| 词条 | List of monarchs of Prussia |
| 释义 |
| royal_title = Monarchy | realm = Prussia | coatofarms = Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia 1873-1918.svg | coatofarmssize = 120px | coatofarmscaption = Royal Coat of arms | image = EmporerWilhelm2.jpg | caption = Wilhelm II | first_monarch = Albert {{small|(as Duke)}} | style = | residence = Stadtschloss, Berlin {{small|(last)}} | appointer = Hereditary | began = 10 April 1525 | ended = 9 November 1918 }} The monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia. The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order, a Roman Catholic crusader state and theocracy located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Master, the last of whom, Albert, converted to Protestantism and secularized the lands, which then became the Duchy of Prussia. The Duchy was initially a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland, as a result of the terms of the Prussian Homage whereby Albert was granted the Duchy as part of the terms of peace following the Prussian War. When the main line of Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618, the Duchy passed to a different branch of the family, who also reigned as Electors of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire. While still nominally two different territories, Prussia under the suzerainty of Poland and Brandenburg under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire, the two states are known together historiographically as Brandenburg-Prussia. Following the Second Northern War, a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from vassalage to any other state, making it a fully sovereign Duchy in its own right. This complex situation (where the Hohenzollern ruler of the independent Duchy of Prussia was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg) laid the eventual groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. For diplomatic reasons, the rulers of Prussia called themselves King in Prussia from 1701 to 1772. They still nominally owed fealty to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg, so the "King in Prussia" title (as opposed to "King of Prussia") avoided offending the Emperor. Additionally, calling themselves "King of Prussia" implied sovereignty over the entire Prussian region, parts of which were still part of Poland. As the Prussian state grew through several wars and diplomatic moves throughout the 18th century, it became apparent that Prussia had become a Great Power in its own right. By 1772, the pretense was dropped, and the style "King of Prussia" was adopted. The Prussian kings continued to use the title "Elector of Brandenburg" until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, reflecting the legal fiction that their domains within the empire were still under the ultimate overlordship of the Emperor. Legally, the Hohenzollerns ruled Brandenburg in personal union with their Prussian kingdom, but in practice they treated their domains as a single unit. The Hohenzollerns gained de jure sovereignty over Brandenburg when the empire dissolved in 1806, and Brandenburg was formally merged into Prussia. In 1871, in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was formed, and the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I was crowned German Emperor. From that point forward, though the Kingdom of Prussia retained its status as a constituent state of the empire (albeit by far the largest and most powerful), all subsequent Kings of Prussia also served as German Emperor, and that title took precedence. Duchy of Prussia (1525–1701){{main article|Duchy of Prussia}}{{Succession table monarch| name1 = Albert | nickname1 = | native1 = | life1 = {{Birth date|1490|5|17|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1568|3|20|1490|5|17|df=y}} | reignstart1 = 10 April 1525 | reignend1 = 20 March 1568 | notes1 = | family1 = Hohenzollern | image1 = Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Bildnis des Markgrafen Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach (Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum).jpg | alt1 = Albert, Duke of Prussia | name2 = Albert Frederick | nickname2 = | native2 = | life2 = {{Birth date|1553|5|7|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1618|8|28|1553|5|7|df=y}} | reignstart2 = 20 March 1568 | reignend2 = 28 August 1618 | notes2 = Son of Albert | family2 = Hohenzollern | image2 = AlbrechtFriedrichPreußen.1612.JPG | alt2 = Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia | name3 = John Sigismund | nickname3 = | native3 = | life3 = {{Birth date|1572|11|8|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1619|12|23|1572|11|8|df=y}} | reignstart3 = 28 August 1618 | reignend3 = 23 December 1619 | notes3 = Cousin of Albert Frederick, also Elector of Brandenburg | family3 = Hohenzollern | image3 = John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg.JPG | alt3 = John Sigismund, Duke of Prussia | name4 = George William | nickname4 = | native4 = | life4 = {{Birth date|1595|11|13|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1640|12|1|1595|11|13|df=y}} | reignstart4 = 23 December 1619 | reignend4 = 1 December 1640 | notes4 = Son of John Sigismund, also Elector of Brandenburg | family4 = Hohenzollern | image4 = GeorgWilhelm.1635.Ausschnitt.JPG | alt4 = George William, Duke of Prussia | name5 = Frederick William | nickname5 = the Great Elector | native5 = | life5 = {{Birth date|1620|2|16|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1688|4|29|1620|2|16|df=y}} | reignstart5 = 1 December 1640 | reignend5 = 29 April 1688 | notes5 = Son of George William, also Elector of Brandenburg | family5 = Hohenzollern | image5 = Frans Luycx 011.jpg | alt5 = Frederick William, Duke of Prussia | name6 = Frederick I | nickname6 = | native6 = | life6 = {{Birth date|1657|7|11|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1713|2|25|1657|7|11|df=y}} | reignstart6 = 29 April 1688 | reignend6 = 18 January 1701 | notes6 = Son of Frederick Wilhelm, also Elector of Brandenburg | family6 = Hohenzollern | image6 = Frederick I of Prussia (cropped).jpg | alt6 = Frederick I, Duke of Prussia }} Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918){{Main article|Kingdom of Prussia}}{{Succession table monarch| name1 = Frederick I | nickname1 = the Mercenary King [1] | native1 = | life1 = {{Birth date|1657|7|11|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1713|2|25|1657|7|11|df=y}} | reignstart1 = 18 January 1701 | reignend1 = 25 February 1713 | notes1 = Son of Frederick William | family1 = Hohenzollern | image1 = Frederick I of Prussia (cropped).jpg | alt1 = Frederick I of Prussia | name2 = Frederick William I | nickname2 = the Soldier King | native2 = | life2 = {{Birth date|1688|08|14|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1740|05|31|1688|08|14|df=y}} | reignstart2 = 25 February 1713 | reignend2 = 31 May 1740 | notes2 = Son of Frederick I | family2 = Hohenzollern | image2 = Friedrich Wilhelm I 1713.jpg | alt2 = Frederick William I of Prussia | name3 = Frederick II | nickname3 = the Great | native3 = | life3 = {{Birth date|1712|1|24|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1786|8|17|1712|1|24|df=y}} | reignstart3 = 31 May 1740 | reignend3 = 17 August 1786 | notes3 = Son of Frederick William I | family3 = Hohenzollern | image3 = Christoph Friedrich Reinhold Lisiewski - Bildnis Friedrich des Großen (1772).jpg | alt3 = Frederick II of Prussia | name4 = Frederick William II | nickname4 = | native4 = | life4 = {{Birth date|1744|9|25|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1797|11|16|1744|9|25|df=y}} | reignstart4 = 17 August 1786 | reignend4 = 16 November 1797 | notes4 = Nephew of Frederick II | family4 = Hohenzollern | image4 = Friedrich Wilhelm II., König von Preußen (Graff Kopie).jpg | alt4 = Frederick William II of Prussia | name5 = Frederick William III | nickname5 = | native5 = | life5 = {{Birth date|1770|7|3|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1840|6|7|1770|7|3|df=y}} | reignstart5 = 16 November 1797 | reignend5 = 7 June 1840 | notes5 = Son of Frederick William II | family5 = Hohenzollern | image5 = Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg | alt5 = Frederick William III of Prussia | name6 = Frederick William IV | nickname6 = | native6 = | life6 = {{Birth date|1795|10|15|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1861|1|2|1795|10|15|df=y}} | reignstart6 = 7 June 1840 | reignend6 = 2 January 1861 | notes6 = Son of Frederick William III; also President of the Erfurt Union (1849-1850) | family6 = Hohenzollern | image6 = FWIV.jpg | alt6 = Frederick William IV of Prussia | name7 = William I | nickname7 = | native7 = | life7 = {{Birth date|1797|3|22|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1888|3|9|1797|3|22|df=y}} | reignstart7 = 2 January 1861 | reignend7 = 9 March 1888 | notes7 = Brother of Frederick William IV; also President of the North German Confederation (1867-1871) and German Emperor (from 1871) | family7 = Hohenzollern | image7 = Wilhelm1.jpg | alt7 = William I of Prussia | name8 = Frederick III | nickname8 = | native8 = | life8 = {{Birth date|1831|10|18|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1888|6|15|1831|10|18|df=y}} | reignstart8 = 9 March 1888 | reignend8 = 15 June 1888 | notes8 = Son of William I; also German Emperor | family8 = Hohenzollern | image8 = FriedIII.jpg | alt8 = Frederick III of Prussia | name9 = William II | nickname9 = | native9 = | life9 = {{Birth date|1859|1|27|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1941|6|4|1859|1|27|df=y}} | reignstart9 = 15 June 1888 | reignend9 = 28 November 1918 (abdicated) [2] | notes9 = Son of Frederick III; also German Emperor | family9 = Hohenzollern | image9 = EmporerWilhelm2.jpg | alt9 = William II of Prussia }} Timeline{{#tag:timeline|ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:130 left:20 AlignBars = late DateFormat=yyyy Period = from:1525 till:1918 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:20 start:1525 Colors = id:duke value:blue legend: Dukes id:regent value:green legend: Regents Legend = left:1500 top:245 columnwidth:10000000 TextData = pos:(20,27) textcolor:red fontsize:M text:"Monarchs:" BarData = PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:SM from: 1525 till: 1568 color:duke text:"Albert" fontsize:10 from: 1568 till: 1618 color:duke text:"Albert Frederick" fontsize:10 from: 1618 till: 1619 color:duke text:"John Sigismund" fontsize:10 from: 1619 till: 1640 color:duke text:"George William" fontsize:10 from: 1640 till: 1688 color:duke text:"Frederick William" fontsize:10 from: 1688 till: 1713 color:regent text:"Frederick I" fontsize:10 from: 1713 till: 1740 color:king text:"Frederick William I" fontsize:10 from: 1740 till: 1786 color:king text:"Frederick II" fontsize:10 from: 1786 till: 1797 color:king text:"Frederick William II" fontsize:10 from: 1797 till: 1840 color:king text:"Frederick William III" fontsize:10 from: 1840 till: 1861 color:king text:"Frederick William IV" fontsize:10 from: 1861 till: 1888 color:king text:"William I" fontsize:10 from: 1888 till: 1888 color:king text:"Frederick III" fontsize:10 from: 1888 till: 1918 color:king text:"William II" fontsize:10 }} Pretenders to the Throne of Prussia (1918–present){{main article|Line of succession to the former German throne}}
See also{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
References1. ^Spencer, Charles, Blenheim, Chapter 22: Vindication, p.316 2. ^Statement of Abdication of William II Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links
5 : Kings of Prussia|House of Hohenzollern|Lists of monarchs|Dukes of Prussia|Prussia-related lists |
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