Britain’s longest-reigning queen. Here’s how she’s changed monarchy |publisher=The Spectator |date=2015-01-03 |accessdate=2015-03-08}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stewartsociety.org/history-of-the-stewarts.cfm?section=famous-stewarts&subcatid=19&histid=178|title=Famous Stewarts|publisher=www.stewartsociety.org|accessdate=May 20, 2016}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37643326|title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88|date=2016-10-13|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-10-13}}
7. ^{{cite web|author=By PA Oct 13, 2016 |url=http://www.aol.co.uk/news/2016/10/13/queen-takes-over-longest-reign-mantle-after-thailands-king-bhumibol-dies/ |title=Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand's King Bhumibol dies |publisher=Aol.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2016-10-13}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/queen-elizabeth-ii-becomes-longest-reigning-british-monarch/a-18702483 |title=Queen Elizabeth II becomes longest-reigning British monarch |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2015-09-09 |accessdate=2016-04-04}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/08/europe/arbiter-queen-elizabeth-longest-reign/|title=Queen Elizabeth II: The platinum monarch?|author=Victoria Arbiter|publisher=CNN|date=September 9, 2015|accessdate=May 20, 2016}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2015/09/queen-elizabeth-ii-about-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-so-here-are|title=Queen Elizabeth II is about to become Britain's longest reigning monarch so here are some charts|publisher=New Statesman|last=Elledge|first=Jonn|date=9 September 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/17-18/4/contents |title=Royal And Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2016-10-13}}
12. ^Updated daily according to UTC.
13. ^¹George III, King of Great Britain, became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801.
14. ^¹²Anne, Queen of England and Queen of Scots, became Queen of Great Britain on 1 May 1707.
15. ^¹Charles II King of England and King of Scots concurrently from 30 January 1649 to 6 February 1685.
16. ^¹Charles I was King of England and King of Scots concurrently.
17. ^¹James VI, King of Scots, became James I, King of England, in 1603.
18. ^¹William of Orange became William III, King of England, on 13 February 1689 and William II, King of Scots, on 11 May 1689.
19. ^¹Mary II became Queen of England on 13 February 1689 and Queen of Scots on 11 May 1689.
20. ^James was James II, King of England, and James VII, King of Scots, concurrently.
21. ^James was James II, King of England, and James VII, King of Scotland, concurrently.