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词条 List of quasars
释义

  1. List of quasars

  2. List of named quasars

  3. List of multiply imaged quasars

  4. List of visual quasar associations

  5. List of physical quasar groups

     Large Quasar Groups 

  6. List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motion

  7. Firsts

  8. Extremes

  9. First quasars found

  10. Most distant quasars

  11. Most powerful quasars

  12. See also

  13. External links

  14. Footnotes

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}

This is a list of quasars.

Proper naming of quasars are by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx±yy using B1950 coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J2000 coordinates. They may also use the prefix QSR. There are currently no quasars that are visible to the naked eye.

List of quasars

This is a list of exceptional quasars for characteristics otherwise not separately listed

Quasar Notes
Twin Quasar Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image.
QSR J1819+3845 Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium.
CTA-102 In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev declared that this quasar was sending coded messages from an alien civilization.[1]
CID-42 Its Supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar.
TON 618 TON 618 is a very distant and extremely luminous quasar—technically, a hyperluminous, broad-absorption line, radio-loud quasar—located near the North Galactic Pole in the constellation Canes Venatici.
{{dynamic list}}

List of named quasars

This is a list of quasars, with a common name, instead of a designation from a survey, catalogue or list.

Quasar Origin of name Notes
Twin Quasar From the fact that two images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar is produced.
Einstein Cross From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing.
Triple Quasar From the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar. There are actually four images; the fourth is faint.
Cloverleaf From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance.
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}

List of multiply imaged quasars

This is a list of quasars that as a result of gravitational lensing appear as multiple images on Earth.

Quasar Images Lens Notes
Twin Quasar 2 YGKOW G1 First gravitationally lensed object discovered
Triple Quasar (PG 1115+080) 4 Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered.
Einstein Cross 4 Huchra's Lens First Einstein Cross discovered
RX J1131-1231's quasar 4 RX J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy RX J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image.
Cloverleaf 4[1] Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission[2]
QSO B1359+154 6 CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxies First sextuply-imaged galaxy
SDSS J1004+4112 5 Galaxy cluster at z = 0.68 First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15 ″[3][4][5]
SDSS J1029+2623 3 Galaxy cluster at z = 0.6 The current largest-separatioon quasar lens with 22.6 ″ separation between furthest images[6][7][8]
SDSS J2222+2745 6[10] Galaxy cluster at z = 0.49[11] First sextuply-lensed galaxy[9] Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster.[11] Quasar located at z = 2.82[10]
{{dynamic list}}

List of visual quasar associations

This is a list of double quasars, triple quasars, and the like, where quasars are close together in line-of-sight, but not physically related.

Quasars Count Notes
QSO 1548+115

4C 11.50 (z = 0.436)

QSO B1548+115B (z = 1.901)

 2[11][12]
QSO 1146+111 8[13]
  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}

List of physical quasar groups

This is a list of binary quasars, trinary quasars, and the like, where quasars are physically close to each other.

Quasars Count Notes
quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster 4 First quasar quartet discovered.[14][15]
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106) 3 First quasar triplet discovered.
It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found.[16]
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)

Q2345+007A

Q2345+007B

 2 Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet.[17]
QQQ J1519+0627 3 [18]
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}

Large Quasar Groups

{{main|Large Quasar Group}}

Large quasar groups (LQGs) are bound to a filament of mass, and not directly bound to each other.

LQG Count Notes
Webster LQG
(LQG 1)		 5 First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known.[19][20]
Huge-LQG
(U1.27)		 73 The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013.[21][22]

List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motion

This is a list of quasars with jets that appear to be superluminal due to relativistic effects and line-of-sight orientation. Such quasars are sometimes referred to as superluminal quasars.

Quasar Superluminality Notes
3C 279 4c First quasar discovered with superluminal jets.[27][28][29][23][24]
3C 179 7.6c Fifth discovered, first with double lobes[25]
3C 273 This is also the first quasar ever identified.[26]
3C 216
3C 345[26][27]
3C 380
4C 69.21
(Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690)
8C 1928+738
(Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802)
PKS 0637-752
QSO B1642+690
{{dynamic list}}

It should be noted that quasars that have a recessional velocity greater than the speed of light (c) are very common. Any quasar with z>1 is going away from us in excess of c.[36] Early attempts to explain superlumic quasars resulted in convoluted explanations with a limit of z = 2.326, or in the extreme z<2.4.[37] z = 1 means a redshift indicating travel away from us at the speed of light. The majority of quasars lie between z = 2 and z = 5 .

Firsts

Title Quasar Year Data Notes
First "star" discovered later found to be a quasar
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar
First quasar discovered 3C 48 1960 first radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object
First quasar identified 3C 273 1962 first radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum.
First radio-quiet quasar QSO B1246+377 (BSO 1) 1965 The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars.[28][29][30]
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered 3C 48 1982
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar) 2005 Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not.
First multi-core quasar PG 1302-102 2014 Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar [31][32]
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole SDSS J0927+2943 2008 Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified Twin Quasar 1979 Lensed into 2 images The lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion 3C 279 1971[33][34][28]
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure 3C 47 1964
First quasar found to be an X-ray source 3C 273 1967[35]
First "dustless" quasar found QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 2010 [36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
First Large Quasar Group discovered Webster LQG
(LQG 1)		 1982 [19][20]

Extremes

Title Quasar Data Notes
Brightest 3C 273 Apparent magnitude of ~12.9 Absolute magnitude: −26.7
Seemingly optically brightest APM 08279+5255 Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2 This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5
Most luminous 3C 454.3 Absolute magnitude of −31.4 One of the brightest gamma ray sources in the sky
Most powerful quasar radio source 3C 273 Also the most powerful radio source in the sky
Most powerful
Most variable quasar radio source QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387) Also the most variable extrasolar radio source
Least variable quasar radio source
Most variable quasar optical source
Least variable quasar optical source
Most distant ULAS J1342+0928 z = 7.54 [56]
Most distant radio-quiet quasar
Most distant radio-loud quasar QSO J1427+3312 z = 6.12 Found June 2008[43][44]
Most distant blazar quasar QSO J0906+6930 z = 5.47
Least distant Markarian 231 600 Mly [45] inactive: IC 2497
Largest Large Quasar Group Huge-LQG
(U1.27)		 73 quasars [21][22]

First quasars found

First 10 Quasars Identified
Rank Quasar Date of discovery Notes
1 3C 273 1963[62]
2 3C 48 1963[62]
3 3C 47 1964[64]
3 3C 147 1964[64]
5 CTA 102 1965[46]
5 3C 287 1965[46]
5 3C 254 1965[46]
5 3C 245 1965[46]
5 3C 9 1965[46]

These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined.

Most distant quasars

Quasars with z > 6
Quasar Distance Notes
ULAS J1342+0928 z = 7.54 Currently the most distant known quasar.[56]
ULAS J1120+0641
(ULAS J112001.48+064124.3)		 z = 7.085 Former most distant quasar. First quasar with redshift over 7.[72]
CHFQS J2348-3054
(CHFQS J234833.34-305410.0)		 z = 6.90
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)		 z = 6.43 Former most distant quasar[73][74][75][76]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)		 z = 6.419 Former most distant quasar[47][78][48][76][49][82]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		 z = 6.28 Former most distant quasar. First quasar with redshift over 6.[83][49][85][86][87][88][89]
SDSS J104845.05+463718.3
(QSO J1048+4637)		 z = 6.23[82]
SDSS J162331.81+311200.5
(QSO J1623+3112)		 z = 6.22[50]
CFHQS J0033-0125
(CFHQS J003311-012524)		 z = 6.13[74]
SDSS J125051.93+313021.9
(QSO J1250+3130)		 z = 6.13[50]
CFHQS J1509-1749
(CFHQS J150941-174926)		 z = 6.12[74]
QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 z = 6.12 Most distant radio-quasar[43][51]
SDSS J160253.98+422824.9
(QSO J1602+4228)		 z = 6.07[50]
SDSS J163033.90+401209.6
(QSO J1630+4012)		 z = 6.05[50]
CFHQS J1641+3755
(CFHQS J164121+375520)		 z = 6.04[74]
SDSS J113717.73+354956.9
(QSO J1137+3549)		 z = 6.01[50]
SDSS J081827.40+172251.8
(QSO J0818+1722)		 z = 6.00 For reference[50]
SDSSp J130608.26+035626.3
(QSO J1306+0356)		 z = 5.99 For reference[52][88][89]
  • z>6 quasars are used to explore the reionization era
  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
[53]
Most Distant Quasar by Type
Type Quasar Date Distance Notes
Most distant ULAS J1342+0928 2017 z = 7.54 [56]
Most distant radio loud quasar QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 2008 z = 6.12
Most distant radio quiet quasar z =
Most distant OVV quasar z =
  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
Most Distant Quasar Titleholders
Quasar Date Distance Notes
ULAS J1342+0928 2017–present z = 7.54 Current record holder.[54]
ULAS J1120+0641 2011–2017 z = 7.085 This was not the most distant object when discovered. This was the first quasar found beyond redshift 7.[55]
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)		 2007–2011 z = 6.43 This was not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z = 6.96), which was discovered in 2006.[56][57][58][59][113][60][61]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)		 2003–2007 z = 6.419 This was not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z = 6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z = 6.58.[47][62][48][59][113][63][64][65][66][67]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		 2001–2003 z = 6.28 This was the most distant object when discovered. This was the first object beyond redshift 6 when discovered.[68][49][69][70][88][89]
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2)		 2000–2001 z = 5.82 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74) as the most distant object (discovered 1999).[71][72][73][74][113][75][76]
RD300
(RD J030117+002025)		 2000 z = 5.50 MB = −22.7
This was not the most distant object discovered at time of discovery. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74) (discovered 1999).[77][78][72][79][113]
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6
(SDSS J1204-0021)		 2000 z = 5.03 This was not the most distant object discovered at time of discovery. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74) (discovered 1999).[79][80]
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3
(QSO J0338+0021)		 1998–2000 z = 5.00 This was the first quasar discovered breaking redshift 5. This was not the most distant object discovered at time of discovery. It did not exceed the galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE at z = 5.64 discovered earlier in 1998.[80][71][81][82][83][84][85]
PC 1247+3406 1991–1998 z = 4.897 This was the most distant object discovered at time of discovery.[71][86][87][88][89]
PC 1158+4635 1989–1991 z = 4.73 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[71][89][90][91][92][93]
Q0051-279 1987–1989 z = 4.43 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[94][90][93][95][96][97]
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26)		 1987 z = 4.11 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[94][90][98]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)		 1987 z = 4.04 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. This was the second quasar discovered with a redshift over 4.[71][90][99][100]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903)		 1987 z = 4.01 First quasar discovered with a redshift over 4. This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[94][90][99][101][102]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)		 1986–1987 z = 3.80 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. This is also a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar, and at the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45 ″.[99][103][104]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330)		 1982–1986 z = 3.78 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[36][99][105][106]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)		 1974–1982 z = 3.53 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[189][107][191]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)		 1973–1974 z = 3.408 First quasar discovered with a redshift greater than 3. Nickname was "the blaze marking the edge of the universe". This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[108][191][109][110][111]
4C 05.34 1970–1973 z = 2.877 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. Its redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[36][112][113][114][201]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)		 1968–1970 z = 2.399 This was the most distant object when discovered.[115][116][204]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)		 1968 z = 2.358 This was the most distant object when discovered.[115][204][117]
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321)		 1967–1968 z = 2.225 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[36][117][118][119][120]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)		 1966–1967 z = 2.1291 This was the most distant object when discovered.[204][120][215][121]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)		 1965–1966 z = 2.0990 This was the most distant object when it was discovered.[204][120][122][123]
3C 9 1965 z = 2.018 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. This was the first quasar with a redshift in excess of 2.[124][29][120][125][126][127]
3C 147 1964–1965 z = 0.545[128][129][130]work=Time, |url=http://aolsvc.timeforkids.kol.aol.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875737,00.html |title=Finding the Fastest Galaxy: 76,000 Miles per Second}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 10 April 1964
3C 48 1963–1964 z = 0.367 Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. This was the second quasar redshift measured. This not the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 to be at z = 0.461[28][131][132][233][234][133][128]
3C 273 1963 z = 0.158 First redshift identified for a quasar. This was not the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 to be at z = 0.461[28][133][134][135][136]
  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

The first time that quasars became the most distant object in the universe was in 1964. Quasars would remain the most distant objects in the universe until 1997, when a pair of non-quasar galaxies would take the title. (galaxies CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 lensed by galaxy cluster CL 1358+62)[137]

Most powerful quasars

10 Brightest Quasars
Rank Quasar Data Notes
1 SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity of ~ 6.9 × 1014 Suns or ~ 2.6 × 1041 watts[138]
2 HS 1946+7658 It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 1014 Suns or 1041 watts [139][140]
3 SDSS J155152.46+191104.0Has over 1041 watts luminosity [141][142]
4 HS 1700+6416 Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts [143]
5 SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 Has a luminosity of around 1.62 × 1041 watts [144]
6 SBS 1425+606 Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts – optically brightest for z>3 [145]
7 SDSS J074521.78+473436.2 [146][147]
8 S5 0014+813 [143][148]
7 SDSS J160455.39+381201.6 z = 2.51, M(i) = 15.84
9 SDSS J085543.40-001517.7 [149]

See also

  • Lists of astronomical objects
  • List of galaxies
  • List of black holes

External links

  • [https://archive.is/20020429030457/http://archive.stsci.edu/sdss/quasars/ Interactive interface into the catalog of Quasars from the Sloane Digital Sky Survey]
  • Catalogue of Bright Quasars and BL Lacertae Objects
  • Kitt Peak Quasar List (1975) VII/11
  • Revised and Updated Catalog of Quasi-stellar Objects (1993) VII/158

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite journal | author=Magain, P. | author2=Surdej, J. | author3=Swings, J.-P. | author4=Borgeest, U. | author5=Kayser, R. | title=Discovery of a quadruply lensed quasar - The 'clover leaf' H1413 + 117| journal=Nature | date=1988 | volume=334 | issue=6180 | pages=325–327 | bibcode=1988Natur.334..325M | doi=10.1038/334325a0}}
2. ^{{cite journal | last=Venturini | first=S. | last2=Solomon | first2=P. M. | title=The Molecular Disk in the Cloverleaf Quasar | date=2003 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=590 | issue=2 | pages=740–745 | doi=10.1086/375050 | bibcode=2003ApJ...590..740V|arxiv=astro-ph/0210529}}
3. ^{{cite journal | last1=Inada | first1=N. |display-authors=etal | year=2003 | title=A Gravitationally lensed quasar with quadruple images separated by 14.62 arcseconds | url=| journal=Nature | volume=426 | issue=6968| pages=810–812 |arxiv=astro-ph/0312427|bibcode=2003Natur.426..810I | doi=10.1038/nature02153}}
4. ^{{cite journal | last1=Oguri | first1=M. |display-authors=etal | year=2004 | title=Observations and Theoretical Implications of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112 | url=| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=605 | issue=| pages=78–97 | arxiv=astro-ph/0312429 |bibcode=2004ApJ...605...78O | doi=10.1086/382221}}
5. ^{{cite journal | last1=Inada | first1=N. |display-authors=etal | year=2005 | title=Discovery of a Fifth Image of the Large Separation Gravitationally Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112 | url=| journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan | volume=57 | issue=3| pages=L7–L10 |doi=10.1093/pasj/57.3.L7 |arxiv=astro-ph/0503310|bibcode=2005PASJ...57L...7I}}
6. ^{{cite journal |bibcode=2006ApJ...653L..97I|arxiv=astro-ph/0611275|doi=10.1086/510671|title=SDSS J1029+2623: A Gravitationally Lensed Quasar with an Image Separation of 22."5|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=653|issue=2|pages=L97|year=2006|last1=Inada|first1=Naohisa|display-authors=etal}}
7. ^{{cite journal |bibcode=2008ApJ...676L...1O|arxiv=0802.0002|doi=10.1086/586897|title=The Third Image of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=676|pages=L1|year=2008|last1=Oguri|first1=Masamune|display-authors=etal}}
8. ^{{cite journal |bibcode=2011ApJ...728L..18K|arxiv=1008.2315|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/728/1/L18|title=Analyzing the Flux Anomalies of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=728|pages=L18|year=2011|last1=Kratzer|first1=Rachael M|display-authors=etal}}
9. ^1 ScienceDaily, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130807125945.htm "Quasar Observed in Six Separate Light Reflections"], 7 August 2013
10. ^1 2 {{cite journal |arxiv=1211.1091 |bibcode=2013ApJ...773..146D |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/146|title=SDSS J2222+2745: A Gravitationally Lensed Sextuple Quasar with a Maximum Image Separation of 15.″1 Discovered in the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=773 |issue=2 |pages=146 |year=2013 |last1=Dahle |first1=H.|display-authors=etal}}
11. ^SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1548+115
12. ^{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Bernard F. |chapter=Gravitational lenses - Observations |date=1986 |title=Quasars, Proceedings of the IAU Symposium, Bangalore, India, 2–6 December 1985 |publisher=D. Reidel Publishing Co. |pages=517 |bibcode=1986IAUS..119..517B}}
13. ^SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1146+111
14. ^Space Daily, "Astronomers Baffled by Discovery of Rare Quasar Quartet", 18 May 2015
15. ^{{cite journal |title=Quasar Quartet Embedded in Giant Nebula Reveals Rare Massive Structure in Distant Universe |author1=Hennawi, Joseph F. |author2=Prochaska, J. Xavier |author3=Cantalupo, Sebastiano |author4=Arrigoni-Battaia, Fabrizio |date=15 May 2015 |volume=348 |number=6236 |pages=779–783 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aaa5397 |bibcode=2015Sci...348..779H |arxiv=1505.03786 |pmid=25977547}}
16. ^{{cite magazine |author=Robert Naeye |date=10 January 2007 |magazine=Sky & Telescope |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/5141272.html |title=The First Triple Quasar}}
17. ^{{cite magazine |author=Alan MacRobert |date=7 July 2006 |magazine=Sky & Telescope |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/3305801.html |title=Binary Quasar Is No Illusion}}
18. ^SpaceDaily, "Extremely rare triple quasar found", 14 March 2013 (accessed 14 March 2013)
19. ^1 {{cite journal |bibcode=1982MNRAS.199..683W|doi=10.1093/mnras/199.3.683|title=The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=199|issue=3|pages=683|year=1982|last1=Webster|first1=A}}
20. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Clowes |first1=Roger |chapter=Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review |editor-last1=Clowes |editor-first1=Roger|editor-last2=Adamson |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Bromage |editor-first3=Gordon |title=The new era of wide field astronomy : proceedings of a conference held at the Centre for Astrophysics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom, 21-24 August 2000 |date=2001 |publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific |bibcode=2001ASPC..232..108C |isbn=1-58381-065-X}}
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118. ^Time Magazine, A Farther-Out Quasar, 7 April 1967
119. ^SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B0237-2321, QSO B0237-2321 -- Quasar
120. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |bibcode=1967ApJ...147..851B|doi=10.1086/149072|title=On the Wavelengths of the Absorption Lines in Quasi-Stellar Objects|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=147|pages=851|year=1967|last1=Burbidge|first1=Geoffrey}}
121. ^SIMBAD, Object query : Q1116+12, 4C 12.39 -- Quasar
122. ^1 Time Magazine, The Man on the Mountain, Friday, Mar. 11, 1966
123. ^SIMBAD, Object query : Q0106+01, 4C 01.02 -- Quasar
124. ^1 Time Magazine, Toward the Edge of the Universe, Friday, May 21, 1965
125. ^The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology [https://books.google.com/books?id=z0vlYHQZHJcC&pg=RA7-PA379 Page 379] by Malcolm S. Longair - 2006
126. ^{{cite journal |bibcode=1965ApJ...141.1295S|doi=10.1086/148217|title=Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=141|pages=1295|year=1965|last1=Schmidt|first1=Maarten}}
127. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/qso.txt chapter=Introduction: The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars |title=Proceedings of the First Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics |editor=Ivor Robinson |editor2=Alfred Schild |editor3=E. L. Schucking |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1965
128. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |bibcode=1964ApJ...139..781S|doi=10.1086/147815|title=Redshift of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=139|pages=781|year=1964|last1=Schmidt|first1=Maarten|last2=Matthews|first2=Thomas A}}
129. ^{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Maarten |last2=Matthews |first2=Thomas A. |chapter=Redshifts of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147 |title=Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse, Proceedings of the 1st Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics |editors=Ivor Robinson, Alfred Schild and E.L. Schucking |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=269 |date=1965 |bibcode=1965qssg.conf..269S}}
130. ^{{cite journal |bibcode=1992AJ....103.1451S|doi=10.1086/116159|title=Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars. I - VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 CM|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=103|pages=1451|year=1992|last1=Schneider|first1=Donald P|last2=Van Gorkom|first2=J. H|last3=Schmidt|first3=Maarten|last4=Gunn|first4=James E}}
131. ^1 2 3 4 The Structure of the Physical Universe, Volume III - The Universe of Motion, CHAPTER 23 - Quasar Redshifts {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085211/http://library.rstheory.com/books/uom/23.html |date=2008-06-19 }}, by Dewey Bernard Larson, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 79-88078, {{ISBN|0-913138-11-8}} , Copyright © 1959, 1971, 1984
132. ^{{cite journal |bibcode=|doi=10.1038/1971041a0|title=Red-Shift of the Unusual Radio Source: 3C 48|journal=Nature|volume=197|issue=4872|pages=1041|year=1963|last1=Greenstein|first1=Jesse L|last2=Matthews|first2=Thomas A}}
133. ^1 2 3 Interview ; {{cite web|url=http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/118/01/Schmidt96_OHO.pdf |title=Maaarten Schmidt }} {{small|(556 KB)}} ; 11 April and 2 & 15 May 1996
134. ^1 {{cite journal |title=1961 May 12 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society |journal=The Observatory |date=1961 |volume=81 |pages=113–118 |bibcode=1961Obs....81..113.}}
135. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=P. |first1=Varshni, Y. |title=No redshift in 3C 295 |date=1979 |volume=11 |page=458 |bibcode=1979BAAS...11..458V}}
136. ^The Origin of Matter Part 4
137. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |last1=Illingworth |first1=Garth |title=Galaxies at High Redshift |journal=Astrophysics and Space Science |date=1999 |volume=269/270 |pages=165–181 |doi=10.1023/A:1017052809781|arxiv=astro-ph/0009187 |bibcode=1999Ap&SS.269..165I }}; {{cite web |title=8. Z > 5 Galaxies |last=Illingworth |first=G. |url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Illingworth/Ill8.html |website=nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu}}
138. ^{{Cite arxiv |eprint=1805.04317|last1=Wolf|first1=Christian|title=Discovery of the most ultra-luminous QSO using Gaia, Sky Mapper and WISE|display-authors=etal|class=astro-ph.GA|year=2018}}
139. ^{{Cite journal|arxiv=astro-ph/0412149|last1=Bachev|first1=R|title=Short-term optical variability of high-redshift QSO's|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=358|issue=3|pages=774–780|last2=Strigachev|first2=A|last3=Semkov|first3=E|year=2004|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08708.x|bibcode=2005MNRAS.358..774B}}
140. ^{{Cite journal |bibcode=1995ApJ...438..643K|doi=10.1086/175107|title=The spectral energy distribution of the z = 3 quasar: HS 1946+7658|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=438|pages=643|year=1995|last1=Kuhn|first1=O|last2=Bechtold|first2=J|last3=Cutri|first3=R|last4=Elvis|first4=M|last5=Rieke|first5=M}}
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142. ^{{Cite journal|arxiv=1502.07767|last1=Stern|first1=Jonathan|title=Spatially Resolving the Kinematics of the <100 μas Quasar Broad Line Region using Spectroastrometry|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=804|pages=57|last2=Hennawi|first2=Joseph F|last3=Pott|first3=Jörg-Uwe|year=2015|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/57|bibcode=2015ApJ...804...57S}}
143. ^1 {{Cite journal|arxiv=1208.5517|last1=Eisenhardt|first1=Peter R. M|title=The First Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxy Discovered by WISE|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=755|issue=2|pages=173|display-authors=etal|year=2012|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/755/2/173|bibcode=2012ApJ...755..173E}}
144. ^{{Cite journal|arxiv=1502.07418|last1=Wu|first1=Xue-Bing|title=An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30|journal=Nature|volume=518|issue=7540|pages=512–515|display-authors=etal|year=2015|doi=10.1038/nature14241|bibcode=2015Natur.518..512W}}
145. ^{{cite journal |last1=Stepanian |first1=J. A. |last2=Green |first2=R. F. |last3=Foltz |first3=C. B. |last4=Chaffee |first4=F. |last5=Chavushyan |first5=V. H. |last6=Lipovetsky |first6=V. A. |last7=Erastova |first7=L. K. |title=Spectroscopy and Photometry of Stellar Objects from the Second Byurakan Survey |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=December 2001 |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=3361–3382 |doi=10.1086/324460|bibcode=2001AJ....122.3361S }}
146. ^{{Cite journal|arxiv=1004.1167|last1=Schneider|first1=Donald P|title=The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog V. Seventh Data Release|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=139|issue=6|pages=2360–2373|display-authors=etal|year=2010|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2360|bibcode=2010AJ....139.2360S}}
147. ^{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=Donald P. |display-authors=etal |title=The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog. IV. Fifth Data Release |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=July 2007 |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=102–117 |doi=10.1086/518474|arxiv=0704.0806 |bibcode=2007AJ....134..102S }}
148. ^{{cite journal |bibcode=1994ApJ...436L..55E|doi=10.1086/187631|title=An ASCA GIS spectrum of S5 0014+813 AT z = 3.384|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=436|pages=L55|year=1994|last1=Elvis|first1=Martin|last2=Matsuoka|first2=M|last3=Siemiginowska|first3=A|last4=Fiore|first4=F|last5=Mihara|first5=T|last6=Brinkmann|first6=W}}
149. ^{{Cite journal|arxiv=1005.5499|last1=Wu|first1=Xue-Bing|title=A very bright i=16.44 quasar in the 'redshift desert' discovered by LAMOST|journal=Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=10|issue=8|pages=737|display-authors=etal|year=2010|doi=10.1088/1674-4527/10/8/003|bibcode=2010RAA....10..737W}}
{{galaxy}}{{black holes}}

2 : Lists of galaxies|Quasars
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