“NNEST”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

NNEST ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|n|ˈ|n|ɛ|s|t}} {{respell|en|NEST|'}}) or non-native English-speaking teachers is an acronym that refers to the growing body of English language teachers who speak English as a foreign or second language. The term was coined to highlight the dichotomy between native English-speaking teachers (NEST) and non-native English-speaking teachers (NNEST).

Issues related to NNESTs attract the attention of language teachers, language specialists, teacher educators, and graduate students from all over the world. TESOL^[1] (Teachers of English to the Speakers of Other Languages) organization has a NNEST Interest Section.^[2] Two local TESOL affiliates in North America, WATESOL (Washington Area TESOL) and CATESOL (California TESOL) have NNEST entities.

Native speaker vs. non-native speaker dichotomy

Historically speaking, native speaker is defined as "the first language a human being learns to speak is his native language; he is a native speaker of this language" by Leonard Bloomfield.^[3] Later on, theoretical linguistics realm placed native speaker construct into an idealized position and assumed that native speaker is the only reliable source of linguistic data by formulating the construct that of an "ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogenous speech community", as defined by Noam Chomsky.^[4] Since then, the construct has been critically discussed in the field of English language teaching. Some of the researchers argued that second language acquisition research under the dominance of idealized native speaker model creates a "monolingual bias in second language acquisition (SLA) theory",^[5] and "elevates an idealized native speaker above a stereotypical 'nonnative' while viewing the latter as a defective communicator, limited by an underdeveloped communicative competence".^[6] On the other hand, it was further argued that the native speaker "exists only as a figment of linguist's imagination"^[7] and concluded that it is "more like a myth than a reality".^[8]

Status in ELT profession

Problematic nature of the native speaker-non-native speaker dichotomy was blended with the growing body of literature discussing the unfair treatment and marginalization of non-native English-speaking teachers in the ELT profession. Robert Phillipson (1992) formulated "native speaker fallacy", which suggests that the ideal teacher of English is a native speaking teacher.^[9] Being a non-native speaking teacher was considered to be a distinct quality by George Braine (1999)^[10] who argued that "the very fact that non-native speakers of a language have undergone the process of learning a language makes them better qualified to teach the language than those who are born to it".

The inappropriateness of discriminatory practices against NNESTs in English language teaching profession was highlighted by George Braine (1999)^[10] as follows:

Peter Medgyes (1994)^[11] characterized native English-speaking teachers as informal, flexible, and confident and characterize NNEST as follows :

Advantages of using the term "NNEST"

There are basically two arguments that support the use of term "non-native English-speaking teachers". First, it is believed that the term is necessary to distinguish between native and non-native English-speaking teachers as well as strengths attributed to these groups. Second, it is also believed that the term is necessary to highlight the discrimination based on the dichotomy.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

Disadvantages of using the term "NNEST"

Opponents of the term argue that "differentiating among teachers based on their status as native or nonnative speakers perpetuates the dominance of the native speaker in the ELT profession and contributes to discrimination in hiring practices"^[15](Maum, 2002).

Discriminatory and anti-discriminatory practices

Despite the fact that today, about 80% of English language teachers in the world are non-native English-speaking teachers,^[17] English is no longer considered to be an exclusive possession of native speakers,^[18] and it "belongs to all people who speak it, whether native and nonnative, whether ESL or EFL, whether standard or non-standard" (Norton 1997),^[19] NNESTs encounter discriminatory practices all around the world. There have been several research studies exploring the hiring preferences of administrators^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23] which empirically demonstrated the importance of 'nativeness' as a job requirement. In addition, online job repositories such as Dave's ESL Café,^[24] Chronicle of Higher Education,^[25] or TESOL's Online Career Center^[26] host job advertisements which include 'nativeness' as a job requirement.

Discriminatory practices against NNESTs in English language teaching generated a series of institutionalized anti-discriminatory practices such as "Statement on Nonnative Speakers of English and Hiring Practices"^[27] and "Position Statement against Discrimination of Nonnative Speakers of English in the Field of TESOL".^[28] In addition, it was decided in ASEAN 2005 Conference to establish "Centers for English Language Training" in South-East Asian countries to support local solutions to local needs by means of local tools.^[29]

Topics of interest

Prominent researchers on NNEST issues

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tesol.org/|title=TESOL International Association|work=tesol.org}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://nnest.asu.edu|title=Home Page|work=asu.edu}}
3. ^{{Cite book |title=Language |last=Bloomfield|first=Leonard|publisher=New York: Holt Rinehart Winston |year=1933|isbn=978-81-208-1196-6}}
4. ^{{Cite book |title=The Aspects of Theory of Syntax |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |publisher=MIT Press|year=1965|isbn=978-0-262-53007-1}}
5. ^{{cite journal | last=Cook| first=Vivian | title= Monolingual bias in second language acquisition research | year=1997 | journal= Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses | volume=34 | pages=35–50}}
6. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/329302 | last1=Firth| first1=Alan| last2=Wagner| first2=Johannes |title= On discourse, communication, and (some) fundamental concepts in SLA research | jstor=329302 | year=1997 | journal= Modern Language Journal| volume=81 | issue=3 | pages=285–300}}
7. ^{{Cite book |title=The Native Speaker is Dead!|last=Paikeday |first=Thomas| publisher= Paikeday Publishing| year=1985|isbn= 978-0-920865-00-2}}
8. ^{{Cite book |title=The Native Speaker in Applied Linguistics|last=Davies|first=Alan|publisher= Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press|year=1991 |isbn=978-0-7486-0296-4 }}
9. ^{{Cite book |title= Linguistic Imperialism | last=Phillipson |first=Robert| publisher= Oxford: Oxford University Press | year=1992 |isbn= 978-0-19-437146-9 }}
10. ^¹²{{Cite book |title= Non-native educators in English language teaching | last=Braine |first=George| publisher= Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey | year=1999 |isbn= 978-0-8058-3205-1 }}
11. ^{{Cite book |title= The non-native teacher | last=Medgyes |first=Peter| publisher= London: Macmillan| year=1994 |isbn= 978-0-333-60020-7 }}
12. ^{{Cite book |title= Learning and Teaching from Experience: Perspectives on Nonnative English-speaking Professionals | last=Kamhi-Stein|first=Lia| publisher= The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor| year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-472-08998-7}}
13. ^{{Cite book |title= Non-native language teachers: Perceptions, challenges, and contributions to the profession | last=Llurda |first=Enric| publisher= New York: Springer | year=2005 |isbn= 978-0-387-24565-2 }}
14. ^{{Cite book |title= The NNEST Lens: Nonnative English Speakers in TESOL | last=Mahboob |first=Ahmar| publisher= Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press | year=2010 }}
15. ^{{cite journal| last=Maum| first=Rosemarie| title=Nonnative-English-speaking-teachers in the English language profession| year=2002| journal=CAL Digest| url=http://www.cal.org/resources/Digest/digest_pdfs/0209maum.pdf| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411022957/http://www.cal.org/resources/Digest/digest_pdfs/0209maum.pdf| archivedate=2009-04-11| df=}}
16. ^Motha, S., Jain, R., & Tecle, T. (2012). Translinguistic Identity-As-Pedagogy: Implications for Teacher Education. International Journal of Innovation in English Language Teaching and Research, 1(1).
17. ^{{Cite book |title= Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice | last=Canagarajah|first=Suresh| publisher= Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.| year=2005 |isbn= 978-0-8058-4593-8}}
18. ^{{cite journal | last=Widdowson| first=Henry| title= The Ownership of English | year=1994 | journal= TESOL Quarterly| volume=28 | pages=377–389 | issue=2 | doi=10.2307/3587438| jstor=3587438}}
19. ^{{cite journal | last=Norton| first=Bonny| title= Language, identity and the ownership of English | year=1997 | journal= TESOL Quarterly| volume=31 | pages=409–429 | issue=3 | doi=10.2307/3587831| jstor=3587831}}
20. ^{{cite journal | last1=Flynn| first1=Kathleen| first2=Gulikers|last2=Goedele |title= Issues in hiring nonnative English-speaking professionals to teach English as a Second Language| year=2001 | journal= CATESOL Journal | volume=13 | pages=151–161 | issue=1}}
21. ^{{Cite book |title= Status of Nonnative English Speakers as ESL Teachers in the United States |last=Mahboob |first=Ahmar| publisher= Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University| year=2003}}
22. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.system.2007.05.002 | last1=Clark| first1=Elizabeth| last2=Paran| first2=Amos |title= The employability of non-native-speaker teachers of EFL: A UK survey | year=2007 | journal= System | volume=35 | pages=407–430 | issue=4| url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1490498/}}
23. ^{{Cite book |title= Native and non-native English-speaking English as a second language teachers: Student attitudes, teacher self-perceptions, and intensive English program administrator beliefs and practices |last=Moussu |first=Lucie| publisher= Ph.D. Dissertation, Purdue University| year=2006}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eslcafe.com/joblist/|title=Dave's ESL Cafe International Job Board - International Job Board|work=eslcafe.com}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/jobs/100/|title=Find Jobs - Vitae|work=Vitae, the online career hub for higher ed}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://careers.tesol.org/|title=TESOL International Association (TESOL), TESOL Career Center-Find Your Career Here|work=tesol.org}}
27. ^{{cite journal | last1=TESOL|title= Statement on Nonnative Speakers of English and Hiring Practices| year=1992 | journal= TESOL Matters | volume=2 | pages=23 | issue=4}}
28. ^{{cite news | last1=TESOL| first1= |title= Position Statement against Discrimination of Nonnative Speakers of English in the Field of TESOL | year= 2006}}
29. ^{{Cite book |title=The Future of English |last=Graddol |first=David | publisher= London: British Council.|year=2006 |isbn=978-0-86355-356-1}}