“List of political parties in Germany”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Bundestag, has a plural multi-party system, with two major parties, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), with its sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU) in the same parliamentary group, also known as CDU/CSU or the Union.

Germany also has a number of minor parties, in recent history most importantly the Free Democratic Party (FDP), Alliance 90/The Greens, The Left, and more recently the Alternative for Germany (AfD), founded in 2013. The federal government of Germany often consisted of a coalition of a major and a minor party, specifically CDU/CSU and FDP or SPD and FDP, and from 1998 to 2005 SPD and Greens. From 1966 to 1969, from 2005 to 2009 and again since 2013, the federal government consisted of a coalition of the two major parties, called Grand Coalition.^[1]

Coalitions in the Bundestag and state legislators are often described by party colors. Party colors are red for the Social Democratic Party, green for Alliance 90/The Greens, yellow for the Free Democratic Party, purple (officially red, which is customarily used for the SPD) for the Left, light blue for the AfD, and black and blue for the CDU and CSU respectively.^[2]^[3]

The parties

Parties represented in the Bundestag or the European Parliament

One German MEP is independent, member of the GUE-NGL-group in the European Parliament and was elected as a candidate of the Human Environment Animal Protection-party (better known as Tierschutzpartei).

Parties represented in state parliaments

Minor parties

Historical parties

Parties existing up to World War I

Parties in Weimar Republic

Defunct parties in (former) West Germany

Parties banned by the Constitutional Court

Parties in (former) East Germany

Bloc parties in the socialist state (1949–1989)

During transition (1989–90)

Parties founded from 1989

See also

References

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2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4541120,00.html |title=Political parties form colorful spectrum in Germany |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2009-09-12 |publisher=Deutsche Welle }}
3. ^{{citation |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4582700,00.html |title=The Green party: Getting used to opposition |date=2009-08-24 |accessdate=2009-10-12 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |quote=This made a so-called Jamaica coalition with the Christian Democratic Union and the Free Democratic Party impossible.}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck
5. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/german-nationalist-party-takes-aim-islam-122311955.html|work=Yahoo News|title=After migrants, German nationalist party takes aim at Islam|date=23 May 2016}}
6. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/germanys-nationalist-party-set-gains-three-states-vote/3231977.html|work=Voice of America|title=Germany's Nationalist Party Set for Gains as Three States Vote|date=11 March 2016}}
7. ^¹²³{{cite book|author=William T Daniel|title=Career Behaviour and the European Parliament: All Roads Lead Through Brussels?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prS6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-871640-2|page=135}}
8. ^¹{{cite book|author=Simon Franzmann|editor1=Gabriele D'Ottavio|editor2=Thomas Saalfeld|title=Germany After the 2013 Elections: Breaking the Mould of Post-Unification Politics?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mLBCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2015|chapter=The Failed Struggle for Office Instead of Votes|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4724-4439-4|pages=166–167}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Frank Decker|chapter=Follow-up to the Grand Coalition: The Germany Party System before and after the 2013 Federal Election|editor=Eric Langenbacher|title=The Merkel Republic: An Appraisal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaUHCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|year=2015|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-896-8|pages=34–39}}
10. ^NewsComAu. (2018). Meet the smiling face of German ‘terror’. [online] Available at: http://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/rightwing-alternative-for-germany-party-scores-shock-results-in-three-german-regions/news-story/ed234a04187bdddeb0488b7fbf49e417 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2018].
11. ^{{cite book|author1=George C. Lodge|author2=Ezra F. Vogel|title=Ideology and National Competitiveness: An Analysis of Nine Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9upmTBrF87EC&pg=PA85|year=1987|publisher=Harvard Business Press|isbn=978-0-87584-147-2|page=85}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Russell A. Berman|title=Freedom Or Terror: Europe Faces Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjNBWahMyN8C&pg=PA110|year=2010|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=978-0-8179-1114-0|page=110}}
13. ^{{Cite book |author1=Christina Boswell |author2=Dan Hough |title=Politicizing migration: Opportunity or liability for the centre-right in Germany |work=Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe: Why Politics – and the Centre-Right – matter |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |pages=18, 21}}
14. ^{{Cite book |author=Klaus Detterbeck |title=Multi-Level Party Politics in Western Europe |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |page=105}}
15. ^{{Cite book |author1=Margret Hornsteiner |author2=Thomas Saalfeld |title=Parties and the Party System |work=Developments in German Politics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |page=80}}
16. ^{{Cite book |author=José Magone |title=Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |page=392}}