| 词条 | List of Nazi concentration camps | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
This article presents a partial list of the most prominent Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps set up across Europe before and during the course of World War II and the Holocaust. A more complete list drawn up in 1967 by the West German Ministry of Justice names about 1,200 camps and subcamps in countries occupied by Germany,[2] while the Jewish Virtual Library writes: "It is estimated that the Germans established 15,000 camps in the occupied countries."[3] Some of the data presented in this table originates from the monograph titled The War Against the Jews by Lucy Dawidowicz among similar others.[4] In 1933–1939, before the onset of war, most prisoners consisted of German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Roma, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and persons accused of 'asocial' or socially 'deviant' behavior by the Germans.[5] They were not utilized to sustain the German war effort. Although the term 'concentration camp' is often used as a general term for all German camps during World War II, there were in fact several types of concentration camps in the German camp system. Holocaust scholars make a clear distinction between death camps and concentration camps which served a number of war related purposes including prison facilities, labor camps, prisoner of war camps, and transit camps among others.[6] Concentration camps served primarily as detention and slave labor exploitation centers. An estimated 15 to 20 million people were imprisoned in 42,500 camps and ghettos, and often pressed into slavery during the subsequent years,[7] according to research by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum conducted more recently.[7] The system of about 20,000 concentration camps in Germany and German-occupied Europe played a pivotal role in economically sustaining the German reign of terror.[5] Most of them were destroyed by the Germans in an attempt to hide the evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity; nevertheless tens of thousands of prisoners sent on death marches were liberated by the Allies afterward.[8] Extermination camps were designed and built exclusively to kill prisoners on a massive scale, often immediately upon arrival.[11] The extermination camps of Operation Reinhard such as Bełżec, Sobibór and Treblinka served as "death factories" in which German SS and police murdered nearly 2,700,000 Jews by asphyxiation with poison gas, shooting, and extreme work under starvation conditions.[9][10][11]The concentration camps held large groups of prisoners without trial or judicial process. In modern historiography, the term refers to a place of systemic mistreatment, starvation, forced labour and murder. Selected examplesStatistical and numerical data presented in the table below originates from a wide variety of publications and therefore does not constitute a representative sample of the total. The Ghettos in German-occupied Europe are generally not included in this list. Relevant information can be found at the separate List of Nazi-era ghettos. {{Div col|colwidth=25em}}{{legend|#fdd|Extermination camps}}{{legend|#ddf|Concentration camps}}{{legend|#ddd|Labor camps}}{{legend|#f4f4f4|Main camps, including collection points}}{{div col end}}
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Auschwitz|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005189|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|accessdate=18 July 2016}} [21]2. ^Bundesministerium der Justiz (2011), [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103180512/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html List of concentration camps and their outposts in alphabetical order.] Internet Archive. {{de icon}} 3. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/cclist.html Concentration Camp Listing] Sourced from Van Eck, Ludo Le livre des Camps. Belgium: Editions Kritak; and Gilbert, Martin Atlas of the Holocaust. New York: William Morrow 1993 {{ISBN|0-688-12364-3}}. In this on-line site are the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country. 4. ^Search Results: Mapping the SS Concentration Camp System. Alphabetical listing. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Further Reading. Bergen, Dawidowicz, Gilbert, Gutman, Hilberg, Yahil. 5. ^1 Holocaust Encyclopedia, Nazi Camps. Introduction. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 6. ^Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen (2002), The difference between concentration camps and extermination camps. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027172336/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/lejre/koncudd.asp |date=2015-10-27 }} The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 7. ^1 {{cite book |work=Jews and Their Foodways |author=Anat Helman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |ISBN=0190265426 |pages=251–252 |title=Exploring the Universe of Camps and Ghettos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrGYCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA251&vq=Geoffrey%2BMegargee&pg=PA251#v=snippet&q=Geoffrey+Megargee |chapter=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos by Geoffrey P. Megargee}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005131 | title=Liberation of German Camps | publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | author=Source: Abzug, Bridgman, Chamberlin, Goodell | date=2015 | accessdate=18 July 2015 | work=Holocaust Encyclopedia }} 9. ^1 Holocaust Encyclopedia, Killing Centers: An Overview.{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402151811/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005145 |date=2013-04-02 }} United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10. ^{{cite web |author=Yad Vashem |title=The Implementation of the Final Solution: The Death Camps |work=The Holocaust |publisher=Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |date=2012 |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/05/death_camps.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104111022/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/05/death_camps.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-11-04 |via=Internet Archive, 4 November 2013 |df=dmy-all}} Also in: {{cite journal |work=Forced and Slave Labor in Nazi-Dominated Europe |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20060315-forced-slave-labor-symposium.pdf |publisher=Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2004 |title=Jewish Forced Labor as a Basic Element of Nazi Persecution: Germany, Austria, and the Occupied Polish Territories (1938–1943) |author=Wolf Gruner |pages=43–44}} 11. ^{{cite book |author1=Robert Gellately |author2=Nathan Stoltzfus |title=Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-08684-2 |page=216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1toqgWg8ROUC&q=forced+labor#v=snippet}} 12. ^1 Franciszek Piper, Construction and Expansion of KL Auschwitz ("Budowa i rozbudowa KL Auschwitz"). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925034809/http://pl.auschwitz.org.pl/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=5 |date=2010-09-25 }} The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland (Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu), 1999–2010 {{pl icon}} 13. ^1 Franciszek Piper, Dead victims of KL Auschwitz per nationality and/or profile of deportees ("Liczba uśmierconych w KL Auschwitz ogółem wg Narodowości lub kategorii deportowanych"). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091816/http://pl.auschwitz.org.pl/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=23&limit=1&limitstart=3 |date=2011-07-20 }} The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland, 1999–2010 {{pl icon}} 14. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Franciszek Piper |title=Victims of KL Auschwitz |trans-title=Liczba ofiar KL Auschwitz |url=http://pl.auschwitz.org.pl/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925034425/http://pl.auschwitz.org.pl/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=23 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2010-09-25 |via=Internet Archive, 2010-09-25 |journal=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim, Poland |at=1999–2010 |language=pl |id=Overwhelming majority of Auschwitz arrivals were killed within hours. Only about 10 percent of the prisoners from transports organized by the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA) were registered and assigned to the Birkenau barracks. There were around 400,000 registrations at Auschwitz in total, including 195,000 non-Jews, and around 202,000 Jews. — Franciszek Piper. See also: Vincent Châtel & Chuck Ferree (2006). "Auschwitz-Birkenau Death Factory". The Forgotten Camps.}} 15. ^1 List of Subcamps of KL Auschwitz (Podobozy KL Auschwitz). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012030036/http://pl.auschwitz.org.pl/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=42 |date=2011-10-12 }} The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland (Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu), 1999–2010 {{pl icon}} 16. ^Ramet, Sabrina P., The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation: 1918–2005. Indiana University Press, 2006. (p. 131) 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snl.no/Bardufoss_fangeleir|title=Bardufoss fangeleir|author=Store norske leksikon|authorlink=Store norske leksikon|language=Norwegian|date=2010-04-09}} 18. ^{{cite book|last=Schram|first=Laurence|title=De Belgische tentoonstelling in Auschwitz. Het boek - L'exposition belge / Auschwitz. Le Livre|year=2006|publisher=Het Joods Museum voor Deportatie en Verzet|url=http://www.npdoc.be/Schram-Laurence/Schram-Laurence.htm|accessdate=1 August 2011|language=Dutch|isbn=978-90-76109-03-9 |chapter=De cijfers van de deportatie uit Mechelen naar Auschwitz. Perspectieven en denkpistes|ref=harv}} 19. ^{{cite book |editor1-last= Mikhman |editor1-first=Dan |editor2-last=Gutman |editor2-first=Israel |year=2005 |title=The encyclopedia of the righteous among the nations: rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. Belgium |publisher=Yad Vashem Publications |isbn=978-9653083769 |ref=harv }} 20. ^Roger Boulanger (2006), [https://web.archive.org/web/20071123071645/http://crdp.ac-reims.fr/memoire/enseigner/natzweiler_struthof/historique.htm L'historique du camp de Natzweiler-Struthof] via Internet Archive. 21. ^{{cite web |title=Shoah Resource Center - Maly Trostinets |website=Yad Vashems |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%206636.pdf }} }} Bibliography
External links
4 : The Holocaust-related lists|Lists of Nazi concentration camps|Nazi SS|World War II sites of Nazi Germany |
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