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词条 List of Presidents of China
释义

  1. List of Presidents of the ROC (since 1912)

  2. List of Presidents of the PRC (since 1949)

      Central People's Government under the CPPCC Common Program (1949–1954)    The 1st Constitution (1954–1975)   The 2nd Constitution (1975–1978)   The 3rd Constitution (1978–1982)  The 4th Constitution (1982–present) 

  3. Notes

  4. References

This is a list of the Presidents of China since 1912.

List of Presidents of the ROC (since 1912)

{{Main article|List of Presidents of the Republic of China}}

This is a list of the Presidents of the Republic of China (1912–present）due to the Taiwan currently making up almost all of its de facto territory although the government-in-exile was recognized by the United Nations (to 25 October 1971), the United States (to 1 January 1979) and other Western countries. The Republic of China President is called 總統 (zǒngtǒng), and from 1912–1928, 大總統 (dàzǒngtǒng).

All the names on this list follow the Oriental convention with the family name first and given name second.

{{legend2|{{Non-partisan/meta/color}}|Non-Partisan|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#80461B|Tongmenghui|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#CD853F|Beiyang clique, etc.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#FCC200|Progressive|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|{{Kuomintang/meta/color}}|Kuomintang (Nationalist)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|{{Democratic Progressive Party/meta/color}}|Democratic Progressive|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
Presidents of the
//Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government
  • period: 1 January 1912 – 10 October 1913
№ PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of OfficePolitical PartyVice President
1Sun Yat-sen
孫文
Sūn Wén
(1866–1925)		 1 January 1912 10 March 1912TongmenghuiLi Yuanhong
1911
The first President of the Provisional Government
2Yuan Shikai
袁世凱
Yuán Shìkǎi
(1859–1916)		 10 March 1912 10 October 1913 Beiyang clique Li Yuanhong
The second President of the Provisional Government
Presidents of the
//Beiyang government">Beiyang government
  • period: 10 October 1913 – 2 June 1928
№ PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of OfficePolitical PartyVice President
1Yuan Shikai
袁世凱
Yuán Shìkǎi
(1859–1916)		 10 October 1913 Restored the monarchy from 12 December 1915 to 22 March 1916.}} Beiyang clique Li Yuanhong
Died in office.
2Li Yuanhong
黎元洪
Lí Yuánhóng
(1864–1928)		 7 June 1916 Zhang Xun restored Qing Empire from 1 July to 12 July in 1917.}} Progressive Party Feng Guozhang
3Feng Guozhang
馮國璋
Féng Guózhāng
(1859–1919)		 17 July 1917 10 October 1918 Zhili clique vacant
4Xu Shichang
徐世昌
Xú Shìchāng
(1855–1939)		 10 October 1918 2 June 1922 Anhui clique vacant
—Zhou Ziqi
周自齊
Zhōu Zìqí
(1871–1923)		 2 June 1922 11 June 1922 Communications Clique vacant
5Li Yuanhong
黎元洪
Lí Yuánhóng
(1864–1928)		 11 June 1922 13 June 1923 Research Clique vacant
—Gao Lingwei
高凌霨
Gāo Língwèi
(1868–1939)		 14 June 1923 10 October 1923 Non-partisan vacant
6Cao Kun
曹錕
Cáo Kūn
(1862–1938)		 10 October 1923 2 November 1924 Zhili clique vacant
—Huang Fu
黃郛
Huáng Fú
(1883–1936)		 2 November 1924 24 November 1924 Non-partisan vacant
7Duan Qirui
段祺瑞
Duàn Qíruì
(1865–1936)
{{efn|Duan Qirui was the Provisional Chief Executive instead of President.}}		 24 November 1924 20 April 1926 Anhui clique vacant
—Hu Weide
胡惟德
Hú Wéidé
(1863–1933)		 20 April 1926 13 May 1926 Non-partisan vacant
—W.W. Yan
Yan Huiqing
顏惠慶
Yán Huìqìng
(1877–1950)		 13 May 1926 22 June 1926 Non-partisan vacant
—Du Xigui
杜錫珪
Dù Xīguī
(1875–1933)		 22 June 1926 1 October 1926 Zhili clique vacant
—Wellington Koo
Koo Vi-kyuin
顧維鈞
Gù Wéijūn
(1887–1985)		 1 October 1926 17 June 1927 Non-partisan vacant
8Zhang Zuolin
張作霖
Zhāng Zuòlín
(1875–1928)		 18 June 1927 2 June 1928 Fengtian clique vacant
Zhang was the Generalissimo of the Beiyang Military Government instead of President.
Chairmen of the
//Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government
  • period: 7 February 1928 – 20 May 1948

The head of state of the Nationalist Government (國民政府) in this period (political tutelage,  訓政時期).

№ PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of OfficePolitical PartyVice President
1Tan Yankai
譚延闓
Tán Yánkǎi
(1880–1930)		 7 February 1928 10 October 1928 Kuomintang vacant
2Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng
(1887–1975)		 10 October 1928 15 December 1931 Kuomintang vacant
3Lin Sen
林森
Lín Sēn
(1868–1943)		 15 December 1931 1 August 1943 Kuomintang vacant
Died in office.
4Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng
(1887–1975)		 1 August 1943 20 May 1948 Kuomintang vacant
Presidents after the
//Constitution of the Republic of China">1947 Constitution
  • period: 20 May 1948 – 20 May 1996
№ PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of OfficePolitical PartyVice President
1Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng
(1887–1975)		 20 May 1948 21 January 1949KuomintangLi Zongren
1948
Resigned following a succession of defeats by the Communists in the Chinese Civil War.
—Li Zongren
李宗仁
Lǐ Zōngrén
(1890–1969)		 21 January 1949 1 March 1950 Kuomintang vacant
Acting President on Chiang Kai-shek's resignation. Had an antagonistic relationship with Chiang. After the fall of Guangdong, Li flew to New York and denounced Chiang.
President of Republic of China was head of state of China until 1 October,1949,when People's Republic of China was established.President of People's Republic of China is head of state of China since 1 October,1949.President of Republic of China is leader of Taiwan,China also from that time.
1Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng
(1887–1975)		 1 March 1950 5 April 1975 Kuomintang(1950–1954)
Chen Cheng{{efn>Chen Cheng, Died on 5 March 1965.}}(1954–1965)
vacant (1965–1966)
Yen Chia-kan (1966–1975)
Defeated on the mainland; moved the government to Taipei. Chiang's government lost recognition by the United Nations on 25 October 1971. Died in office.
2C.K. Yen
Yen Chia-kan
嚴家淦
Yán Jiāgàn
(1905–1993)		 6 April 1975 20 May 1978 Kuomintang vacant
Premier (1963–1972). As Vice-President under Chiang Kai-shek, Yan succeeded to the Presidency on Chiang's death and completed Chiang's term.
3Chiang Ching-kuo
蔣經國
Jiǎng Jīngguó
(1910–1988)		 20 May 1978 13 January 1988 Kuomintang Hsieh Tung-min (1978–1984)
Lee Teng-hui (1984–1988)
Son of Chiang Kai-shek. Launched the Ten Major Construction Projects. Ended martial law. Died in office.
4Lee Teng-hui
李登輝
Lǐ Dēnghuī
(1923– )		 13 January 1988 20 May 1996 Kuomintang vacant (1988–1990)
Li Yuan-zu (1990–1996)
As Vice-President under Chiang Ching-kuo, Yan succeeded to the Presidency on Chiang's death and completed his term. First native Taiwanese President. Oversaw democratic reforms.
Presidents after the introduction of Direct Election
  • period: 20 May 1996 – present
№ PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of Office
Electoral mandates		Political PartyVice President
4Lee Teng-hui
李登輝
Lǐ Dēnghuī
(1923– )		 20 May 1996 20 May 2000KuomintangLien Chan
1996 5,813,699 (54.0%)
Mayor of Taipei (1978–1981), Governor of Taiwan (1981–1984), Vice President (1984–1988). First president elected by direct election.
5Chen Shui-bian
陳水扁
Chén Shuǐbiǎn
(1950– )		 20 May 2000 20 May 2008Democratic Progressive PartyAnnette Lu
2000 4,977,737 (39.3%)
2004 6,446,900 (50.11%)
Member of the Legislative Yuan for Taipei 1st District (1990–1994), Mayor of Taipei (1994–1998). First Pan-Green and pro-Taiwan independence president.
6Ma Ying-jeou
馬英九
Mǎ Yīngjiǔ
(1950– )		 20 May 2008 20 May 2016KuomintangVincent Siew (2008–2012)
Wu Den-yih (2012– )
2008 7,658,724 (58.45%)
2012 6,891,139 (51.60%)
Minister of Justice (1993–1996), Mayor of Taipei (1998–2006).
7Tsai Ing-wen
蔡英文
Cài Yīngwén
(1956– )		 20 May 2016 IncumbentDemocratic Progressive PartyChen Chien-jen
2016 6,894,744 (56.1%)
Vice Premier (2006–2007).

List of Presidents of the PRC (since 1949)

{{main article|List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China}}

This is a list of all the Chairmen of the People's Republic of China (1954–1975) and the Presidents of the People's Republic of China (1982–present). The President of the PRC is called 主席 (zhǔxí), formerly translated as Chairman.

To avoid confusion, all the names on this list follow the Oriental convention (family name first, given name second) for consistency.

//Generations of Chinese leadership">Generations of leadership:
{{legend2|#FFB6B6|First Administration|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#CCEEFF|Second Administration|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#D8BFD8|Third Administration|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Hu–Wen Administration|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#FBCEB1|Xi–Li Administration|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

Central People's Government under the CPPCC Common Program (1949–1954)

Chairman of the Central People's Government
  • Mao Zedong (1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954)

The 1st Constitution (1954–1975)

Chairman/Chairwoman of the People's Republic China
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Constituency		Term of officeNPCVice ChairmanParamount leader
1Mao Zedong
毛泽东
(1893–1976)
Beijing At-large		 27 September 195427 April 1959 I Zhu De Himself
The First Chairman of the People's Republic of China.
2Liu Shaoqi
刘少奇
(1898–1969)
Beijing At-large		27 April 195921 December 1964 IISoong Ching-ling & Dong Biwu
(co-serving)		Mao Zedong
21 December 196431 October 1968 III
Ousted by Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution.
–Soong Ching-ling
宋庆龄
(1893–1981)
Shanghai At-large		Dong Biwu
董必武
(1886–1975)
Hubei At-large		31 October 196824 February 1972 (Song)
17 January 1975 (Dong)		IIIVacancy by ascension Mao Zedong
Both Soong Ching-ling and Dong Biwu co-served as acting chairman of the People's Republic of China until the resignation of Soong Ching-ling on 24 February 1972. Dong Biwu served the remainder of the term.

The 2nd Constitution (1975–1978)

{{Further information|Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress}}
Chairman/Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
  • Zhu De (17 January 1975 – 6 July 1976) died in office
  • Soong Ching-ling (6 July 1976 – 5 March 1978) acting
  • Ye Jianying (5 March 1978 – 5 March 1978)

The 3rd Constitution (1978–1982)

{{further information|Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress}}
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
  • Ye Jianying (5 March 1978 – 18 June 1983)
Honorary President of the People's Republic China
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Constituency		Term of officeNPCVice PresidentParamount leader
–Soong Ching-ling
宋庆龄
(1893–1981)
Shanghai At-large		16 May 198128 May 1981 V Post not established Deng Xiaoping
The first and only Honorary President of the People's Republic of China.

The 4th Constitution (1982–present)

President of the People's Republic China
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Constituency		Term of officeNPCVice PresidentParamount leader
3Li Xiannian
李先念
(1909–1992)
Hubei At-large		18 June 19838 April 1988 VI Ulanhu Deng Xiaoping
The first President under the 4th Constitution of the People's Republic of China. He started reforms in foreign policy and China began opening to the world. He was first Chinese president who visited USA. He was also the first state president who officially visited North Korea. In 1984, Li met with US President Ronald Reagan during Reagan's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President. In 1988, Li resigned from his position as President of the People's Republic of China and was replaced by Yang Shangkun. Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC.[1]
4Yang Shangkun
杨尚昆
(1907–1998)
Sichuan At-large		8 April 198827 March 1993 VII Wang Zhen Deng Xiaoping
Jiang Zemin
The second President under the 4th Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Yang promoted economic reform but opposed political liberalization, a position which Deng Xiaoping eventually came to identify with. Yang reached the height of his political career after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, but his organized opposition to Jiang Zemin's leadership led Deng to force Yang to retire.
5Jiang Zemin
江泽民
(1926– )
Shanghai At-large		27 March 199315 March 1998 VIII Rong YirenHimself
15 March 199815 March 2003 IX Hu Jintao
Under his leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with reforms, saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad.[2] Served as Mayor of Shanghai (1985–1989), Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China (1990–2005).
6Hu Jintao
胡锦涛
(1942– )
Tibet At-large (until 2008)
Zhejiang At-large (from 2008)		15 March 200315 March 2008 X Zeng QinghongHimself
15 March 200814 March 2013 XI Xi Jinping
During his term in office, Hu reintroduced state control in some sectors of the economy that were relaxed by the previous administration, and has been conservative with political reforms.[3] Along with his colleague, Premier Wen Jiabao, Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and development that cemented China as a major world power. He sought to improve socio-economic equality domestically through the Scientific Development Concept, which aimed to build a "Socialist Harmonious Society" that was prosperous and free of social conflict.[4] In foreign policy, Hu advocated for "China's peaceful development", pursuing soft power in international relations and a business-oriented approach to diplomacy. Through Hu's tenure, China's influence in Africa, Latin America, and other developing countries has increased.[5] Served as Vice President (1998–2003), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (2005-2013).
7Xi Jinping
习近平
(1953– )
Shanghai At-large		14 March 201317 March 2018 XII Li YuanchaoHimself
17 March 2018Incumbent XIII Wang Qishan
The fifth President under the 4th Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Served as Vice President (2008–2013).

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

1. ^{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Kurt |url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954285,00.html |title=History Beckons Again |journal=Time |date=7 May 1984 |accessdate=19 August 2011}}
2. ^Tomoyuki Kojima. China's Omnidirectional Diplomacy: Cooperation with all, Emphasis on Major Powers. Asia-Pacific Review, 1469–2937, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2001
3. ^{{cite news |last=Luard |first=Tim |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4165209.stm |title = BBC: China's Leader shows his stripes. 11 January 2005 |publisher=BBC News |date=11 January 2005 |accessdate=13 March 2010}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.esnips.com/doc/907de9f2-a212-46b3-9efe-d23813bc03f3/Kuhn-Media-Press-Hu-Jintao.pdf |title=Kuhn, Robert Lawrence: Hu's Political Philosophies |publisher=Esnips.com |date= |accessdate=13 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325103630/http://www.esnips.com/doc/907de9f2-a212-46b3-9efe-d23813bc03f3/Kuhn-Media-Press-Hu-Jintao.pdf |archivedate=25 March 2009 |df= }}
5. ^[https://monitor.worldsavvy.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=184 World Savvy Monitor: China and the World - A foreign policy overview]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

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