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词条 List of new religious movements
释义

  1. List

  2. See also

  3. Notes

  4. References

  5. External links

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A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious, ethical, or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.[1]{{rp|29}}[1]{{rp|107}}[2]{{rp|206}}

An NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied.[3] Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide, with most in Asia and Africa. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.[4]{{rp|17}} Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.[5]{{rp|vii–xv}}

List

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List of new religious movements
NameFounderYear foundedType
[6]{{rp>131}}[7]{{rp>162}}[7]{{rp>162}}[7]{{rp>162}}
[7]{{rp>146}}[8]{{rp|25–28}}[7]{{rp>146}}[7]{{rp>146}}[7]{{rp>146}}
[8]{{rp>28}}[9]{{rp>707}}[9]{{rp>707}}[9]{{rp>707}}
Adonism[10] Franz Sättler[10] 1925[10] Neopagan[10]
[8]{{rp>28–29}} Terry Cole-Whittaker 1985 Religious Science
[7]{{rp>3}}[8]{{rp|29–31}}[11]{{rp|25–26}}[7]{{rp>3}}[7]{{rp>3}}[7]{{rp>3}}
[11]{{rp>26}} Jacob Kehinde Coker[12] 1901[12] Anglican Communion
[11]{{rp>26–27}} Multiple Christianity; Indigenous
[8]{{rp>31}}[9]{{rp>934}}[9]{{rp>934}}[9]{{rp>934}}
[8]{{rp>32}}[9]{{rp>764}}[9]{{rp>764}}[9]{{rp>764}}
[6]{{rp>6}}[8]{{rp|32}}[9]{{rp>876}}[9]{{rp>876}}[9]{{rp>876}}
[6]{{rp>6}}[8]{{rp|32–33}}[11]{{rp|27–28}}[9]{{rp>985}}[9]{{rp>985}}[9]{{rp>985}}
[6]{{rp>7}}[11]{{rp|28–29}} Josiah Ositelu[9] [9]{{rp>517}}[9]{{rp>517}}
[6]{{rp>7}}[8]{{rp|33–34}}[11]{{rp|29}}[7]{{rp>13}}[7]{{rp>13}}[7]{{rp>13}}
[8]{{rp>34–35}}[9]{{rp>707}}[9]{{rp>707}}[9]{{rp>707}}
[8]{{rp>35–36}}[9]{{rp>1116}}[9]{{rp>1116}}
[8]{{rp>36}}[9]{{rp>1102}}[9]{{rp>1102}}[9]{{rp>1102}}
[8]{{rp>37–38}}[9]{{rp>309}}[9]{{rp>309}}[9]{{rp>309}}
[8]{{rp>38}}[9]{{rp>876}}[9]{{rp>876}}[9]{{rp>876}}
[6]{{rp>11}}[8]{{rp|41}}[11]{{rp|30–31}}[13]{{rp|370}}[9]{{rp>1001}}[9]{{rp>1001}}[9]{{rp>1001}}
[8]{{rp>43}}[9]{{rp>1142}}[9]{{rp>1142}}
[6]{{rp>11}}[8]{{rp|42–43}}[11]{{rp|31}}[9]{{rp>841}}[9]{{rp>841}}[9]{{rp>841}}
[8]{{rp>43}}[9]{{rp>1054}}[9]{{rp>1054}}[9]{{rp>1054}}
[6]{{rp>13}}[8]{{rp|43–44}}[9]{{rp>651}}[9]{{rp>651}}[9]{{rp>651}}
[8]{{rp>44}}[9]{{rp>986–987}}[9]{{rp>986–987"}}[9]{{rp>986–987}}
[6]{{rp>13}}[8]{{rp|44–47}}[11]{{rp|33–34}}[7]{{rp>20}}[7]{{rp>20}}[7]{{rp>20}}
[8]{{rp>47}}[9]{{rp>241}}[9]{{rp>241}}[9]{{rp>241}}
Antoinism[6] Louis-Joseph Antoine[6] 1910[6] Healing, Christian[6]
[8]{{rp>47–48}}[9]{{rp>548}}[9]{{rp>548}}[9]{{rp>548}}
[8]{{rp>47–48}}[9]{{rp>548}}[9]{{rp>548}}[9]{{rp>548}}
[6]{{rp>15}}[7]{{rp>23}}[7]{{rp>23}}[7]{{rp>23}}
[8]{{rp>48}}[9]{{rp>464}}[9]{{rp>464}}[9]{{rp>464}}
[6]{{rp>16}}[9]{{rp>465}}[9]{{rp>465}}[9]{{rp>465}}
[11]{{rp>38}}[9]{{rp>857}}[9]{{rp>857}}[9]{{rp>857}}
[6]{{rp>17}}[11]{{rp|38–39}}[9]{{rp>971}}[9]{{rp>971}}[9]{{rp>971}}
Arkeon[14]Vito Carlo Moccia[15]1999[15]Reiki, Roman Catholicism[14]
Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Preeth[9]{{rp>1004}}[9]{{rp>1004}}[9]{{rp>1004}}[9]{{rp>1004}}
[6]{{rp>18}}[11]{{rp|40–41}}[9]{{rp>1004}}[9]{{rp>1004}}[9]{{rp>1004}}
[11]{{rp>91}}[9]{{rp>654}}[9]{{rp>654}}[9]{{rp>654}}
Ásatrú [16] Stephen McNallen[16] 1970s[16] Neo-pagan[16]
[11]{{rp>41–42}}[17]{{rp>106}}[17]{{rp>106}}[17]{{rp>106}}
[6]{{rp>18}}[9]{{rp>466}}[9]{{rp>466}}[9]{{rp>466}}
[6]{{rp>21}}[9]{{rp>1131}}[9]{{rp>1131}}[9]{{rp>1131}}
[6]{{rp>21}}[11]{{rp|42–43}}[7]{{rp>31}}[7]{{rp>31}}[7]{{rp>31}}
[6]{{rp>316}}[9]{{rp>446}}[9]{{rp>446}}[9]{{rp>446}}
[6]{{rp>23}}[11]{{rp|44–45}}[18][19][9]{{rp>1073}}[9]{{rp>1073}}[9]{{rp>1073}}
[6]{{rp>24}}[9]{{rp>842}}[9]{{rp>842}}[9]{{rp>842}}
Bábism[20] Báb[20] 1844[20] Islam[20]
[6]{{rp>25–26}}[11]{{rp|48–49}}[9]{{rp>992}}[9]{{rp>992}}[9]{{rp>992}}
[11]{{rp>50–51}}[9]{{rp>972}}[9]{{rp>972}}[9]{{rp>972}}
[6]{{rp>32}}[9]{{rp>466}}[9]{{rp>466}}[9]{{rp>466}}
[6]{{rp>33}}[9]{{rp>370}}[9]{{rp>370}}[9]{{rp>370}}
[6]{{rp>34}}[8]{{rp|77}}[9]{{rp>466}}[9]{{rp>466}}[9]{{rp>466}}
[21]{{rp>35}}[21]{{rp>1}}[21]{{rp>1}}[21]{{rp>1}}
[6]{{rp>37}}[11]{{rp|56–57}}[241][9]{{rp>1006}}[9]{{rp>1006}}[9]{{rp>1006}}
[6]{{rp>38}}[11]{{rp|59}}[9]{{rp>617}}[9]{{rp>617}}[9]{{rp>617}}
[22]{{rp>37–40}}[22]{{rp>37–40}}[22]{{rp>37–40}}[22]{{rp>37–40}}
[11]{{rp>60–61}}[23]{{rp>30}}[23]{{rp>30}}[23]{{rp>30}}
[9]{{rp>1131–1132}}[9]{{rp>1131–1132}}[9]{{rp>1131–1132}}[9]{{rp>1131–1132}}
[6]{{rp>39–40}}[11]{{rp|61–62}}
[11]{{rp>63–64}}[24]{{rp>709}}[9]{{rp>709}}[9]{{rp>709}}
[6]{{rp>269–270}}
[6]{{rp>41–42}}[11]{{rp|67–68}}[9]{{rp>891}}[9]{{rp>891}}[9]{{rp>891}}
[6]{{rp>43–44}}[11]{{rp|68–69}}[7]{{rp>61}}[7]{{rp>61}}
[6]{{rp>44}}[11]{{rp|69–70}}[7]{{rp>61}}[7]{{rp>61}}[7]{{rp>61}}
[6]{{rp>45}}[11]{{rp|70}}[7]{{rp>62}}
[11]{{rp>72}}[9]{{rp>837–838}}[9]{{rp>837–838}}[9]{{rp>837–838}}
[11]{{rp>73}}[7]{{rp>64}}[7]{{rp>64}}[7]{{rp>64}}
[11]{{rp>73–74}}
[6]{{rp>206,368}}[11]{{rp|70}}Shneur Zalman of Liadi. late 18th centuryChasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism.
[11]{{rp>78}}[22]{{rp>70}}
[11]{{rp>78–79}}
[11]{{rp>80–81}} Choe Je-u
[11]{{rp>79}}[7]{{rp>65}}[7]{{rp>65}}[7]{{rp>65}}
[11]{{rp>82–83}}[9]{{rp>479}}[9]{{rp>479}}[9]{{rp>479}}
[6]{{rp>50}}[11]{{rp|81–82}}[22]{{rp>48}}[9]{{rp>107}}[9]{{rp>107}}
[11]{{rp>83}}Friedrich Rittelmeyer[7]{{rp>70}}[7]{{rp>70}}[7]{{rp>70}}
[6]{{rp>138}}[11]{{rp|84}}[9]{{rp>652}}[9]{{rp>652}}
[11]{{rp>86}}[9]{{rp>365}}[9]{{rp>365}}[9]{{rp>365}}
[6]{{rp>54}}[11]{{rp|86–87.}}[9]{{rp>741}}[9]{{rp>741}}[9]{{rp>741}} New Thought[25]
[11]{{rp>87–88}}[7]{{rp>76}}[7]{{rp>76}}[7]{{rp>76}}
[6]{{rp>58}}[11]{{rp|88–89}}[9]{{rp>909}}[9]{{rp>909}}[9]{{rp>909}}
[6]{{rp>58}}[9]{{rp>911}}[9]{{rp>911}}[9]{{rp>911}}
[6]{{rp>59}}[11]{{rp|89–90}}[7]{{rp>79}}[7]{{rp>79}}[7]{{rp>79}}
[6]{{rp>61}}[9]{{rp>395}}[9]{{rp>395}}
[6]{{rp>62}}[7]{{rp>85}}[7]{{rp>85}}[7]{{rp>85}}
[6]{{rp>62}}[9]{{rp>437}}[9]{{rp>437}}[9]{{rp>437}}
[6]{{rp>63, 65}} J.H. Parks, Steve N. Bryant, Tom Moses, William O. Douglas [9]{{rp>437}}[9]{{rp>437}}
[6]{{rp>62–63}}[9]{{rp>438}}[9]{{rp>438}}[9]{{rp>438}}
[26]{{rp>300–301}}[9]{{rp>489}}[9]{{rp>489}}[9]{{rp>489}}
[6]{{rp>65}}[9]{{rp>653}}[9]{{rp>653}}[9]{{rp>653}}
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Joseph Smith 1830 Latter-day Saint Movement; Millenarianism; Mormonism
[27]{{rp>210–211}}[28]{{rp|105–106}}[27]{{rp>210–211}}[28]{{rp|105–106}}[27]{{rp>210–211}}[28]{{rp|105–106}}[27]{{rp>210–211}}[28]{{rp|105–106}}
[11]{{rp>91–92}}[29]{{rp>508–509}}[29]{{rp>508–509}}[29]{{rp>508–509}}
Church of the SubGenius J.R. "Bob" Dobbs 1979 UFO; Apocalypticism
[9]{{rp>668}} Rev. Dr. Grace Marama URI 1969 [9]{{rp>668}}
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster[30][31] or Pastafarianism Bobby Henderson 2005
[11]{{rp>92–93}}[7]{{rp>386}}[7]{{rp>386}}[7]{{rp>386}}
[11]{{rp>93}}[9]{{rp>517}}[9]{{rp>517}}[9]{{rp>517}}
[6]{{rp>94, 371}}[11]{{rp|94}}[9]{{rp>1120}}[9]{{rp>1120}}[9]{{rp>1120}}
[6]{{rp>281}}[11]{{rp|94–95}}[7]{{rp>97}}[7]{{rp>97}}[7]{{rp>97}}
[11]{{rp>71}}Sun Myung Moon[32][33] 1955[33] Unification Church[33]
[6]{{rp>74}}[8]{{rp|180}}[9]{{rp>951}}[9]{{rp>951}}[9]{{rp>951}}
[6]{{rp>75}}[9]{{rp>496}}[9]{{rp>496}}[9]{{rp>496}}
[11]{{rp>96}}
[6]{{rp>76}}[11]{{rp|97}}[9]{{rp>943}}[9]{{rp>943}}[9]{{rp>943}}
[6]{{rp>98}}[11]{{rp|48–49}}[9]{{rp>915}}[9]{{rp>915}}[9]{{rp>915}}
[6]{{rp>99}}[11]{{rp|99}}[9]{{rp>915}}[9]{{rp>915}}[9]{{rp>915}}
[6]{{rp>78}}[11]{{rp|99–100}}[9]{{rp>654}}[9]{{rp>654}}[9]{{rp>654}}
Creativity[34] Ben Klassen[34] early-1970's Pantheism; Agnostic Atheism; White Racialism.[34]
[11]{{rp>100}}[26]{{rp>100}}
[11]{{rp>103}}
Dalit Buddhist Movement, also known as the Neo-Buddhist movement or Navayana Buddhist movement B. R. Ambedkar 1956 Buddhism (Navayana or Neo Buddhism branch)
Dances of Universal Peace[35]
[6]{{rp>84}}[9]{{rp>916}}[9]{{rp>916}}[9]{{rp>916}}
[6]{{rp>91}}[9]{{rp>1056}}[9]{{rp>1056}}[9]{{rp>1056}}
[6]{{rp>85–86}}[241]{{rp|126}}[36]{{rp|156}}[9]{{rp>1055}}[9]{{rp>1055}}[9]{{rp>1055}}
Emin Raymond Armin 1971 New Age
End Time Survivors Jesus Christians [37] David McKay [38] Fundamentalist Millennialism
Esoteric Nazism[39]
est (Erhard Seminars Training)[5]{{rp>44}}[40]{{rp|126–127}}[41][42]{{rp>193}}[22]{{rp>108}}[43]{{rp|167,171–172}}[4]{{rp>35}}[22]{{rp|107–108}}[44] Self religions[45]
[6]{{rp>97}}[9]{{rp>396}}[9]{{rp>396}}[9]{{rp>396}}
Family Federation for World Peace and Unification[46] Sun Myung Moon[46] 1994[46] Unification Church[46]
Falun Gong[47] [9]{{rp>1126}}[9]{{rp>1126}} Qigong movement
[7]{{rp>133}}[40]{{rp|126}}[48][7]{{rp>133}}[7]{{rp>133}}[7]{{rp>133}} Jesus movement offshoot,[48] with countercultural and Evangelical beliefs[29]{{rp|185}}
[6]{{rp>103}}[9]{{rp>888}}[9]{{rp>888}}[9]{{rp>888}}
Feraferia[49] Frederick Adams[49] 1967[49] Neopagan, Goddess[49]
[6]{{rp>104}}[7]{{rp>138}}[7]{{rp>138}}[7]{{rp>138}}
[6]{{rp>104}}[9]{{rp>482}}[9]{{rp>482}}[9]{{rp>482}}
[9]{{rp>1137}}[9]{{rp>1137}}[50][9]{{rp>1137}}[9]{{rp>1137}} Pentecostal [50]
[6]{{rp>108}}[9]{{rp>843}}[9]{{rp>843}}[9]{{rp>843}}
[6]{{rp>272}}
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO)[51] Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) 1967[51] Buddhism
[6]{{rp>113–114}}
[6]{{rp>117}}[9]{{rp>763}}[9]{{rp>763}}[9]{{rp>763}}
The Genesis II Church of Health and Healing Jim Humble 2009 or 2010[52] UFO-New Age inspired Pseudoscience[53][54][55]
[6]{{rp>119}}
Global Peace Foundation[56] Hyun Jin Moon[57] 2007[56] Unification Church[56]
[6]{{rp>122–123}}[9]{{rp>786}}[9]{{rp>786}}[9]{{rp>786}}
[6]{{rp>129}}[22]{{rp>51}}[9]{{rp>1013}}[9]{{rp>1013}}
Heaven's Gate[58] Marshall Herff Applewhite; Bonnie Lu Nettles[58] 1973[58] New Age, UFO[58]
[6]{{rp>133}}[9]{{rp>1014}}[9]{{rp>1014}}[9]{{rp>1014}}
[6]{{rp>138}}[9]{{rp>873}}[9]{{rp>873}}
Iglesia Ni Cristo[59] Felix Y. Manalo[60] 1914[60] Restorationism; Unitarianism
Isha Foundation [61] Jaggi Vasudev 1992 Hinduism
[6]{{rp>142}}[7]{{rp>179}}[7]{{rp>179}}[7]{{rp>179}}
[6]{{rp>143}}[9]{{rp>1067}}[9]{{rp>1067}}[9]{{rp>1067}}
International House of Prayer also known as (IHOP or IHOPKC) Mike Bickle 1999 Christian Charismatic, Post-tribulational, Historic premillennialism
[6]{{rp>108}}[9]{{rp>451}}[9]{{rp>451}}[9]{{rp>451}}
[22]{{rp>139}}[22]{{rp>139}}[22]{{rp>139}}[22]{{rp>139}}
[6]{{rp>146–148}}[9]{{rp>997}}[9]{{rp>997}}[9]{{rp>997}}
[62]{{rp>62}}[62]{{rp>62}}Star Wars-inspired New Age[62]{{rp>62}}
[6]{{rp>150, 152–153}}[9]{{rp>637}}[9]{{rp>637}}[9]{{rp>637}}
[6]{{rp>153}}[13]{{rp>149–163}}[13]{{rp>149–163}}[13]{{rp>149–163}}
[6]{{rp>153}}[63][7]{{rp>196}}[7]{{rp>196}}
[6]{{rp>155}}[7]{{rp>197}}[7]{{rp>197}}[7]{{rp>197}}
[6]{{rp>155}}[7]{{rp>197}}[7]{{rp>197}}
[29]{{rp>292–293}}[29]{{rp>292–293}}[29]{{rp>292–293}}[29]{{rp>292–293}}
Kemetic Orthodoxy[64] Tamara Siuda[64] 1988[64] Kemetic[64]
[6]{{rp>158}}[9]{{rp>730}}[9]{{rp>730}}[9]{{rp>730}}
Kopimism Isak Gerson 2012 Internet religion
[6]{{rp>161}}[9]{{rp>1122}}[9]{{rp>1122}}[9]{{rp>1122}}
[6]{{rp>161}}[9]{{rp>1019}}[9]{{rp>1019}}[9]{{rp>1019}}
[6]{{rp>164}}[9]{{rp>731}}[9]{{rp>731}}[9]{{rp>731}}
[6]{{rp>190, 192}}[22]{{rp>187}}[22]{{rp>187}} Latter Day Saint movement; Mormonism;
[6]{{rp>165}}[7]{{rp>209}}[7]{{rp>209}}[7]{{rp>209}}
[6]{{rp>165}}[9]{{rp>639}}[9]{{rp>639}}[9]{{rp>639}}
[6]{{rp>165–166}}[9]{{rp>844}}[9]{{rp>844}}
The Living Word Fellowship[65] [9]{{rp>506}}[9]{{rp>506}}[9]{{rp>506}}
[6]{{rp>169, 171}}[9]{{rp>609–610}}[9]{{rp>609–610}}[9]{{rp>609–610}}
[11]{{rp>90–91}}[7]{{rp>216}}[7]{{rp>216}}[7]{{rp>216}}
[6]{{rp>172–173}}[7]{{rp>217}}[7]{{rp>217}}[7]{{rp>217}}
Madkhalism[66][67] Rabee Al-Madkhali[68][69] early 1990s[70][71][72] Islam[73][74]
[6]{{rp>176}}[9]{{rp>1123}}[9]{{rp>1123}}[9]{{rp>1123}}
[6]{{rp>178}}[7]{{rp>223}}[7]{{rp>223}}[7]{{rp>223}}
[6]{{rp>181}}[9]{{rp>991}}[9]{{rp>991}}[9]{{rp>991}}
Meher Baba followers[36] [9]{{rp>991}}[9]{{rp>991}}[9]{{rp>991}}
[6]{{rp>184}} Christianity
Million Man March[75] Louis Farrakhan[75] 1995[75] Nation of Islam[75]
[6]{{rp>186}}[9]{{rp>462}}[9]{{rp>462}}[9]{{rp>462}}
Monastic Order of Avallon[76] Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han[76] 1972[76] Neo-pagan[76]
[6]{{rp>186}}[9]{{rp>602}}[9]{{rp>602}}[9]{{rp>602}}
[6]{{rp>186, 188}}[9]{{rp>988}}[9]{{rp>988}}[9]{{rp>988}}
[6]{{rp>188, 190}}[7]{{rp>233}}[7]{{rp>233}}
[6]{{rp>194}}[9]{{rp>1054}}[9]{{rp>1054}}[9]{{rp>1054}}
[6]{{rp>196}}[7]{{rp>243}}[7]{{rp>243}}[7]{{rp>243}}
Nation of Islam[77] [7]{{rp>245}}[7]{{rp>245}}[7]{{rp>245}}
[78]{{rp>217}}[6]{{rp|200}}[9]{{rp>952–953}}[9]{{rp>952–953}}[9]{{rp>952–953}}
[6]{{rp>197}}[9]{{rp>772}}[9]{{rp>772}}[9]{{rp>772}}
[6]{{rp>202}}[9]{{rp>809}}[9]{{rp>809}}
[6]{{rp>205}}[9]{{rp>1139}}[9]{{rp>1139}}[9]{{rp>1139}}
[79]{{rp>310–311}}[9]{{rp>1112}}[9]{{rp>1112}}[9]{{rp>1112}}
The New Message from God[80] Marshall Vian Summers 1992[81] UFO
[6]{{rp>207}}[9]{{rp>923}}[9]{{rp>923}}
[6]{{rp>208}}[7]{{rp>258}}[7]{{rp>258}}[7]{{rp>258}}
Oahspe Faithists[82] John Ballou Newbrough 1882 UFO-Christian
Odinism[83] Orestes Brownson[83] 1848 [83] Neo-paganism[83]
[6]{{rp>216}}[7]{{rp>266}}[7]{{rp>266}}[7]{{rp>266}}
[6]{{rp>217}}[9]{{rp>454}}[9]{{rp>454}}[9]{{rp>454}}
[40]{{rp>126}}[29]{{rp|427–428}}[84][85]{{rp|3, 122–123}}[86][87][88]{{rp|251}}[29]{{rp>427–428}}[29]{{rp>427–428}}[29]{{rp>427–428}}
[7]{{rp>270}}[7]{{rp>270}}[29]{{rp|430}} Theodor Reuss[29]{{rp|430}}[7]{{rp>270}} 1906[29]{{rp|430}}[29]{{rp>430}}
[6]{{rp>225}}[17]{{rp>109}}[17]{{rp>109}}
[6]{{rp>224–225}}
[6]{{rp>226}}[89][9]{{rp>832}}[9]{{rp>832}}[9]{{rp>832}}
[6]{{rp>228}}[9]{{rp>849}}[9]{{rp>849}}[9]{{rp>849}}
Pilgrims of Arès[90] Michel Potay[90] 1974[90]
[6]{{rp>228–229}}[11]{{rp|61}}[7]{{rp>281}}[7]{{rp>281}}[7]{{rp>281}}
[22]{{rp>51–52}}[22]{{rp>51–52}}[22]{{rp>51–52}}[22]{{rp>51–52}}
[6]{{rp>234}}[9]{{rp>1059}}[9]{{rp>1059}}[9]{{rp>1059}}
[6]{{rp>234}}[9]{{rp>806}}[9]{{rp>806}}[9]{{rp>806}}
[6]{{rp>234, 236}}[9]{{rp>732}}[9]{{rp>732}}[9]{{rp>732}}
[6]{{rp>236, 238}}[9]{{rp>1051}}[9]{{rp>1051}}[9]{{rp>1051}}
Ramtha[91] J. Z. Knight[92] 1977[93] New Age[91]
[6]{{rp>241,243}}[94][9]{{rp>954}}[9]{{rp>954}}[9]{{rp>954}}
[6]{{rp>244}}[7]{{rp>299}}[7]{{rp>299}}
[6]{{rp>245–246}}[7]{{rp>301}}[7]{{rp>301}}[7]{{rp>301}}
[6]{{rp>248}}Nikkyo Niwano and Myoko Naganuma[95] 1938 [95]Nichiren Buddhist[95]
[6]{{rp>249}}[9]{{rp>845}}[9]{{rp>845}}[9]{{rp>845}}
[6]{{rp>251}} Clarence Orvil Dodd 1930s Aventist; Church of God (Seventh-Day);
Sahaja Yoga[96] [9]{{rp>1029}}[9]{{rp>1029}}[9]{{rp>1029}}
[6]{{rp>251}}[9]{{rp>1029}}[9]{{rp>1029}}[9]{{rp>1029}}
[6]{{rp>252, 254}}[9]{{rp>419}}[9]{{rp>419}}[9]{{rp>419}}
[6]{{rp>210}} Baba Buta Singh Ji 1929 Sikhism
Santa Muerte Cult[97] 2000s Syncretic Folk Catholic
[40]{{rp>126}}[98][99][100][9]{{rp>816}}[9]{{rp>816}}[9]{{rp>816}}
[6]{{rp>261}}[9]{{rp>1031}}[9]{{rp>1031}}[9]{{rp>1031}}
Semitic Neopaganism[101] Raphael Patai[101] 1960s[101] Neo-paganism, Feminism[101]
[6]{{rp>262}}[9]{{rp>621}}[9]{{rp>621}}[9]{{rp>621}}
[6]{{rp>262–263}}[9]{{rp>622–623}}[9]{{rp>622–623}}[9]{{rp>622–623}}
[6]{{rp>263, 265}}[9]{{rp>724}}[9]{{rp>724}}[9]{{rp>724}}
[8]{{rp>189}}[9]{{rp>619}}[9]{{rp>619}}[9]{{rp>619}}
[6]{{rp>266}}[9]{{rp>734}}[9]{{rp>734}}[9]{{rp>734}}
[6]{{rp>266–267}}[9]{{rp>1081}}[9]{{rp>1081}}[9]{{rp>1081}}
[6]{{rp>266}}[9]{{rp>1123}}[9]{{rp>1123}}[9]{{rp>1123}}
Shri Ram Chandra Mission[102] Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj[102] 1945[102] Hinduism[102]
[6]{{rp>268–269}}[9]{{rp>1035}}[9]{{rp>1035}}[9]{{rp>1035}}
[6]{{rp>271}}[103][9]{{rp>1082}}[9]{{rp>1082}}[9]{{rp>1082}}
[6]{{rp>279}}[9]{{rp>981}}[9]{{rp>981}}[9]{{rp>981}}
[6]{{rp>279}}[7]{{rp>342}}[7]{{rp>342}}[7]{{rp>342}}
[6]{{rp>281}}[7]{{rp>344}}[7]{{rp>344}}[7]{{rp>344}}
[6]{{rp>281}}[9]{{rp>1141}}[9]{{rp>1141}}[9]{{rp>1141}}
Syntheism[104] Alexander Bard[104] 2012[104] Pantheist, Humanist, Netocratic
Temple of Satan[105][106][107] Lucien Greaves and Malcolm Jarry[108]2012[109]Satanism, Nontheistic[106]
[6]{{rp>287–288}}[9]{{rp>1124}}[9]{{rp>1124}}[9]{{rp>1124}}
Terasem[110] Martine Rothblatt 2004 Transhumanism
Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly FWBO)[51] Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) 1967[51] Buddhism
[111]{{rp>672}}[111]{{rp>672}}[111]{{rp>672}}[111]{{rp>672}}
Toronto Blessing[112] [13]{{rp>122–123}}[13]{{rp>122–123}}[13]{{rp>122–123}}
[6]{{rp>292–293, 295–296}}[9]{{rp>1045}}[9]{{rp>1045}}[9]{{rp>1045}}
True Buddha School[113] Lu Sheng-yen[113] Late 1980s Tibetan Buddhism/Taoism[113]
[6]{{rp>212, 334–335}}[9]{{rp>737}}[9]{{rp>737}}[9]{{rp>737}}
[6]{{rp>298}}[11]{{rp>330}}1897[114] [9]{{rp>611}}
[6]{{rp>299}} Zélio Fernandino de Moraes[115] 1920[115] Spiritism[115]
[6]{{rp>300, 302–303}}Ernest Norman, Ruth Norman 1954 UFO Religion
[6]{{rp>300, 302–303}}[7]{{rp>365}}[7]{{rp>365}}[7]{{rp>365}}
[26]{{rp>335}}[22]{{rp>308–310}}[22]{{rp>308–310}}[22]{{rp>308–310}}
[6]{{rp>304}}[9]{{rp>487}}[9]{{rp>487}}[9]{{rp>487}}
[6]{{rp>304–305}}[7]{{rp>371}}[7]{{rp>371}}[7]{{rp>371}}
[6]{{rp>305}}[9]{{rp>959}}[9]{{rp>959}}[9]{{rp>959}}
[6]{{rp>305}}[9]{{rp>855}}[9]{{rp>855}}[9]{{rp>855}}
[6]{{rp>287–306}}[9]{{rp>476}}[9]{{rp>476}}[9]{{rp>476}}
[6]{{rp>306–307}}[7]{{rp>373}}[7]{{rp>373}}[7]{{rp>373}}
[6]{{rp>310}}[9]{{rp>883}}[9]{{rp>883}}[9]{{rp>883}}
[6]{{rp>311}}[9]{{rp>680}}[9]{{rp>680}}[9]{{rp>680}}
Universal White Brotherhood[116] [9]{{rp>880}}[9]{{rp>880}}[9]{{rp>880}}
[22]{{rp>319–322}}[22]{{rp>319–322}}[22]{{rp>319–322}}[22]{{rp>319–322}} Spiritualist, Psychic, New Age[9]{{rp|839}} and Christian occultist[7]{{rp|380}}
[6]{{rp>313}}[9]{{rp>1115}}[9]{{rp>1115}}[9]{{rp>1115}}
Vale do Amanhecer[117] Tia Neiva[117] 1959[117] Spiritualism[117]
[6]{{rp>314}}[7]{{rp>382}}[7]{{rp>382}}[7]{{rp>382}}
[6]{{rp>316}}[9]{{rp>420}}[9]{{rp>420}}[9]{{rp>420}}
[6]{{rp>318}}[9]{{rp>608}}[9]{{rp>608}}[9]{{rp>608}}
The Way of the Livingness (Universal Medicine)[1050] Serge Benhayon[118] 1999[118] Theosophical[119]
[6]{{rp>319}}[9]{{rp>884}}[9]{{rp>884}}[9]{{rp>884}}
Wicca[120] [22]{{rp>338}}[22]{{rp>338}}[22]{{rp>338}}
[121]{{rp>203–205}}[121]{{rp>203–205}}[121]{{rp>203–205}}[121]{{rp>203–205}}
Wotansvolk[122] David Lane 1990s neo-völkisch paganism
[6]{{rp>320}}[9]{{rp>856}}[9]{{rp>856}}[9]{{rp>856}}
World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church[123][124] Hyung Jin Moon and Yeon Ah Lee Moon 2015 Unification Church-based Ultra-Orthodoxy/Fundamentalism

See also

{{Portal|Religion}}
  • List of religions and spiritual traditions
  • Governmental lists of cults and sects
  • Hinduism-oriented new religious movements
  • List of Neopagan movements
  • List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement

Notes

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Geoffrey K.|title=Cults, new religions and religious creativity|date=3 December 1987|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=978-0-7102-0855-2}}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Swenson|first1=Donald S.|title=Society, spirituality, and the sacred : a social scientific introduction|date=15 August 2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0-8020-9680-7|edition=2nd}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Coney|first1=Judith|title=A Response to: Religious Liberty in Western Europe by Massimo Introvigne, Vol. 5, No. 2|journal=ISKCON Communications Journal|date=June 1998|volume=6|issue=1}}
4. ^1 {{cite book|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Bryan R.|editor2-last=Cresswell|editor2-first=Jamie|title=New religious movements : challenge and response|date=5 May 1999|publisher=Routledge|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-415-20049-3}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite book|editor1-last=Beckford|editor1-first=James A.|editor1-link=James A. Beckford|title=New religious movements and rapid social change|date=1 January 1987|publisher=Sage Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-8039-8003-7}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 {{cite book|last1=Beit-Hallahmi|first1=Benjamin|authorlink1=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi|editor1-last=Rosen|editor1-first=Roger|title=The illustrated encyclopedia of active new religions, sects, and cults|date=28 December 1992|publisher=Rosen Pub. Group|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8239-1505-7|edition=1st}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 {{cite book|last1=Beit-Hallahmi|first1=Benjamin|authorlink1=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi|title=The illustrated encyclopedia of active new religions, sects, and cults|date=1 June 1997|publisher=Rosen Pub. Group|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8239-2586-5|edition=Rev.}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 {{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=James R.|authorlink1=James R. Lewis (scholar)|title=The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions|date=July 1998|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, NY|isbn=978-1-57392-222-7|edition=[Nachdr.]}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 {{cite book|last1=Melton|first1=J. Gordon|authorlink1=J. Gordon Melton|title=Encyclopedia of American religions|date=December 2002|publisher=Gale|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-7876-6384-1|edition=7th}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Hakl|first1=Hans Thomas|title=Franz Sättler (Dr. Musallam) and the Twentieth-Century Cult of Adonism|journal=The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies|date=2010|volume=12|issue=1|issn=1528-0268}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 {{cite book|last1=Chryssides|first1=George D.|authorlink1=George Chryssides|title=Historical dictionary of new religious movements|date=15 November 2001|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-8108-4095-9}}
12. ^1 Omoyajowo 1995, pp. xv, 113.
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|last1=Chryssides|first1=George D.|authorlink1=George Chryssides|title=Exploring new religions|date=1999|publisher=Continuum|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-3890-4}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.cesnur.org/2008/london_introvigne.htm|title=The 2008 International Conference - Twenty Years of Studies of New Religious Movements: Autohagiography or Post-Mortem?|last=Introvigne|first=Massimo|date=|website=www.cesnur.org|language=it|access-date=2017-07-05}}
15. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=362N1s-bjiAC&pg=PT413&dq=arkeon+-game#v=onepage&q=arkeon%20-game&f=false|title=Occulto Italia|last=Pitrelli|first=Stefano|last2=Vecchio|first2=Gianni Del|date=2011-03-10|publisher=Bur|isbn=9788858615720|language=it}}
16. ^1 2 3 Strmiska and Sigurvinsson 2005, pp. 127–180.
17. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=Elmer T.|title=The Small Sects in America|date=June 1940|publisher=Abingdon Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-687-38703-8|edition=1st}}
18. ^Partridge, 2004, p. 261.
19. ^Saliba, 2003, p. 171.
20. ^1 2 3 Encyclopædia Iranica 1989, "Babism".
21. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Fort|first1=Samuel|title=Cult of the Great Eleven|date=9 October 2014|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1-5027-8258-8}}{{Self-published source|date=March 2015}}
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 {{cite book|last1=Nichols|first1=Larry A.|last2=Mather|first2=George|last3=Schmidt|first3=Alvin J.|title=Dictionary of cults, sects, and world religions|date=13 August 2006|publisher=Zondervan|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|isbn=978-0-310-23954-3|edition=Rev. and updated}}
23. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Bergman|first1=Gregory|title=Isms|date=30 May 2006|publisher=Adams Media|location=Avon, MA|isbn=978-1-59337-483-9}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eberhardarnold.com/|title=Eberhard Arnold: Founder of the Bruderhof|website=www.eberhardarnold.com|access-date=2017-05-25}}
25. ^See*Saliba, John A. Understanding New Religious Movements. Rowman Altamira, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EPfTWgerZN0C&pg=PA26 p. 26]: "The Christian Science-Metaphysical Family. This family, known also as "New Thought" in academic literature, stresses the need to understand the functioning of the human mind in order to achieve the healing of all human ailments."*Lewis, James R. Legitimating New Religions. Rutgers University Press, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hdYSdts1udcC&pg=PA94 p. 94]: "Groups in the metaphysical (Christian Science–New Thought) tradition ... usually claim to have discovered spiritual laws which, if properly understood and applied, transform and improve the lives of ordinary individuals, much as technology has transformed society."
26. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Chryssides|first1=George D.|authorlink1=George Chryssides|title=The A to Z of new religious movements|date=17 April 2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-5588-5|edition=Rev. pbk.}}
27. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=James R.|authorlink1=James R. Lewis (scholar)|title=The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions|date=2002|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, NY|isbn=978-1-57392-888-5|edition=2nd}}
28. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Greer|first1=John Michael|authorlink1=John Michael Greer|title=The new encyclopedia of the occult|date=8 October 2003|publisher=Llewellyn Publications|location=St. Paul, MN|isbn=978-1-56718-336-8}}
29. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite book|editor1-last=Clarke|editor1-first=Peter B.|editor1-link=Peter B. Clarke|title=Encyclopedia of new religious movements|date=22 December 2005|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-45383-7}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/04/10/thanks-to-a-technicality-pastafarianism-is-now-an-official-religion-in-poland/|title=Thanks to a Technicality, Pastafarianism is Now an Official Religion in Poland!|first=Friendly|last=Atheist|website=patheos.com|accessdate=7 February 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/pastafarian-recognized-texas-id-article-1.1436608|title=Pastafarian recognized in Texas ID|website=nydailynews.com|accessdate=7 February 2018}}
32. ^"In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view."  
33. ^1 2 {{cite book | last = Storey| first = John Woodrow|author2=Glenn H. Utter | title = Religion and Politics | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-57607-218-9 |page=99}}
34. ^1 2 Robinson 2005.
35. ^Van Bruinessen 2007, p. 258.
36. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Beckford|first1=James A.|authorlink1=James A. Beckford|title=Social theory and religion|date=15 September 2003|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-521-77336-2}}
37. ^{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Geraldine|title=Conference Program/ New Religious Movements/ The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity|url=https://www.aasr.org.au/conference-program/|website=Australian Association for the Study of Religion|accessdate=7 December 2017}}
38. ^{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Geraldine|title=The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity|url=https://www.aasr.org.au/conference-program/|website=AASR|publisher=Australian Association of Study of Religion|accessdate=7 December 2017}}
39. ^Goodrick-Clarke, p. 17.
40. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|editor1-last=Bhugra|editor1-first=Dinesh|editor1-link=Dinesh Bhugra|title=Psychiatry and religion : context, consensus and controversies|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-415-08955-5}}
41. ^See*Lewis 2004, p. 187. "These two opposing strategies of new religious movements for delivering compensators I will term 'compensation delivery systems' (CDS). The gradual CDS can best be described as religion as a multi-level marketing (MLM) tactic - a term I take from the business world [...] Exemplars of new religious movements with a gradual CDS are Scientology and Erhard Seminar Training in its various manifestations."*Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training [EST]), and qualsi-religious encounter groups."
42. ^{{cite book |last=Aupers |first=Stef |editor-first=Erik |editor-last=Sengers |title=The Dutch and Their Gods: Secularization and Transformation of Religion in the Netherlands |series=Studies in Dutch Religious History |volume=3 |year=2005 |publisher=Verloren |location=Hilversum |isbn=978-90-6550-867-6 |chapter='We Are All Gods': New Age in the Netherlands 1960–2000}}
43. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Clarke|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Sutherland|editor2-first=Stewart|editor1-link=Peter B. Clarke|editor2-link=Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood|title=The study of religion, traditional and new religions|date=31 December 1991|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-06432-3|edition=Reprint}}
44. ^See"*Nelson 1987, p. 177. "Finally his study of EST (Erhard Systems Training) provides an insight into the work of the human potential movement which aims at self realisation."*Puttick 2004, p. 406. "est was one of the most successful manifestations of the human potential movement (HPM) ..."
45. ^See*Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757–1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s."
46. ^1 2 3 Introvigne, Massimo, 2000, The Unification Church Studies in Contemporary Religion, Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, {{ISBN|1-56085-145-7}}, page 47–52
47. ^Lewis 2004, p. 195.
48. ^1 Melton 2009, p. 676.
49. ^1 2 3 Ellwood 1971.
50. ^1 Peters 2008, pp. 186–187.
51. ^1 2 3 Irons 2008, p. 206.
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/husband-fringe-churchs-miracle-cure-killed-wife/story?id=43081647|title=Husband Says Fringe Church's 'Miracle Cure' Killed His Wife|first=A. B. C.|last=News|date=29 October 2016|website=ABC News|accessdate=7 February 2018}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://abc7.com/news/church-of-bleach-abc-news-confronts-founder-of-genesis-ii-church/1578279/|title='Church of Bleach': ABC News confronts founder of Genesis II Church|first=David Ono, bio|last=about|date=28 October 2016|website=abc7.com|accessdate=7 February 2018}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/federal-authorities-this-churchs-cancer-curing-elixir-is-really-bleach/2016/03/09/17f9e7d2-e238-11e5-9c36-e1902f6b6571_story.html|title=This church's cancer-curing elixir is really bleach, federal authorities say|first=Matt|last=Zapotosky|date=10 March 2016|publisher=|accessdate=7 February 2018|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/brit-kids-forced-drink-bleach-11924623|title=Desperate parents forcing kids to drink bleach to cure autism in sick cult|first=Grace|last=Macaskill|date=27 January 2018|website=mirror.co.uk|accessdate=7 February 2018}}
56. ^1 2 Philippine Daily Inquirer 2008.
57. ^Global Leadership Council {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028002015/http://globalpeacefestival.org/content/global-leadership-council |date=2011-10-28 }}
58. ^1 2 3 Partridge, 2004, p. 406.
59. ^{{cite web|url=https://culteducation.com/group/1320-inglesia-ni-christo/8087-iglesia-ni-cristo-purchases-us-town.html|title=Iglesia Ni Cristo purchases US town|last=Associated Press|date=10 October 2011|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128120752/https://culteducation.com/group/1320-inglesia-ni-christo/8087-iglesia-ni-cristo-purchases-us-town.html|archivedate=2018-01-28|dead-url=yes|accessdate=23 January 2018}}
60. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://incmedia.org/inc/|title=About the Iglesia Ni Cristo|last=|first=|date=|website=|accessdate=23 January 2018}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/sadhguru-isha-cult-london/|title='The Mystic' Is Coming to London|date=30 January 2013|website=vice.com|accessdate=7 February 2018}}
62. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Bouma|first1=Gary|authorlink1=Gary Bouma|title=Australian soul : religion and spirituality in the twenty-first century|date=26 March 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Port Melbourne, Vic.|isbn=978-0-521-67389-1}}
63. ^Gallagher 2006, p. 86.
64. ^1 2 3 Krogh 2004, p. 167.
65. ^Tucker 2004, pp. 360–362.
66. ^Omar Ashour, Libyan Islamists Unpacked {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617102854/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/5/02%20libya%20ashour/omar%20ashour%20policy%20briefing%20english.pdf |date=2013-06-17 }}: Rise, Transformation and Future. Brookings Doha Center, 2012.
67. ^Mohammad Pervez Bilgrami, Arab Counter-revolution on Threshold of Plummeting. World Bulletin, Sunday, September 21, 2014.
68. ^ICG Middle East Report N°31. [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saud/themes/backgrounder.pdf Saudi Arabia Backgrounder: Who Are the Islamists?] Amman/Riyadh/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 21 September 2004.
69. ^Roel Meijer, Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, pg. 49. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
70. ^Notes, Whatever Happened to the Islamists?: Salafis, Heavy Metal Muslims and the Lure of Consumerist Islam, pg. 291. Eds. Amel Boubekeur and Olivier Roy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-231-15426-0}}
71. ^Hossam Tammam and Patrick Haenni, Islam in the insurrection? {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185659/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1037/sc70.htm |date=2013-10-29 }} Al-Ahram Weekly, 3–9 March 2011, Issue No. 1037.
72. ^Professor Girma Yohannes Iyassu Menelik, The Emergence and Impacts of Islamic Radicalists, pg. 16. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH, 2009.
73. ^Omayma Abdel-Latif, "Trends in Salafism." Taken from Islamist Radicalisation: The Challenge for Euro-Mediterranean Relations, pg. 74. Eds. Michael Emerson, Kristina Kausch and Richard Youngs. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009. {{ISBN|978-92-9079-865-1}}
74. ^Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Sheikh Rabi' Ibn Haadi 'Umayr Al Madkhali. The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims
75. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Nelson Jr. | first= William E. |editor-first=Felton O. | editor-last=Best |title=Black Religious Leadership from the Slave Community to the Million Man March; flames of fire |publisher=The Edwin Mellen Press |location= Lewiston, New York |year= 1998 |page=245 |chapter= Black Church Politics and The Million Man March}}
76. ^1 2 3 Marhic 1996, pp. 25–29.
77. ^Enroth 2005, p. 169.
78. ^{{cite book|last1=Atkins|first1=Stephen E.|title=Encyclopedia of modern American extremists and extremist groups|date=30 August 2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-313-31502-2}}
79. ^{{cite book|last1=Barrett|first1=David V.|authorlink1=David V. Barrett|title=The new believers : a survey of sects, cults and alternative religions|date=2001|publisher=Cassell|location=London|isbn=978-0-304-35592-1|edition=Revised}}
80. ^{{cite web| title = Marshall Vian Summers's latest message from God coming Sunday from Boulder| last = Roberts | first = Michael| work = Westword| date = 2011-02-04| accessdate = 2015-06-01| url = http://www.westword.com/news/marshall-vian-summerss-latest-message-from-god-coming-sunday-from-boulder-video-5821148| language = | quote = }}
81. ^{{cite web|title=The Society for the Greater Community Way of Knowledge|url=http://www.commfound.org/cultureofgiving/nonprofits/society-greater-community-way-knowledge|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122004007/http://www.commfound.org/cultureofgiving/nonprofits/society-greater-community-way-knowledge|archivedate=2008-11-22}}
82. ^{{Cite news | last = | first = | title = City and Suburban News: New York, Brooklyn, Long Island, Staten Island, New Jersey | newspaper = The New York Times | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 1883-11-26 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1883/11/26/106263804.pdf | accessdate = 2009-12-29| format=PDF}}
83. ^1 2 3 Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 257.
84. ^Hayes 2006, pp. 16, 18–19
85. ^{{cite book|last1=Arweck|first1=Elisabeth|title=Researching new religious movements : responses and redefinitions|date=13 January 2006|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-27754-9|edition=1st}}
86. ^Walsh 2004, pp. 174, 180–182.
87. ^Gold 2004, p. 46.
88. ^>{{cite journal|last =Buxant| first=Coralie| authorlink=|author2=Vassilis Saroglou |title=Joining and leaving a new religious movement: A study of ex-members' mental health|journal=Mental Health, Religion & Culture|volume=11|issue=3|pages=251–271| date = April 2008| url = | doi =10.1080/13674670701247528 | id = | accessdate = }}
89. ^Reiterman 1982, pp. 49–52
90. ^1 2 Mayer 2004, pp. 123–143.
91. ^1 Dawson 2006, p. 3.
92. ^Singer 1995, pp. 45, 120.
93. ^York 2004, p. 105.
94. ^Partridge 2004, pp. 62–64.
95. ^1 2 Tamura 2001, pp. 203–204.
96. ^INFORM 2001.
97. ^[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/r-andrew-chesnut/mexicos-top-two-santa-mue_b_8253318.html Mexico's Top Two Santa Muerte Leaders Finally Meet], Huffington Post
98. ^Partridge 2003, pp. 188, 263–265.
99. ^Lewis 2003, p. 42.
100. ^Reece 2007, pp. 182–186.
101. ^1 2 3 Raphael 1998, pp. 198–215.
102. ^1 2 3 Mayer 1993, p. 213.
103. ^Wilson 1999, p. 10.
104. ^1 2 {{Cite news|title = Is the internet God? Alexander Bard's Syntheism paves the way for a new elite|url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/07/god-internet-alexander-bard-syntheism-new-elite|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 2014-10-07|access-date = 2018-07-20|issn = 0261-3077|first = Mark|last = Piesing|quote=Bard helped to found Syntheism in 2012. It is based on the idea that if man creates God, then it’s about time we created a religion relevant to the 21st century.}}
105. ^The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Volume 2; James R. Lewis, Inga B. Tollefsen; Oxford University Press, 2016; pgs. 441-453
106. ^1 {{Cite web|title = Why the Satanic Temple Is Opening Its Doors to American Muslims|url = http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a39904/satanic-temple-founder-interview-muslims/|website = Esquire|publisher = |date = 2015-11-21|accessdate = 2015-12-02|quote=co-founded the Temple in 2012 ... The Satanic Temple is an openly atheistic religion that Mesner says does not advocate for any supernatural belief. Really, the "Satanic" term is only there because they have the right to use it, as does any other religion. }}
107. ^{{Cite web|title = The Satanic Temple to open international headquarters in Salem|url = http://www.fox25boston.com/news/the-satanic-temple-to-open-international-headquarters-in-salem/446710701|website = Fox 25 News Boston|date = 2016-09-16}}
108. ^{{Cite news|title = A Mischievous Thorn in the Side of Conservative Christianity|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/us/a-mischievious-thorn-in-the-side-of-conservative-christianity.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2015-07-10|access-date = 2015-12-02|issn = 0362-4331|first = Mark|last = Oppenheimer}}
109. ^{{Cite web|title = Bashir: Satanists hail Florida Gov. Rick Scott|url = http://www.msnbc.com/martin-bashir/watch/bashir-satanists-hail-florida-gov-rick-scott-14650947887|website = MSNBC|date = 2013-01-14}}
110. ^{{cite news|url=http://time.com/66536/terasem-trascendence-religion-technology/| title=The Rapture of the Nerds| last=Roy| first=Jessica| publisher=Time Inc. Network| date=April 17, 2014| website=Newsfeed – Faith| access-date=20 April 2016}}
111. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Barzun|first1=Jacques|authorlink1=Jacques Barzun|title=From dawn to decadence : 500 years of western cultural life, 1500 to the present|date=2000|publisher=Perennial|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-092883-4}}
112. ^Lyon 2000, p. 106.
113. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://mrsp.mcgill.ca/reports/html/ChanHai/|title=Montreal Religious Sites Project|website=mrsp.mcgill.ca|accessdate=7 February 2018}}
114. ^Johnson, Benton in Klass and Weisgrau 1999, p. 377.
115. ^1 2 Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279–280.
116. ^(Fraternite Blanche Universelle) Mayer 1993, p. 370.
117. ^1 2 3 Dawson 2007, pp. 48–49.
118. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Leser|first1=David|title=The Da Vinci Mode|url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/the-da-vinci-mode-20120824-24h50.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2012-08-25|location=Australia|accessdate=December 27, 2014}}
119. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-way-of-the-livingness-the-religion-of-the-soul-trust/the-way-of-the-livingness-the-religion-of-the-soul-trust-charity-commission-decision | title=The Way of the Livingness, The Religion of the Soul Trust: Charity Commission decision | publisher=UK Gov. Charity Commission | date=24 August 2011 | accessdate=December 22, 2014 | author=UK Government}}
120. ^Hanegraaff 1998, p. 87.
121. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Bainbridge|first1=William Sims|authorlink1=William Sims Bainbridge|title=The sociology of religious movements|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-91202-0}}
122. ^{{harvnb|Gardell|2004|pp=205–206}}
123. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/05/21/feature/two-sons-of-rev-moon-have-split-from-his-church-and-their-followers-are-armed/ | title=Two sons of Rev. Moon have split from his church — and their followers are armed}}
124. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/2018/3/1/17067894/church-bullet-crowns-ar15-world-peace-unification-sanctuary-moonies-moon | title=The cultlike church behind a ceremony with AR-15s and bullet crowns, explained| date=March 2018}}

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{{Refend}}

External links

{{Sisterlinks|New religious movement}}
  • AcademicInfo: Religious Movements Gateway – Directory of Online Resources
  • Hartford Institute of Religious Research: New religious movements
  • Online texts about NRMs
  • SSSR Resolution on New Religious Groups
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007093123/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/ Diskus] The on-disk journal of international Religious Studies
  • Law Encyclopedia
  • Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia  
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060827231029/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/essays/miller2003.htm Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction]
{{New Religious Movements}}{{Religion topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of new religious movements}}

1 : New religious movements
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