| 词条 | Nipissing First Nation |
| 释义 |
| name = Nipissing 10 | official_name = Nipissing Indian Reserve No. 10 | settlement_type = Indian reserve | image_skyline = Garden Village 2.JPG | image_caption = Administration Building/Community Centre in Garden Village | image_flag = | image_seal = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Canada Ontario | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_mapsize = 200 | coordinates = {{coord|46|22|N|79|46|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{CAN}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = {{ON}} | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Nipissing | subdivision_type3 = First Nation | subdivision_name3 = Nipissing | established_title = | established_date = | government_type = | leader_title = Chief | leader_name = Scott McLeod | leader_title2 = Deputy Chief | leader_name2 = Muriel Sawyer | area_footnotes = [1] | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = 61.22 | area_water_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = [1] | population_total = 1450 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 23.7 | website = www.nfn.ca | footnotes = }} Nipissing First Nation is a long-standing community of Nishnaabeg peoples located along the shorelines of Lake Nipissing in Northern Ontario for close to 10,000 years. They are referred to by many names in European historical records, since the colonists often adopted names given to them by other nations. The Nipissing are part of the Anishinaabe peoples, a grouping of people speaking Algonquin languages, which includes the Odawa, Ojibwe and Algonquins. This broad heritage is likely the result of the Nipissings' living at a geographical crossroads, a watershed divide. GeographyLake Nipissing drains via the French River into Georgian Bay and, to the east of Lake Nipissing, Trout Lake drains via the Mattawa River into the Ottawa River. Living at the crossroads between two watersheds, the Nipissing were key to trade to the East, West, North and South of Lake Nipissing. The French portaged the watershed divide extensively to reach the Great Lakes by canoe from their settlements around Montreal on the St. Lawrence River. To the west the Nipissing trade routes extended as far as Lake Nipigon and their Ojibwa neighbours, and to the north as far James Bay, where they traded with the Cree and, later, the English. Their trade network to the east extended as far as present-day Quebec City, also on the St. Lawrence. The Iroquoian-speaking Huron people lived nearby to the South. Archaeological evidence shows that the Nipissing integrated some Huron styles and techniques in their pottery. They obtained food primarily through hunting, fishing, and gathering. Their extensive trading likely allowed them to supplement their diets with corn, beans and squash as well, which were staple crops cultivated by many First Nations peoples. The land in the lake valleys would have supported some horticulture. Today Nipissing First Nation lies between the city of North Bay and the municipality of West Nipissing in northeastern Ontario, Canada. Most members of the First Nation reside on the First Nations reserve of Nipissing Indian Reserve 10. HistoryThe Nipissing controlled trade routes that became increasingly desirable during the early French colonial period, as the French proved a large, lucrative market for the inland pelts, exporting many to Europe. The Iroquois, based south of Lake Ontario, conducted military campaigns against the competing Huron and Nipissing in the competition for furs. By 1647, the Nipissing regrouped in the Lake Nipigon area. The Nipissing continued to use their historical trade routes but at greater risk. Claude-Jean Allouez visited the Nipissings at Lake Nipigon 1667, but in 1671 he reported that the Nipissing had returned to Lake Nipissing. After returning to Lake Nipissing, some of the Nipissings relocated to the missions at Trois-Rivières, Quebec and Oka, Quebec.[2][3] The noted 18th-century Cherokee chief Attakullakulla (died 1775) was born a Nipissing. He was captured as a child when the Cherokee raided his community and killed his parents; he was adopted by a Cherokee family. By the early 19th century, European Canadians and Métis had started trapping in the area in and around Lake Nipissing, rather than relying on pelts brought to trading posts by First Nations peoples. This competition resulted in fewer pelts available to the Nipissing and other First Nation peoples in the area.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} In 1850 the Nipissing signed the Robinson Huron Treaty with the Canadian representatives of the British Crown. In the face of increasing European encroachment by settlers, they wanted to confirm their claim to the north shores of Lake Nipissing and its main waterways. ReserveNipissing 10 as it was formerly known, is an First Nations reserve in northeastern Ontario, Canada located on the north shores of Lake Nipissing in Nipissing District, serving as the land base for the Nipissing First Nation. The {{convert|21007.3|ha|acres}} reserve is located west of North Bay and east of West Nipissing. The reserve comprises the communities of Beaucage, Jocko Point, Yellek, Duchesnay, and Garden Village, as well as many smaller sub-divisions. Garden Village is accessible by municipal streets in Sturgeon Falls. The other communities all have direct access off of Hwy 17 West. SocietyTraditionally, the Nipissing nation is structured around families and clans (or doodems). The five doodems are: Blood (Miskwaa'aa, recorded as "Miskouaha"), Birchbark (Wiigwaas), Heron (Ashagi, recorded as "Outchougai"), Beaver (Amikwaa, recorded as "Amicois" or as "Nez Percez"), and Squirrel (Asanagoo).[4] During the period of the clans' early contact with the Europeans, the Blood, Birchbark, and Squirrel clans were located on and about Lake Nipissing, the Heron clan resided primarily on Lake Nipissing but also on lands extending southward to the eastern coast of Lake Huron's Georgian Bay, and the Beaver clan was located on the northern coast of Georgian Bay, adjacent to Heron territory.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Each clan is subdivided along family lines. They govern independently but at the same time cooperatively, as part of Nipissing Nation as a whole. They respect a person's right to decide individual paths..{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} DemographicsAs of February 2009, Nipissing First Nation had a total registered population of 2,201 people, of which 886 lived on their own Reserve.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} The 2001 Canadian Census recorded 1,378 people lived on Nipissing 10 Indian Reserve.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} According to the Canada 2011 Census:[5]
GovernanceThe current governance of the Nipissing First Nation is elected under the custom electoral system, consisting of a chief, deputy chief and six councillors. The current council consists of Chief Scott McLeod and Deputy Chief Muriel Sawyer, along with Councillors, June Commanda, Brian Couchie, Corey Goulais, Jane B Commanda, Michael Sawyer and Eric "Ric" Stevens.[6] Their three-year term ends July 31, 2018. The Nipissing First Nation's council is a member of Waabnoong Bemjiwang Association of First Nations, which is a regional chiefs' council. The First Nation is also a member of the Union of Ontario Indians, a tribal political organization representing many of the Anishinaabe First Nations in central and southern Ontario. In January 2014, the Nipissing adopted what is believed to be the first constitution for First Nation in Ontario. It is supposed to replace the Indian Act as the supreme law which regulates the governance of the First Nation, but has not been tested in court.[7] Notable Nipissing
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External links
References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3548073&Geo2=CD&Code2=3548&Data=Count&SearchText=n&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=35&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |title=Nipissing 10 census profile |publisher=Statistics Canada |work=2011 Census of Population |accessdate=4 June 2014}} {{Geographic location2. ^{{cite book |last=Hodge |first=Frederick Webb |date=1910 |title="Nipissing" in Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEcSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false |location=Washington |publisher=Government Printing Office |page=73 |isbn= |author-link= }} 3. ^{{cite book |last=MacKenzie |first=Alexander |date=1802 |title=Voyages from Montreal, on the River St. Laurence, through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans: In the Years 1789 and 1793 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfdPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR41#v=onepage&q&f=false |location=Philadelphia |publisher= |page=xli (footnote) |isbn= |author-link= }} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Hodge |first=Frederick Webb |date=1910 |title="Nipissing" in Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEcSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false |location=Washington |publisher=Government Printing Office |page=73-74 |isbn= |author-link= }} 5. ^Census Profile 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nfn.ca/council_members.php|title=Nipissing First Nation - Council Business - Members|publisher=Nipissing First Nation|accessdate=3 March 2015}} 7. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/nipissing-first-nation-passes-first-ontario-aboriginal-constitution-1.2505488 | title=Nipissing First Nation passes first Ontario Aboriginal constitution | date=January 21, 2014 | publisher=CBC News | accessdate=April 20, 2015}} | Centre = Nipissing 10 | North = West Nipissing, Unorganized North Nipissing | Northeast = | East = North Bay | Southeast = | South = Lake Nipissing Unorganized Centre Parry Sound, Nipissing | Southwest = | West = West Nipissing | Northwest = | image = }}{{Waabnoong Bemjiwang Association of First Nations}}{{Union of Ontario Indians}}{{Anishinaabe}}{{Robinson Treaty}}{{Nipissing District}} 5 : First Nations in Ontario|Algonquian ethnonyms|Union of Ontario Indians|Anishinaabe reserves in Ontario|Communities in Nipissing District |
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