| 词条 | Nocturne (painting) | ||||||
| 释义 |
Nocturne painting is a term coined by James Abbott McNeill Whistler to describe a painting style that depicts scenes evocative of the night or subjects as they appear in a veil of light, in twilight, or in the absence of direct light. In a broader usage, the term has come to refer to any painting of a night scene,[3] or night-piece, such as Rembrandt's The Night Watch. Whistler used the term within the title of his works to represent paintings with a "dreamy, pensive mood" by applying a musical name.[4] He also titled (and retitled) works using other terms associated with music, such as a "symphony", "harmony", "study" or "arrangement", to emphasize the tonal qualities and the composition and to de-emphasize the narrative content.[5] The use of the term "nocturne" can be associated with the Tonalism movement of the American of the late 19th century and early 20th century which is "characterized by soft, diffused light, muted tones and hazy outlined objects, all of which imbue the works with a strong sense of mood."[6] Along with winter scenes, nocturnes were a common Tonalist theme.[7]Frederic Remington used the term as well for his nocturne scenes of the American Old West.[8][9] Rembrandt’s nocturnesIn northern Europe, the Dutch Golden Age produced one of the greatest artists of all time. The first artist to paint scenes on a regular basis in the nocturne mode was Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669). Many of his portraits were also painted using a nocturne method. As in The Mill (1645), most of his landscapes were painted to evoke a sense of the nocturne, which could be expressed in either a calm or stormy manner.[10] Night scenes by RembrandtNocturnes by James Abbott McNeill Whistler“Nocturne” was a term that was normally applied to certain types of musical compositions before James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834–1903), inspired by the language of music, began using the word within the titles of many of his works,[14] such as Nocturne in Blue and Silver (1871), in the collection of the Tate Gallery, London, United Kingdom.[15] Frederic Remington’s nocturnesFrederic Remington (1861-1909) is so identified for his nocturne scenes of the American Old West[16] that they were celebrated in 2003-2004 with an exhibition, Frederic Remington: The Color of Night, co-organized and shown in turn by the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., and the Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma.[17] The exhibition also generated a colorful book of the same title and travelled to the Denver Art Museum in Denver, Colorado. Remington painted many of his nocturnes in the last years of his life, when he was transitioning from a career as an illustrator to that of a fine artist and had chosen Impressionism as the style in which he worked at the time. One example of his work is The Stampede (also known as The Stampede by Lightning, 1908).Nocturnes by Frederic RemingtonThe paintings pictured in the gallery below are in order of date completed, left to right: Night scenes by American Impressionists and other American Realists
Night scenes by American Impressionists and American RealistsNight scenes by artists of other movementsOther artists who also created nocturne scenes are: {{see also|Night in paintings (Western art)}}
See also
References1. ^Whistler versus Ruskin, Princeton edu. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616062046/http://blogs.princeton.edu/wri152-3/rpower/archives/001951.html |date=June 16, 2010 }} Retrieved June 13, 2010 2. ^ , from the Tate, retrieved April 12, 2009 3. ^Lawton, Denis. (1992). Education And Politics For The 1990s: Conflict Or Consensus? (edition reprint). Psychology Press. p. 150. {{ISBN|0750700793}}. 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dia.org/exhibitions/whistlersite/8.htm |title=Tonalism and the "Nocturne |publisher=Detroit Institute of Arts |date= |accessdate=2012-09-01}} 5. ^Anderson, Ronald and Anne Koval. (2002). James McNeill Whistler: Beyond the Myth. De Capo Press. p. 186. {{ISBN|0-786-71032-2}}. (Note: need to verify this was the edition used.) 6. ^Marter, Joan. (2011). The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Volume 1 Oxford University Press. p. 54. {{ISBN|0195335791}}. 7. ^Conrads, Margaret C. (1990). American Paintings and Sculpture at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute. Contributor: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute. Hudson Hills. p. 148. {{ISBN|1555950507}}. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nga.gov/feature/remington/remington08.shtm |title=Artistic experiments |publisher=National Gallery of Art |date= |accessdate=2012-09-01}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nga.gov/feature/remington/remington09.shtm |title=18 images of Remington’s nocturnes on 18 web pages |publisher=National Gallery of Art |date= |accessdate=2012-09-01}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/feb/11/art|title=The Enduring Genius of Rembrandt|author=Robert Hughes|date=11 February 2006|newspaper=The Guardian}} 11. ^Collections.frick.org 12. ^{{citation|last=Moore|first=Susan|date=2003-11-01|title=Guardian of the nation's treasures|newspaper=The Spectator|location=London}} 13. ^{{citation|last=Steiner|first=Wendy|date=January 1993|title=A Pot of Paint: Aesthetics on Trial in Whistler v. Ruskin|journal=Art in America|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_n1_v81/ai_13295552/|accessdate=2009-05-26}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dia.org/exhibitions/whistlersite/imagegallery.htm |title=Images of many of Whistler's nocturne paintings, and some by his contemporaries, can be seen at this website for the Detroict Institute of Arts |publisher=Dia.org |date= |accessdate=2012-09-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718033141/http://www.dia.org/exhibitions/whistlersite/imagegallery.htm |archivedate=2012-07-18 |df= }} 15. ^Ronald Anderson and Anne Koval, James McNeill Whistler: Beyond the Myth, Carroll & Graf, New York, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0786701872}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nga.gov/feature/remington/remington09.shtm |title=18 images of Remington’s nocturnes on 18 web pages at the National Gallery of Art |publisher=Nga.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-09-01}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nga.gov/feature/remington/remington.htm |title=''The Color of Night'' exhibition website with extensive information and images about Frederic Remington and his paintings |publisher=Nga.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-09-01}} 18. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.tamsquare.net/pictures/E/Thomas-Eakins-Hiawatha-.jpg |title=Tamsquare.net |access-date=2012-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929022702/http://www.tamsquare.net/pictures/E/Thomas-Eakins-Hiawatha-.jpg |archive-date=2011-09-29 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 19. ^Johnhtwachtman.com 20. ^Artnet.com 21. ^Cowboyindian.com 22. ^Philadelphia Museum of Art Further reading
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