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词条 List of Polish Jews
释义

  1. Historical figures

     Politicians  Others  Sovereign Polish Armed Forces 

  2. Religious figures

  3. Academics

      Economists    Mathematicians   Philosophers   Sciences  

  4. Historians

  5. Cultural figures

     Artists  Musicians  Screen and stage 

  6. Writers and poets

     Polish-language  Yiddish-language 

  7. Business figures

  8. Sports

     Baseball  Chess  Fencing  Football  Professional wrestling  Swimming  Track and field  Weightlifting 

  9. Holocaust survivors

  10. See also

  11. References

{{Jewish Polish history}}{{Jews by country}}

From the Middle Ages until the World War II Holocaust, Jews comprised an appreciable part of the general Polish population. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as a "Jewish paradise" for its religious tolerance, had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries—though, at times, discrimination against Jews surfaced in Poland, as it did elsewhere in Europe. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for Ashkenazi Jews.

At the start of the Second World War, Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population).[1] The vast majority were killed in the Holocaust during the German occupation of Poland, under the Nazi "Final Solution" mass-extermination program. Only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War.

Since massive postwar emigration, the Polish-Jewish population has stood at somewhere between 50,000 and 200,000.

The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry.

Historical figures

Politicians

  • Menachem Begin (1913–1992), Israeli prime minister, Nobel Laureate, 1978 (born in Poland)[2]
  • David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)[3]
  • Naftali Bennett, Israeli politician and former software entrepreneur
  • Jakub Berman (1901–1984), Polish communist, Secretary of PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party), in charge of State Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB), the largest and the most notorious secret police force in the history of the People's Republic of Poland,
  • Sala Burton (1925–1987), American politician[4]
  • Adam Czerniaków (1880-1942), member of Warsaw Municipal Council; Polish Senator; head of the Jewish Council under the Nazi Germans; committed suicide when the Germans requested that the children will be deported
  • Ludwik Dorn (b. 1954), Polish politician, a speaker of the Sejm[5]
  • Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian, politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • Barry Goldwater, American politician and businessman
  • Shlomo Goren (1917 – 1994), Chief Rabbi of the Military Rabbinate of the IDF
  • Julian Klaczko (1825–1906), Polish politician[6]
  • Agata Kornhauser-Duda, First Lady of Poland from 2015, Jewish grandfather, not Jewish in faith
  • Herman Lieberman, Polish lawyer, politician and former Minister of Justice
  • Stefan Meller, Polish diplomat, academician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • Adam Michnik, Polish historian, essayist
  • David Miliband (b. 1965), British foreign affairs minister[7]
  • Ed Miliband, British politician, Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition between 2010 and 2015
  • Lewis Bernstein Namier (1888–1960), British politician[8]
  • Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel; father was from Warsaw
  • Shimon Peres (b. 1923), Israeli prime minister and president, Nobel Prize laureate (1994)[9]
  • Adam Daniel Rotfeld, Polish researcher, diplomat, and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • Yitzhak Shamir (1915-2012), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)[10]
  • Zalman Shazar, Israeli President 1963 to 1973
  • Avraham Stern (1907-1942), poet, politician, hero, murdered by British secret service agent in Tel Aviv; born in Suwalki, Poland
  • Stanisław Stroński (1882–1955), Polish politician[11] (of Jewish descent)
  • Jerzy Urban, politician, journalist, editor-in-chief of the weekly NIE
  • Samuel A. Weiss (1902–1977), American politician[12]
  • Shevah Weiss, political scientist, former Deputy Speaker of the Knesset
  • Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian politician, founder and the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
  • Agata Kornhauser-Duda, First Lady of Poland

Others

  • Mordechai Anielewicz, leader of Jewish Combat Organization in World War II
  • Chajka, mistress of Polish king Stanisław August Poniatowski
  • Morris Cohen, aide to Chinese leader Sun Yat-sen
  • Icchak Cukierman, leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and fighter of Warsaw Uprising
  • Dora Diamant (1898–1952), lover of Franz Kafka[13]
  • Israel Epstein, naturalized Chinese journalist and author
  • Anatol Fejgin, commander of the Stalinist political police
  • Paweł Finder, leader of the Polish Workers' Party (1943-1944)
  • Gaspar da Gama (1444-ca.1510), traveler, interpreter[14]
  • Bolesław Gebert, Soviet agent in the United States
  • Konstanty Gebert, Polish journalist
  • Zofia Gomułkowa, wife of Władysław Gomułka
  • Adam Humer, Stalinist official
  • Berek Joselewicz, commanded the first Jewish military formation in modern history
  • Meyer Lansky, American organized crime figure
  • Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, British judge[15]
  • Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919), Marxist revolutionary[16]
  • John Monash, Australian general
  • Walenty Potocki, the Polish count who converted to Judaism
  • Marcel Reich-Ranicki, German literary critic
  • Sonia Rykiel, French fashion designer
  • Józef Światło, Stalinist interrogator
  • Leopold Unger, journalist, columnist, and essayist
  • Ben Weider, Canadian businessman
  • Joe Weider, Canadian bodybuilder and entrepreneur
  • Janusz Weiss, journalist and television personality
  • Helena Wolińska-Brus, Stalinist prosecutor, wife of Włodzimierz Brus
  • L. L. Zamenhof, physician, inventor, and writer; creator of Esperanto

Sovereign Polish Armed Forces

  • Berek Joselewicz, Polish-Jewish Colonel in the Polish Legions of Napoleon's armies
  • Bernard Mond, member of the Austrio--Hungarian Army, 1914-1918; Polish soldier and officer, 1918-1939; sent to POW camp by the Germans; finished his career in the rank of Brigade General and, in command of the 6th Infantry Division (Poland), fought against the Germans in 1939
  • Poldek Pfefferberg, Polish soldier in 1939 saved from death by his sergeant major; Holocaust survivor; a man who inspired the book that the film Schindler's List was based on
  • Baruch Steinberg, Chief Rabbi of the Polish Armed Forces, murdered by the Soviet NKVD

Religious figures

  • Jacob ben Wolf Kranz, preacher (meggid) from Dubno
  • Philip Ferdinand, professor of Hebrew[17]
  • Christian David Ginsburg (1831–1914), Hebraist, converted to Christianity[18]
  • Aaron Hart (1670–1756), rabbi[19]
  • Ridley Haim Herschell (1807-1864), missionary; moved to England[20]
  • Romuald Jakub Weksler-Waszkinel (b. 1943), Catholic priest[21]
  • Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm[22] (1550-1583), co-signer of the Agunah laws; chief rabbi of Chelm

Academics

Economists

  • Włodzimierz Brus
  • Roman Frydman
  • Henryk Grossman
  • Leonid Hurwicz, Nobel Prize winner (2007)
  • Michał Kalecki
  • Oskar R. Lange
  • Hilary Minc (1905-1974)
  • Paul Rosenstein-Rodan

Mathematicians

  • Nachman Aronszajn
  • Herman Auerbach
  • Salomon Bochner
  • Samuel Dickstein
  • Samuel Eilenberg
  • Salo Finkelstein
  • Mark Kac
  • Bronisław Knaster
  • Włodzimierz Kuperberg
  • Kazimierz Kuratowski
  • Leon Lichtenstein
  • Adolf Lindenbaum
  • Szolem Mandelbrojt
  • Benoit Mandelbrot
  • Edward Marczewski
  • Andrzej Mostowski
  • Emil Leon Post
  • Mojżesz Presburger
  • Stanislaw Saks
  • Juliusz Schauder
  • Hayyim Selig Slonimski
  • Hugo Steinhaus
  • Alfred Tarski
  • Stanislaw Ulam

Philosophers

  • Jan Hartman
  • Morris Lazerowitz
  • Casimir Lewy
  • Émile Meyerson
  • Adam Schaff

Sciences

  • Zygmunt Bauman, sociologist
  • Leslie Brent, immunologist
  • Georges Charpak, physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1992)
  • Kasimir Fajans, physicist
  • Ludwik Hirszfeld, microbiologist and scientist
  • Roald Hoffmann (born 1937), chemist and writer; Nobel Prize winner (1981)
  • Leopold Infeld, physicist
  • Hilary Koprowski, immunologist
  • Abraham Lempel, computer scientist
  • Albert Abraham Michelson[23] (1852-1931), physicist; Nobel Prize winner (1907)
  • Isidor Isaac Rabi, physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1944)
  • Ludwik Rajchman, Polish bacteriologist; first Chairman of UNICEF
  • Tadeus Reichstein, chemist, Nobel Prize winner (1950)
  • Józef Rotblat, physicist, nuclear disarmament activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner (1995)
  • Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral polio vaccine
  • Paweł Śpiewak, sociologist, historian, politician and director of the Jewish Historical Institute
  • Ary Sternfeld, founder of astronautics
  • Itzhak Nener, Jurist
  • Jan T. Gross, (Christian mother, Jewish father) sociologist and historian

Historians

  • Szymon Askenazy
  • Artur Eisenbach
  • Emanuel Ringelblum
  • Jacob Talmon (1916-1980), historian; made aliyah to Israel[24]
  • Adam Ulam

Cultural figures

Artists

  • Adolf Behrman, Polish-Jewish painter
  • Henryk Berlewi[25]
  • Alexander Bogen, painter, sculptor, stage designer, book illustrator and a commander partisan during World War II
  • Aniela Cukier, Polish-Jewish painter
  • Jacob Epstein, American-British sculptor
  • Samuel Finkelstein, Polish-Jewish oil painter
  • Enrico Glicenstein, Polish-Jewish-American sculptor
  • Chaim Goldberg, Polish-Jewish artist, painter, sculptor and engraver
  • René Goscinny, French comics editor and writer
  • Itshak Holtz (b. 1925), painter; immigrated to Israel[26]
  • Mayer Kirshenblatt (b. 1916), artist[27]
  • Paul Kor, Israeli painter, graphic designer, author and illustrator
  • Felix Lembersky (1913-1970), painter and theater stage designer
  • Arthur Szyk, book illustrator and political artist
  • Feliks Topolski, painter, illustrator, graphic artist
  • Alfred Wolmark (1887-1961), painter; immigrated to England[20]

Musicians

  • Arthur Balsam, violinist and pedagogue born in Warsaw and trained in Łódź
  • Mike Brant, Israeli pop star; mother was Bronia Rosenberg, originally from Łódź in Poland; father was Fishel Brand, from Biłgoraj in Poland
  • Grzegorz Fitelberg, composer and conductor; born in Dvinsk, Latvia
  • Jerzy Fitelberg, composer; born in Warsaw, Poland; immigrated to the United States
  • Szymon Goldberg, conductor and violinist; born in Włocławek, Congress Poland
  • Benny Goodman, band leader; parents born in Poland
  • George Henschel (1850-1934), musician; immigrated to England[28]
  • Mieczysław Horszowski, pianist, born in Lwow
  • Jan Kiepura (1902-1966), actor and singer; immigrated to the United States[29] (Jewish mother)
  • Paul Kletzki (1900-1973), composer and conductor
  • Moriz Rosenthal, pianist, born in Lwow
  • Arthur Rubinstein, pianist
  • Isaac Stern, violinist
  • Henryk Szeryng (1918-1988), violinist; immigrated to Mexico[30]
  • Władysław Szpilman, pianist and subject of the Roman Polanski film The Pianist
  • Maria Szymanowska, pianist and composer
  • Henryk Wars (1902-1977), composer; immigrated to the United States[31]

Screen and stage

  • Feliks Falk
  • Aleksander Ford (1908-1980), film director[32]
  • Joseph Green (1900-1996), Polish-American film actor and director[33]
  • Jerzy Hoffman (born 1932), film director and screenwriter[34]
  • Agnieszka Holland (born 1948), film director and writer (Jewish father)[35]
  • Boris Kaufman (1887-1980), cinematographer; immigrated to the United States; brother of Mikhail Kaufman and Dziga Vertov[36]
  • Mikhail Kaufman (1897-1980), cinematographer and photographer; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of Boris Kaufman and Dziga Vertov[37]
  • Marcel Łoziński
  • Roman Polanski (born 1933), Polish-French film director (Jewish father, half-Jewish mother)[38]
  • Marie Rambert (1888-1982), ballet dancer and teacher; immigrated to England[39]
  • Piotr Skrzynecki, cabaret director (Jewish mother)[40]
  • Jerzy Toeplitz (1909-1995), film educator, director, writer[41]
  • Konrad Tom (1887-1957), actor, writer, singer and director working in theater and film[42]
  • Dziga Vertov, film director; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of Boris Kaufman and Mikhail Kaufman[43]
  • Michał Waszyński (1904-1965), film and theater director; film producer[44]

. Andrzej Munk ,Film maker https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Munk

Writers and poets

Polish-language

  • Rokhl Auerbakh, writer and essayist
  • Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński
  • Roman Brandstaetter, writer and poet[45]
  • Kazimierz Brandys (1916-2000), writer[46]
  • Marian Brandys, writer and screenwriter
  • Jan Brzechwa
  • Gusta Dawidson Draenger (1917–1943), journalist, diarist
  • Agnieszka Graff, writer and feminist
  • Marian Hemar
  • Janusz Korczak, writer
  • Bolesław Leśmian (1877-1937), poet (Jewish ancestry)[47]
  • Teodor Parnicki (1908-1988), writer (Jewish mother)[48]
  • Bruno Schulz, writer
  • Antoni Slonimski
  • Anatol Stern (1899-1968), poet[49]
  • Robert Stiller (born 1928), writer and prolific translator into Polish from English, German and other languages
  • Włodzimierz Szymanowicz (Jewish father)
  • Julian Tuwim (1984-1953), poet
  • Leopold Tyrmand (1920-1985), writer[50]
  • Aleksander Wat (1900-1967), poet[51]
  • Józef Wittlin, poet[52]

Yiddish-language

  • Sholem Asch (1880-1957), novelist and essayist[54]
  • Rokhl Auerbakh (1903-1976), writer and essayist
  • Isaac ben Saul Chmelniker Candia (fl. 19th-century)[53]
  • Solomon Ettinger (1802-1856), playwright and poet[54]
  • Isaac Leib Peretz (1852-1915), author and playwright[55]
  • Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-1991), author[54]
  • Abraham Sutzkever (1913-2010), poet, immigrated to Israel[54]
  • Aleksander Zederbaum (1816-1893), journalist[56]

Business figures

  • Arthur Belfer, founder of the Belco Petroleum Corporation
  • Majer Bersohn, banker, philanthropist[57]
  • André Citroën, industrialist, engineer and founder of Citroën
  • Max Factor, Sr. (born Maksymilian Faktorowicz), founder of Max Factor & Company; half-brother of Prohibition-era gangster John Factor (born Iakov Faktorowicz)
  • Jona Goldrich (born Jona Goldreich), L.A.-based real estate developer
  • Samuel Goldwyn (1879-1974; born Szmuel Gelbfisz), founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood
  • Helal Hassenfeld and Henry Hassenfeld, co-founders of Hasbro (originally Hassenfeld Brothers)
  • Leopold Julian Kronenberg (1849-1937), banker[58]
  • Henry Lowenfeld, impresario, brewer who emigrated to England
  • Henry Orenstein (born 1925), American poker player and entrepreneur[59]
  • Maurice Orgelbrand (1826-1904), publisher[60]
  • Samuel Orgelbrand (1810-1896), printer and publisher[61]
  • Max Ratner (born Meyer Ratowczer), real estate developer, co-founder of Forest City Enterprises
  • Jack Tramiel (1928-2012), businessman and founder of Commodore International
  • Warner Bros. (born Wonsal)
    • Albert Warner (1884-1967)
    • Harry Warner (1881-1958)
    • Jack L. Warner (1892-1978)
    • Sam Warner (1887-1927)
  • Szmul Zbytkower (1727-1801), banker[62]

Sports

Baseball

  • Moe Drabowsky
  • Harry Feldman

Chess

  • Izaak Appel
  • Abram Blass
  • Moshe Czerniak
  • Henryk Friedman
  • Paulin Frydman
  • Miguel Najdorf
  • Dawid Przepiórka
  • Gersz Rotlewi
  • Akiba Rubinstein
  • Gersz Salwe
  • Siegbert Tarrasch
  • Savielly Tartakower[63] (1887-1956)
  • Szymon Winawer
  • Daniel Yanofsky
  • Johannes Zukertort

Fencing

  • Roman Kantor, épée, Nordic champion and Soviet champion; killed by the Nazis

Football

  • Ludwik Gintel, Poland national team[64]
  • Abraham "Avram" Grant (b. 1955), football manager of various football clubs and national teams (e.g. Chelsea F.C., Israel, Ghana national football team)
  • Józef Klotz, Poland national team; killed by the Nazis[65]
  • Józef Lustgarten, spent 17 years in the Gulag
  • Leon Sperling (1900–1941), left wing, Polish national team; killed by the Nazis in the Lemberg Ghetto
  • Zygmunt Steuermann, centre forward, Polish national team (two matches, four goals); died in December 1941 in the Lemberg Ghetto

Professional wrestling

  • Chris Mordetzky, American professional wrestler, known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name Chris Masters

Swimming

  • Lejzor Ilja Szrajbman, Olympic 4×200-m freestyle relay; killed by the Nazis in Majdanek concentration camp[66]

Track and field

  • Myer Prinstein, Olympic long-jumper from Szczuczyn, Poland
  • Irena Szewińska, sprinter and long jumper; world records in 100-m, 200-m, and 400-m; three-time Olympic champion, plus four medals (for a total of seven Olympic medals)
  • Jadwiga Wajs, two world records (discus); Olympic silver and bronze (discus)

Weightlifting

  • Ben Helfgott, Polish-born, three-time British champion (lightweight), three-time Maccabiah champion; survived Buchenwald and Theresienstadt; all but one family member was killed by the Nazis

Holocaust survivors

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Nelly Ben-Or
  • Tauba Biterman
  • Zahava Burack
  • Yehiel De-Nur
  • David Faber
  • Leon Feldhendler
  • Joseph Friedenson
  • Tuviah Friedman
  • Roman Frister
  • Rena Kornreich Gelissen
  • Ben-Zion Gold
  • Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam
  • Anna Heilman
  • Alicia Appleman-Jurman
  • Natalia Karp
  • Gerda Weissmann Klein
  • Jerzy Kosinski
  • Yisrael Lau
  • Zvia Lubetkin
  • Henryk Mandelbaum
  • Jack Mandelbaum
  • Kitty Hart-Moxon
  • David Olère
  • Leopold Pfefferberg
  • Philip Riteman
  • Sol Rosenberg
  • Josef Rosensaft
  • Israel Shahak
  • Mike Staner
  • Alina Szapocznikow
  • Władysław Szpilman
  • Emanuel Tanay
  • Menachem Mendel Taub
  • Jack Tramiel
  • Ernst Wiechert
  • Meir Wilchek
  • Abraham Adler

}}

See also

  • History of the Jews in Poland
  • Israel–Poland relations
  • List of Galician Jews
  • List of Jews
  • List of people from Galicia (modern period)
  • List of Poles

References

1. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Poland.html|title = Poland Virtual Jewish History Tour|website = Jewish Virtual Library|publisher = American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}
2. ^Menachem Begin - Biography
3. ^David Ben-Gurion The First Prime Minister
4. ^The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Burton
5. ^PRZEKRÓJ - Trzeci Kaczyński
6. ^Catholic Encyclopedia: Julian Klaczko
7. ^RP.pl: David Miliband
8. ^Factmonster: Namier
9. ^Shimon Peres - Biography
10. ^Yitzhak Shamir - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
11. ^Notes for an Autobiography
12. ^Looking for The Political Graveyard?
13. ^Canadian Jewish News
14. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/GaspardaGama.html Gaspar da Gama]
15. ^Tributes to Sir Hersch Lauterpacht {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905221046/http://ejil.org/journal/Vol8/No2/art6.html |date=2005-09-05 }}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Rosa Luxemburg: More Than a Revolutionary| author=Annette Insdorf| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DD1331F932A05756C0A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print| publisher=The New York Times| date=1987-05-31}}
17. ^Concise Dictionary of National Biography: born in Poland of Jewish parents
18. ^British Dictionary of National Biography
19. ^Jewish Encyclopedia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928105726/http://bible.tmtm.com/wiki/HART%2C_AARON_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29 |date=2008-09-28 }}
20. ^1 Concise Dictionary of National Biography
21. ^Ha'aretz: Jewish Born Polish Priest Dreams of Aliyah
22. ^Jewish Encyclopedia: Elijah Ba'al Shem
23. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nobels.html Jewish Nobel Prize Winners]
24. ^Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jacob Talmon
25. ^The Mendele Review: Yiddish Literature and Language
26. ^Richard McBee, “Itshak Holtz: Jewish Genre Painting,” The Jewish Press, July 4, 2003.
27. ^Kirshenblatt, Mayer and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. They called me Mayer July: Painted memories of a Jewish childhood in Poland before the Holocaust. University of California Press. Los Angeles:2007.
28. ^British Concise Dictionary of National Biography
29. ^Stars of David Audio Encyclopedia
30. ^Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
31. ^Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
32. ^http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ford_Aleksander
33. ^Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.. Accessed 7 July 2012.
34. ^http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema
35. ^{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DE153BF93BA3575BC0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 | work=The New York Times | title=Holland Without a Country | first=Roger | last=Cohen | date=1993-08-08 | accessdate=2011-09-13}}
36. ^Jewish Film Festival
37. ^Jewish Film Festival
38. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000591/bio IMBD: Roman Polanski]
39. ^Jewish Women's Archive
40. ^Piotr Skrzynecki
41. ^"British Express Concern About Fate of Jerzy Toeplitz, Polish Film Figure." Jewish Telegraphic Agency 20 May 1968.
42. ^Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.. Accessed 7 July 2012.
43. ^Jewish Film Festival
44. ^Samuel Blumenfeld, L'homme qui voulait être prince: les vies imaginaires de Michal Waszynski (Paris: B. Grasset, 2006).
45. ^Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
46. ^Kazimierz Brandys - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
47. ^YIVO: Boleslaw Lesmian
48. ^List Teodora Parnickiego do Jerzego Giedroycia
49. ^Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Stern, Anatol
50. ^David Frum on National Review Online
51. ^[https://www.amazon.com/Aleksander-Wat-Life-Art-Iconoclast/dp/0300064063 Aleksander Wat: Life and Art of an Iconoclast]
52. ^Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
53. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3962-candia-isaac-b-saul-chmelniker|title=Candia, Isaac B. Saul Chmelniker - JewishEncyclopedia.com|last=|first=|date=|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com|access-date=2017-09-05}}
54. ^1 2 3 Classical Yiddish Authors
55. ^Warsaw Stories: Peretz
56. ^YIVO: Aleksander Zederbaum
57. ^Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
58. ^Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
59. ^Tom Gross Mideast Media Archive: Henry Orenstein
60. ^Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
61. ^Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
62. ^Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
63. ^Encyclopaedia Judaica; immigrated to France
64. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-_Si5OP6cjkC&pg=PA17&dq=%22ludwik+gintel%22+jewish |title=Jews and the Sporting Life: Studies in Contemporary Jewry XXIII |author= Ezra Mendelsohn |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-538291-9|year= 2009|accessdate=December 24, 2010}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=5604 |author=Eldad Beck |title=Anti-Semitism feared ahead of Euro 2012 |publisher=European Jewish Congress |date=August 9, 2010 |accessdate=December 24, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120731004503/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=5604 |archivedate=July 31, 2012 |df= }}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/DP/lib00153,0EAF44D611BD8AC2.html |author=Tom Archdeacon |title=Memories never dim from Games of Shame; Message of "Nazi Olympics'still vital |work= The Denver Post|date=April 26, 1998 |accessdate=December 24, 2010}}
{{Lists of Jews by country|noredlinks=yes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Polish Jews}}

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