| 词条 | List of monarchs of East Anglia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The kingdom of East Anglia, (also known as the kingdom of the East Angles), was a small independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom that comprised what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Fens. The kingdom was one of the seven traditional members of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. The East Angles were initially ruled (from the 6th century until 749) by members of the Wuffingas dynasty, named after Wuffa, whose name means 'descendants of the wolf'.[1] The last king was Guthrum II, who ruled in the 10th century. After 749 East Anglia was ruled by kings whose genealogy is not known, or by sub-kings who were under the control of the kings of Mercia. East Anglia briefly recovered its independence after the death of Offa of Mercia in 796, but Mercian hegemony was soon restored by his successor, Coenwulf.[2] Between 826 and 869, following an East Anglian revolt in which the Mercian king, Beornwulf, was killed, the East Angles again regained their independence. In 869 a Danish army defeated and killed the last native East Anglian king, Edmund the Martyr.[3] The kingdom then fell into the hands of the Danes and eventually formed part of the Danelaw.[3] In 918 the East Anglian Danes accepted the overlordship of Edward the Elder of Wessex. East Anglia then became part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. Many of the regnal dates of the East Anglian kings are considered unreliable, often being based upon computations. Some dates have presented particular problems for scholars: for instance, during the three-year-long period of apostasy that followed the murder of Eorpwald, when it is not known whether any king ruled the East Angles.[4] The main source of information about the early history of the kingdom's rulers is Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People.[5] Chronological listFor a family tree of the East Anglian kings from Wehha to Ælfwald, see Wuffingas.
See also{{Portal|Anglo-Saxon England}}Footnotes1. ^Blackwell, Encyclopedia, pp. 154–155. 2. ^Yorke, Kings, p. 121. 3. ^1 Jones, Vikings, p. 421. 4. ^Bede, Ecclesiastical History, book II, chapter 15. 5. ^Hoggett, East Anglian Conversion, pp. 24–27. 6. ^Nennius, Historia Britonum, p. 46. 7. ^Yonge (trans.), The Flowers of History, p. 269. 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Lapidge et al, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 508–509. 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 67. 10. ^Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. x. 11. ^Yonge (trans.), The Flowers of History, p. 277. 12. ^Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book II, chapter 15. 13. ^Kirby, English Kings, p. 74. 14. ^Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 28. 15. ^Hill et al, Aethelbald and Offa, p. 128. 16. ^Ashley, British Monarchs, p. 244. 17. ^Yorke, Kings, p. 64. 18. ^Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 164. 19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Fryde et al, British Chronology, p. 8. 20. ^Brown and Farr, Mercia, pp. 5, 135. 21. ^Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 64. 22. ^1 2 3 McKitterick, New Cambridge Medieval History, p. 555. 23. ^Kirby, English Kings, p. 179. 24. ^Brown and Farr, Mercia, p. 219. 25. ^1 Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 122. 26. ^1 Brown, Farr (eds.), Mercia, p. 222. 27. ^Giles, Alfred the Great, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zsM9AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA13&dq=giles+asser+annals+of+the+reign+of+alfred+the+great&hl=en&ei=UjypTs2zBpHE4gTO_uS7Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=2&sqi=2&ved=0CDYQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=edmund&f=true p. 115]. 28. ^Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 59. 29. ^Lapidge et al, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 223. 30. ^Ashley, British Monarchs, p. 246. 31. ^Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 321–22. 32. ^Jaques, Dictionary of Battles, p. 1006. Sources
|author= Ashley, Michael |title=British Monarchs: the Complete Genealogy, Gazetteer, and Biographical Encyclopedia of the Kings & Queens of Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tz6gAAAAMAAJ&dq=British+monarchs%3A+the+complete+genealogy%2C+gazetteer%2C+and+biographical+encyclopedia+of+the+kings+%26+queens+of+Britain&q= |edition= |publisher=Robinson |location=London |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-85487-504-4}}
| last = Higham | first = N.J. | authorlink = | title = East Anglia, Kingdom of | editor = M. Lapidge| encyclopedia = The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England | publisher = Blackwell | location = London | year = 1999 | pages = 154–155 | doi = | isbn = 0-631-22492-0|display-editors=etal}}
|author= Brown, Michelle P. |author2=Farr, Carol Ann |title=Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=692KMYcJLO0C&pg=PT234&dq=mercia+coenwulf#v=onepage&q&f=false |edition= |publisher=Leicester University Press |location=London, New York |year=2001 |isbn= 0-8264-7765-8}}
|author=Fryde, E. B. |author2=Greenway, D. E. |author3=Porter, S. |author4= Roy, I. |title=Handbook of British Chronology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcgxEvGAK_kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Handbook+of+British+Chronology#v=onepage&q=anna&f=false |edition=3rd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1986 |isbn=0-521-56350-X |page= }}
|author=Hill, David |author2=Worthington, Margaret |title=Aethelbald and Offa: two eighth-century kings of Mercia : papers from a conference held in Manchester in 2000 (British Archaeological Reports British Series) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVVnAAAAMAAJ&dq=Aethelbald+and+Offa+hill&q= |edition= |publisher=Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies |location=Manchester |year=2005 |isbn=1-84171-687-1 |page= }}
|last=Jaques |first=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: a Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-First Century |volume=3 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood |location=Westport, USA |isbn=0-313-33539-7}}
|last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD74bDG3O5oC&pg=PA421&dq=danelaw#v=onepage&q&f=false |year=1973 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York |isbn=0-19-280134-1}}
|author=Kirby, D. P. |authorlink= |title=The Earliest English Kings |edition= |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |year=2000 |isbn=0-415-24211-8 |pages=67, 74}}
| authorlink = | title = Kings of the East Angles | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f65VUNvxQjkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England#v=onepage&q=East%20Anglia&f=false | editor =Lapidge, M.| encyclopedia = The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England | publisher = Blackwell | location = London | year = 1999 | pages = 508–509 | doi = | isbn = 0-631-22492-0|display-editors=etal}}
|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, Part 2 |editor = McKitterick, Rosamund |edition= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-36292-X}}
|last=Nennius |authorlink=Nennius |editor=Giles, J. A. |title=Historia Brittonum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJl8Dzi_vuAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Historia+Brittonum#v=onepage&q=east%20angles&f=false |year=2008 |publisher=www.forgottenbooks.org |page= |authormask= |trans-title=The History of the Britons |format= |origyear=9th century |oclc= |doi= |bibcode= |id= |quote= |laysummary= |laydate= | accessdate = 5 November 2011|isbn= 9781606209929}}
| last = Stenton | first =Frank | authorlink = Frank Stenton | title = Anglo-Saxon England | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 1988 | page = | doi = | isbn = 0-19-821716-1}}
| last = Swanton | first = Michael | title = The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle | year = 1997 | location = London | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 0-415-92129-5 }}
|last=Yonge |first=C. D. |title=The Flowers of History |url=https://archive.org/stream/flowershistorye02parigoog#page/n8/mode/2up |volume=1 |year=1853 |publisher=Bohn |location=London |authormask= |trans-title=Flores Historiarum |format= |origyear=14th century |oclc= |doi= |bibcode= |id= |quote= |laysummary= |laydate=}}
| last = Yorke | first = Barbara | authorlink = Barbara Yorke | title = Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=o5qJGFhsw30C&lpg=PP1&dq=barbara%20yorke%20kings%20and%20kingdoms&pg=PA67#v=snippet&q=ecgric&f=false | publisher = Routledge | location = London and New York | year = 2002 | page = 67 | doi = | isbn = 0-415-16639-X}} Further reading
| last = Astley | first = Mike | authorlink = Mike Ashley (writer) | title = The Mammoth Book of British Kings & Queens | publisher = Carroll & Graff | location = New York | year = 1998 | page = | doi = | isbn = 0-7867-0692-9 }}
|last=Keary |first=Charles Francis |editor=Poole, Reginald Stuart |title=A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum. Anglo-Saxon Series |url=https://archive.org/details/englishcoinsinbr01brit |volume=1 |year=1887 |publisher=British Museum |location=London}}
|last=Newton |first=Sam |title=The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a_WO4rcTBkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Origins+of+Beowulf:+And+the+Pre-Viking+Kingdom+of+East+Anglia+By+Sam+Newton#v=onepage&q=The%20Origins%20of%20Beowulf%3A%20And%20the%20Pre-Viking%20Kingdom%20of%20East%20Anglia%20By%20Sam%20Newton&f=false |year= 1993 |publisher=Boydell and Brewer |location=Woodbridge |isbn=0-85991-472-0}}{{East Anglian Monarchs}}{{featured list}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Monarchs Of East Anglia}} 2 : Lists of British monarchs|Kingdom of East Anglia |
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