| 词条 | NOD-like receptor |
| 释义 |
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, in short NOD-like receptors (NLRs),[1] are intracellular sensors of PAMPs that enter the cell via phagocytosis or pores and DAMPs that are associated with cell stress. They are part of pattern recognition receptors[2] and play key roles in regulation of innate immune response. NLRs can cooperate with Toll-like receptors and regulate inflammatory and apoptotic response. They are found in lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and also in nonimmune cells, for example in epithelium.[3] NLRs are highly conserved through evolution. Their homologs have been discovered in many different animal species (APAF1) [4][5] and also in the plant kingdom (disease-resistance R protein).[5] StructureNLRs contain 3 domains – central NACHT (NOD or NBD – nucleotide-binding domain) domain, which is common to all NLRs, most of NLRs have also C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and variable N-terminal interaction domain. NACHT domain mediates ATP-dependent self-oligomerization and LRR senses the presence of ligand. N-terminal domain is responsible for homotypic protein-protein interaction and it can consist of caspase recruitment domain (CARD), pyrin domain (PYD), acidic transactivating domain or baculovirus inhibitor repeats (BIRs).[3][6] Nomenclature and systemNames as CATERPILLER, NOD, NALP, PAN, NACHT, PYPAF were used to describe the NLRs family. The nomenclature was unified by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee in 2008. The family was characterized as NLRs to provide description of the families features – NLR means nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing gene family.[7] This system divides NLRs into 4 subfamilies based on the type of N-terminal domain:
There is also an additional subfamily NLRX which doesn’t have significant homology to any N-terminal domain. A member of this subfamily is NLRX1.[8] On the other hand, NLRs can be divided into 3 subfamilies with regard to their phylogenetic relationships:
Subfamily NODsNODs subfamily consists of NOD1, NOD2, NOD3, NOD4 with CARD domain, CIITA containing acidic transactivator domain and NOD5 without any N-terminal domain.[9] [10]SignallingThe well-described receptors are NOD1 and NOD2. The recognition of their ligands recruits oligomerization of NACHT domain and CARD-CARD interaction with CARD-containing serine-threonin kinase RIP2 which leads to activation of RIP2.[11] RIP2 mediates the recruitment of kinase TAK1 which phosphorylates and activates IκB kinase. The activation of IκB kinase results in the phosphorylation of inhibitor IκB which releases NF-κB and its nuclear translocation. NF-κB then activates expression of inflammatory cytokines.[12] Mutations in NOD2 are associated with the Crohn's disease [13] or Blau syndrome.[14] LigandsNOD1 and NOD2 recognize peptidoglycan motifs from bacterial cell which consists of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. These sugar chains are cross-linked by peptide chains that can be sensed by NODs. NOD1 recognizes a molecule called meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP) mostly found in Gram-negative bacteria (for example Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). NOD2 proteins can sense intracellular muramyl dipeptide (MDP), typical for bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[3][10] Subfamilies NLRPs and IPAFNLRPs subfamily contains NLRP1-NLRP14 that are characterized by the presence of PYD domain. IPAF subfamily has two members – IPAF with CARD domain and NAIP with BIR domain.[9][10] SignalizationNLRPs and IPAF subfamilies are involved in the formation of the inflammasome. The best characterized inflammasome is NLRP3, the activation through PAMPs or DAMPs leads to the oligomerization.[9] The pyrin domain of NLRs binds to an adaptor protein ASC (PYCARD) via PYD-PYD interaction. ASC contains PYD and CARD domain and links the NLRs to inactive form of caspase 1 through the CARD domain.[15] All these protein-protein interaction form a complex called the inflammasome. The aggregation of the pro-caspase-1 causes the autocleavage and formation of an active enzyme. Caspase-1 is important for the proteolytic processing of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18.[9][10] NLRP3 mutations are responsible for the autoinflammatory disease familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome or Muckle–Wells syndrome.[16][17] LigandsThere are three well-characterized inflammasomes – NLRP1, NLRP3 and IPAF. The formation of NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated by PAMPs such as microbial toxins (for example alpha-toxin Staphylococcus aureus) or whole pathogens, for instance Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sendai virus, Influenza. NLRP3 recognize also DAMPs which indicate stress in the cell. The danger molecule can be extracellular ATP, extracellular glucose, crystals of monosodium urate (MSU), calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD), alum, cholesterol or environmental irritants – silica, asbestos, UV irradiation and skin irritants. The presence of these molecules causes a production of ROS and K+ efflux. NLRP1 recognizes lethal toxin from Bacillus anthracis and muramyl dipeptide. IPAF senses flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes.[3][9][10] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mahla|first1=Ranjeet|title=Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology.|journal=Front Immunol|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248|pmid=24032031|pmc=3759294|volume=4|year=2013|pages=248}} {{Pattern recognition receptors}}{{NOD-like receptors}}{{Portal bar|Biology}}2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DV, Kumar H | title = Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology | journal = Frontiers in Immunology | volume = 4 | pages = 248 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24032031 | pmc = 3759294 | doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248 }} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal| vauthors=Franchi L, Warner N, Viani K, Nuñez G| title=Function of Nod-like receptors in microbial recognition and host defense. | journal=Immunol Rev | year= 2009 | volume= 227 | issue= 1 | pages= 106–28 | pmid=19120480 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00734.x | pmc=2679989 }} 4. ^{{cite journal| vauthors=Ogura Y, 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| journal=Immunity | year= 2008 | volume= 28 | issue= 3 | pages= 285–7 | pmid=18341998 | doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.005 | pmc=2630772 }} 8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Tattoli I, Carneiro LA, Jéhanno M, Magalhaes JG, Shu Y, Philpott DJ, etal | title=NLRX1 is a mitochondrial NOD-like receptor that amplifies NF-kappaB and JNK pathways by inducing reactive oxygen species production. | journal=EMBO Rep | year= 2008 | volume= 9 | issue= 3 | pages= 293–300 | pmid=18219313 | doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7401161 | pmc=2267388 }} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal| vauthors=Schroder K, Tschopp J| title=The inflammasomes. | journal=Cell | year= 2010 | volume= 140 | issue= 6 | pages= 821–32 | doi=10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.040 | pmc= | pmid=20303873 }} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal| vauthors=Chen G, Shaw MH, Kim YG, Nuñez G| title=NOD-like receptors: role in innate immunity and inflammatory disease. | journal=Annu Rev Pathol | year= 2009 | volume= 4 | issue= | pages= 365–98 | doi=10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092239 | pmc= | pmid=18928408 }} 11. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Park JH, Kim YG, McDonald C, Kanneganti TD, Hasegawa M, Body-Malapel M, etal | title=RICK/RIP2 mediates innate immune responses induced through Nod1 and Nod2 but not TLRs. | journal=J Immunol | year= 2007 | volume= 178 | issue= 4 | pages= 2380–6 | doi= 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2380| pmc= | pmid=17277144 }} 12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Hasegawa M, Fujimoto Y, Lucas PC, Nakano H, Fukase K, Núñez G, etal | title=A critical role of RICK/RIP2 polyubiquitination in Nod-induced NF-kappaB activation. | journal=EMBO J | year= 2008 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 373–83 | pmid=18079694 | doi=10.1038/sj.emboj.7601962 | pmc=2234345 }} 13. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Cantó E, Ricart E, Busquets D, Monfort D, García-Planella E, González D, etal | title=Influence of a nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) polymorphism and NOD2 mutant alleles on Crohn's disease phenotype | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 13 | issue= 41 | pages= 5446–53 | doi= 10.3748/wjg.v13.i41.5446 | pmc= 4171278| pmid=17907287 }} 14. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Okafuji I, Nishikomori R, Kanazawa N, Kambe N, Fujisawa A, Yamazaki S, etal | title=Role of the NOD2 genotype in the clinical phenotype of Blau syndrome and early-onset sarcoidosis. | journal=Arthritis Rheum | year= 2009 | volume= 60 | issue= 1 | pages= 242–50 | doi=10.1002/art.24134 | pmc= | pmid=19116920 }} 15. ^{{cite journal| vauthors=Srinivasula SM, Poyet JL, Razmara M, Datta P, Zhang Z, Alnemri ES| title=The PYRIN-CARD protein ASC is an activating adaptor for caspase-1. | journal=J Biol Chem | year= 2002 | volume= 277 | issue= 24 | pages= 21119–22 | doi=10.1074/jbc.C200179200 | pmc= | pmid=11967258 }} 16. ^{{cite journal| vauthors=Hoffman HM, Mueller JL, Broide DH, Wanderer AA, Kolodner RD| title=Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome. | journal=Nat Genet | year= 2001 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 301–5 | pmid=11687797 | doi=10.1038/ng756 | pmc= 4322000}} 17. ^{{cite journal| vauthors=Kubota T, Koike R| title=[Biological and clinical aspects of Muckle-Wells syndrome]. | journal=Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi | year= 2007 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 114–22 | doi= 10.2177/jsci.30.114| pmc= | pmid=17473514 }} 3 : Intracellular receptors|LRR proteins|NOD-like receptors |
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