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词条 List of monarchs of Northumbria
释义

  1. Kings of Bernicia

  2. Kings of Deira

  3. Kings of Northumbria

  4. Kings of Northumbria in the Norse era

  5. Family tree

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

{{Anglo-Saxon Kings}}

Northumbria, a kingdom of Angles, in what is now northern England and south-east Scotland, was initially divided into two kingdoms: Bernicia and Deira. The two were first united by Aethelfrith around the year 604, and except for occasional periods of division over the subsequent century, they remained so. The exceptions are during the brief period from 633 to 634, when Northumbria was plunged into chaos by the death of King Edwin in battle and the ruinous invasion of Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd. The unity of the Northumbrian kingdoms was restored after Cadwallon's death in battle in 634.

Another exception is a period from about the year 644 to 664, when kings ruled individually over Deira. In 651, King Oswiu had Oswine of Deira killed and replaced by Aethelwald, but Aethelwald did not prove to be a loyal sub-king, allying with the Mercian king Penda; according to Bede, Aethelwald acted as Penda's guide during the latter's invasion of Northumbria but withdrew his forces when the Mercians met the Northumbrians at the Battle of Winwaed. After the Mercian defeat at Winwaed, Aethelwald lost power and Oswiu's own son, Alchfrith, became king in his place. In 670, Aelfwine, the brother of the childless King Ecgfrith, was made king of Deira; by this point the title may have been used primarily to designate an heir. Aelfwine was killed in battle against Mercia in 679, and there was not another separate king of Deira until the time of Norse rule.

Kings of Bernicia

ReignIncumbentNotes
c. 500Esa
(Oesa)[1]		 Doubtful historicity as a king.
c. 520Eoppa Doubtful historicity as a king. Son of Esa.
547 to 559Ida The Historia Brittonum calls Ida the first king of Bernicia. Son of Eoppa.
Glappa
(Clappa)
AddaOrder and dates uncertain.
568? to 572?ÆthelricOrder and dates uncertain. Son of Ida.
(order and dates uncertain)Theodric
(Deoric)		son of Ida
(order and dates uncertain)Frithuwald
(Frithewlf)
585[?] to 592[?]Hussa Order and dates uncertain.[2]
593(?) to 616Æthelfrithson of Æthelric, also ruled Deira, killed in battle
Deira Dynasty
616 to 12/14 October 632Edwinson of Ælla of Deira, which he also ruled, killed in battle by Penda, King of Mercia
Bernicia Dynasty
late 632 to 633Eanfrithson of Æthelfrith
634 to 5 August 642Oswald
(Osuualde, Osƿald)		son of Æthelfrith, also ruled Deira, killed by Penda, King of Mercia; Saint Oswald
late 642 to 654Oswiuson of Æthelfrith, became King of united Northumbria

Kings of Deira

ReignIncumbentNotes
559/560 to 589Ælla
(Aelli)
589/599 to 604Æthelric
(Aedilric)
Bernician Dynasty
593/604? to 616Æthelfrithalso king of Bernicia, killed in battle
Deira Dynasty
616 to 12/14 October 632Edwinson of Ælla, also ruled Bernicia, killed in battle by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia; Saint Edwin
late 633 to summer 634Osric
633 to 5 August 642Oswaldson of Æthelfrith, also ruled Bernicia, killed by Penda, King of Mercia; Saint Oswald
642 to 644Oswiu son of Æthelfrith, also ruled Bernicia
644 to 651Oswineson of Osric, murdered
summer 651 to late 654 or 655Æthelwoldson of Oswald
654 to 15 August 670Oswiu restored
656 to 664Alchfrith
670 to 679ÆlfwineSub-king under his brother Ecgfrith, King of Northumbria. Killed in the Battle of the Trent against King Æthelred of Mercia

Kings of Northumbria

ReignIncumbentNotes
654 to 15 February 670OswiuHither of Bernicia and Deira
February 670 to 20 May 685Ecgfrithson of Oswiu, killed in battle against the Picts
May 685 to 14 December 704Aldfrith
(Ealdfrith, Aldfrid)		son of Oswiu
late 704 to early 705Eadwulfusurper
705 to 716Osred Ison of Aldfrith, killed in battle or murdered
716 to 718Coenreddistant descendant of Ida of Bernecia
718 to 29 May 729Osricson of Aldfrith, adopted Ceolwulf as his heir
729 to 731Ceolwulfbrother of Coenred, deposed; Saint Ceolwulf
731 to 737/8Ceolwulfrestored; abdicated to become a monk
737 to 758Eadberhtson of Eata, a descendant of Ida of Bernicia, abdicated to become a monk
758 to 759Oswulf
(Osulf)		son of Eadberht, murdered by his servants
759 to 765Æthelwald Molldeposed
765 to 774Alhreddistant descendant of Ida of Bernicia, deposed and exiled
774 to 779Æthelred Ison of Æthelwald Moll, deposed
779 to 23 September 788Ælfwald Ison of Oswulf, murdered
788 to 790Osred IIson of Alhred, deposed and exiled
790 to 18 April 796Æthelred Irestored
796Osbaldexiled after a reign of 27 days
14 May 796 to 806/8Eardwulfdeposed
806/8 to 808/10Ælfwald II
(Elfwald II)
808 to 810Eardwulfrestored
810 to 841Eanredson of Eardwulf
840/1 to 844Æthelred IIson of Eanred, deposed
844Rædwulf
(Redwulf)		usurper
844 to c. 848/9Æthelred IIrestored
c. 848/9 to 862/3Osberht
(Osbert)		deposed
862/3/7 to 23 March 867Ælle IIusurper, killed by the Danes with Osbeorht
867 to 21 March 867Osberht
(Osbert)		killed by the Danes with the usurper Ælle

Kings of Northumbria in the Norse era

ReignIncumbentNotes
867 to 872Ecgberht Ipuppet king of the Danes
872 to 876Ricsige
876 to 877Halfdan Ragnarsson Hálfdan in Old Norse, Halfdene or Healfdene in Old English, Albann in Old Irish. Norse ruler in York. The northern part of Northumbria remained under Anglo-Saxon rule.
877 to 883Interregnum
c. 883 to 895GuthredGuðrøðr in Old Norse
[3]{{rp>79}}SiefredusSigfroðr in Old Norse.
[3]{{rp>79}}Cnut[3]{{rp>79}}
[3]{{rp>79}}Æthelwold
[3]{{rp>87}}Hálfdan and EowilsAnother king, Ingwær, their brother, may have also ruled. All three were killed at the Battle of Tettenhall.
[4]{{rp>144–8}}RagnallProbably controlled much of Northumbria before finally becoming king of York in 918.
[4]{{rp>148–51}}SigtryggKnown as Sitric Cáech in Irish chronicles.
927Gofraid ua ÍmairGuthfrith in Old English. Guðrøðr in Old Norse.
[4]{{rp>151,74}}Æthelstan of Wessex As King of the English
[4]{{rp>174,81}}Olaf Guthfrithsonson of Gofraid ua Ímair, known as Amlaíb mac Gofraid in Irish chronicles
[4]{{rp>181–2}}Amlaíb Cuaránson of Sigtrygg, known in England as Olaf Sihtricson. Óláfr Sigtryggsson in Old Norse.
[4]{{rp>182}}Ragnall GuthfrithsonOld Norse: Røgnvaldr Guðrøðsson; Old Irish: Ragnall mac Gofraid. Son of Gofraid ua Ímair
[4]{{rp>182,86}}Eadmund of Wessex As King of the English
[4]{{rp>186–8}}Eric Bloodaxe
[4]{{rp>186,88}}Amlaíb Cuaránrestored
[4]{{rp>188–90}}Eric Bloodaxerestored
[4]{{rp>190}}Eadred of Wessex[4]{{rp>185–90}} Kingdom absorbed permanently into England after 954[4]{{rp |190}}

Family tree

{{Color sample|border=#CC0000|white; border-width:3px}} - Kings of Bernicia;{{Color sample|border=#9400D3|white; border-width:3px}} - Kings of Deira;{{Color sample|border=#03C03C|white; border-width:3px}} - Kings of Northumbria{{chart/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 28 boxes}}{{chart |border=1| | | | | | | | | | |ES | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ES=Esa|boxstyle_ES=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000}}{{chart |border=1| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}{{chart |border=1| | | | | | | | | | |EO | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |EO=Eoppa|boxstyle_EO=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000}}{{chart |border=1| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}{{chart |border=1| | | | | | | | | | |ID | | | |YFFI | | | | | | | | | | | | |ID=Ida
d. 559
r.c.547–559|boxstyle_ID=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|YFFI=Yffi}}{{chart |border=1| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | }}{{chart |border=1|GL | |AD | |AE | |TH | |AEL | |FR | |HU | |Ae |GL=Glappa
d. 560
r.559–560|boxstyle_GL=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|AD=Adda
d. 568
r.560–568|boxstyle_AD=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|AE=Æthelric
d. 572
r.568–572|boxstyle_AE=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|TH=Theodoric
d. 579
r.572–579|boxstyle_TH=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|AEL=Ælle
d. 588
r.569–588|boxstyle_AEL=border-width:2px; border-color:#9400D3|FR=Frithuwald
d. 585
r.579–585|boxstyle_FR=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|HU=Hussa
d. 592
r.585–592|boxstyle_HU=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|Ae=Æthelric
r.589/599–604|boxstyle_Ae=border-width:2px; border-color:#9400D3}}{{chart |border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}{{chart |border=1| | | | | | | | |AE2 |y|ACHA | |EA | | | | | | | | | |Os |AE2=Æthelfrith
d. 616
r.592–616|boxstyle_AE2=border-width:2px; border-color:#9400D3|ACHA=Acha
of Deira|EA=Eadwine
b.c.586; d. 633
r.616–633|boxstyle_EA=border-width:2px; border-color:#9400D3|Os=Osric I
d. 634
r.633–634|boxstyle_Os=border-width:2px; border-color:#9400D3}}{{chart |border=1| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}{{chart |border=1| | | | |EAN | |OSW | |OSR | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OS |EAN=Eanfrith
b.c.595; d. 634
r.633–634|boxstyle_EAN=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|OSW=Oswald
b.c.604; d. 642
r.634–642|boxstyle_OSW=border-width:2px; border-color:#03C03C|OSR=Oswiu
b.c.612; d. 670
r.642–670|boxstyle_OSR=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|OS=Oswine
d. 651
r.644–651|boxstyle_OS=border-width:2px; border-color:#9400D3}}{{chart |border=1| | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | }}{{chart |border=1| | | | |TAL | |AET | |EALHF| |ECGFR| |ALDFR| |AELFW| | | | |TAL=Talorgan
King of the Picts|boxstyle_TAL=border-width:2px|AET=Æthelwald I
d. 655
r.651–655|boxstyle_AET=border-width:2px; border-color:#9400D3|EALHF=Ealhfriht
d. 664
r.655–664|boxstyle_EALHF=border-width:2px; border-color:#9400D3|ECGFR=Ecgfriht
b.c.645; d. 685
r.670–685|boxstyle_ECGFR=border-width:2px; border-color:#03C03C|ALDFR=Ealdfriht
d. 704
r.685–704|boxstyle_ALDFR=border-width:2px; border-color:#03C03C|AELFW=Ælfwine
b.c.661; d. 679
r.670–679|boxstyle_AELFW=border-width:2px; border-color:#9400D3}}{{chart |border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | }}{{chart |border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OSr | |OsR | | | | | | | | |OSr=Osred I
b.c.697; d. 716
r.704–716|boxstyle_OSr=border-width:2px; border-color:#03C03C|OsR=Osric II
d. 729
r.718–729|boxstyle_OsR=border-width:2px; border-color:#03C03C}}{{chart |BE=BERNICIA|boxstyle_BE=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000|DE=DEIRA}}{{chart/end}}

See also

  • Rulers of Bamburgh
  • Earl of York
  • Earl of Northumbria
  • Earl of Northumberland
  • List of English monarchs

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPQSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT248&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Northumbria: The Lost Kingdom|first1=Paul|last1=Gething|first2=Edoardo|last2=Albert|date=1 October 2012|publisher=The History Press|via=Google Books}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FKhB1kiXq7YC&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Kings and Queens of Britain|first1=John|last1=Cannon|first2=Anne|last2=Hargreaves|date=26 March 2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|via=Google Books}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 {{Citation | last = Downham | title = Viking Kings}}.
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{Citation | last = Woolf | title = Pictland to Alba}}.

References

{{refbegin}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=E|last2=Ross|first2=M|year=1834|title=An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County Palatine of Durham|volume=I|page=xi|publisher=Mackenzie and Dent|publication-place=Newcastle upon Tyne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azEQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2012-02-28}}
  • {{citation |last=Downham |first=Clare |title=Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Dunedin |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-903765-89-0 |oclc=163618313}}
  • {{citation |last=Woolf |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Woolf |title=From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 |year=2007 |series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-1234-5 |oclc=123113911 }}
{{refend}}{{Heptarchy}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Monarchs Of Northumbria}}

3 : Northumbria|Lists of British monarchs|Lists of monarchs
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