“List of Scottish monarchs”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. According to tradition, the first King of Scots (Middle Scots: King of Scottis, Modern Scots: King o Scots, Scottish Gaelic: Rìghrean Albannaich) was Kenneth I MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín), who founded the state in 843. The distinction between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of the Picts is rather the product of later medieval myth and confusion from a change in nomenclature i.e. Rex Pictorum (King of the Picts) becomes Rí Alban (King of Alba) under Donald II when annals switched from Latin to vernacular around the end of the 9th century, by which time the word Alba in Gaelic had come to refer to the Kingdom of the Picts rather than Great Britain (its older meaning).^[1]

The Kingdom of the Picts just became known as Kingdom of Alba in Gaelic, which later became known in Scots and English as Scotland; the terms are retained in both languages to this day. By the late 11th century at the very latest, Scottish kings were using the term rex Scottorum, or King of Scots, to refer to themselves in Latin. The Kingdom of Scotland was merged with the Kingdom of England to form a single Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Thus Queen Anne became the last monarch of the ancient kingdoms of Scotland and England and the first of Great Britain, although the kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603 (see Union of the Crowns). Her uncle Charles II was the last monarch to be crowned in Scotland, at Scone in 1651. He had a second coronation in England ten years later.

Heraldry

List of monarchs of Scotland

House of Alpin (848–1034)

The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the House of Alpin, an entirely modern concept. The descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin were divided into two branches; the crown would alternate between the two, the death of a king from one branch often hastened by war or assassination by a pretender from the other. Malcolm II was the last king of the House of Alpin; in his reign, he successfully crushed all opposition to him and, having no sons, was able to pass the crown to his daughter's son, Duncan I, who inaugurated the House of Dunkeld.

‡Amlaíb is known only by a reference to his death in 977, which reports him as King of Alba; since Kenneth II is known to have still been King in 972–973, Amlaíb must have taken power between 973 and 977.

House of Dunkeld (1034–1286)

Duncan succeeded to the throne as the maternal grandson of Malcolm II. He was also the heir-general of Malcolm I, as his paternal grandfather, Duncan of Atholl was the third son of Malcolm I. The House of Dunkeld was therefore closely related to the House of Alpin. Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, who had a long and relatively successful reign. In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach, claiming the throne. The dynastic feuds did not end there: on Malcolm III's death in battle, his brother Donald III, known as "Bán", claimed the throne, expelling Malcolm III's sons from Scotland. A civil war in the family ensued, with Donald III and Malcolm III's son Edmund opposed by Malcolm III's English-backed sons, led first by Duncan II and then by Edgar. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries. After the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture, moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother.

House of Sverre (1286–1290)

The last King of the House of Dunkeld was Alexander III. His wife had borne him two sons and a daughter but by 1286 his sons were dead and his daughter, Margaret, had borne only a single daughter, also named Margaret, to her husband Eric II of Norway before herself dying. Alexander had himself remarried, but in early 1286 he died in an accident while riding home. His wife, Yolande of Dreux, was pregnant but by November 1286 all hope of her bearing a living child had passed. Accordingly, in the Treaty of Salisbury, the Guardians of Scotland recognised Alexander's three-year-old granddaughter, Margaret of Norway, as Queen of Scots. Margaret remained in her father's Kingdom of Norway until Autumn 1290, when she was dispatched to Scotland. However, she died on the journey in Orkney, having never set foot on Scottish soil, and without being crowned at Scone. She is thus sometimes not considered Queen.

First Interregnum (1290–1292)

Monarchy of Scotland restored

House of Balliol (1292–1296)

The death of Margaret of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland caused by a succession crisis. With her death, the descent of William I became extinct and there was no obvious heir by primogeniture. Thirteen candidates presented themselves; the most prominent were John de Balliol, great-grandson of William I's younger brother David of Huntingdon, and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, David of Huntingdon's grandson. The Scottish Magnates invited Edward I of England to arbitrate the claims. He did so but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. Eventually, it was decided that John de Balliol should become King. He proved weak and incapable and, in 1296, was forced to abdicate by Edward I who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England.

Second Interregnum (1296–1306)

Monarchy of Scotland restored (second time)

House of Bruce (1306–1371)

For ten years, Scotland had no King of its own. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule. First William Wallace and then, after his execution, Robert the Bruce (the grandson of the 1292 competitor, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale) fought against the English. Bruce and his supporters killed a rival for the throne, John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries. Shortly after in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule. At the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots routed the English, and by 1328 the English had agreed by treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's son, David, acceded to the throne as a child. The English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the Kingdom by Edward Balliol, son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned King of Scots (1332–1336) and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom with his ally, France, and then in prison in England. He was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371, the House of Bruce came to an end.

House of Balliol (1332–1356)

Edward Balliol was the son of King John Balliol, who had himself ruled for four years following his election in the Great Cause. Following his abdication, John Balliol lived out his life in obscurity in Picardy, France. During the minority of David II, Edward Balliol seized the opportunity to assert his claim to the throne, and backed by the English, he defeated the forces of David's regency and was himself crowned king at Scone in 1332. He was quickly defeated by loyalist forces, and sent back to England. With English support, he would mount two more attempts to seize the throne again, in 1333 and 1335, each time his actual control of the throne was brief before being sent back to England, for the last time in 1336. When David returned from exile in 1341 to rule in his own right, Edward lost most of his support. When David II was captured in battle in 1346, Edward made one last attempt to seize the throne for himself, but had little support and the campaign fizzled before it gained much traction. In 1356 he renounced all claims to the throne.

House of Stewart/Stuart (1371–1651)

Robert the Stewart was a grandson of Robert I by the latter's daughter, Marjorie. Having been born in 1316, he was older than his uncle, David II. Consequently, he was at his accession a middle aged man, already 55, and unable to reign vigorously, a problem also faced by his son Robert III, who also ascended in middle age at 53 in 1390, and suffered lasting damage in a horse-riding accident. These two were followed by a series of regencies, caused by the youth of the succeeding five boy kings. Consequently, the Stewart era saw periods of royal inertia, during which the nobles usurped power from the crown, followed by periods of personal rule by the monarch, during which he or she would attempt to address the issues created by their own minority and the long-term effects of previous reigns. Governing Scotland became increasingly difficult, as the powerful nobility became increasingly intractable. James I's attempts to curb the disorder of the realm ended in his assassination. James III was killed in a civil war between himself and the nobility, led by his own son. When James IV, who had governed sternly and suppressed the aristocrats, died in the Battle of Flodden, his wife Margaret Tudor, who had been nominated regent for their young son James V, was unseated by noble feuding, and James V's own wife, Mary of Guise, succeeded in ruling Scotland during the regency for her young daughter Mary I only by dividing and conquering the noble factions, distributing French bribes with a liberal hand. Finally, Mary I, the daughter of James V, found herself unable to govern Scotland faced with the surliness of the aristocracy and the intransigence of the population, who favoured Calvinism and disapproved of her Catholicism. She was forced to abdicate, and fled to England, where she was imprisoned in various castles and manor houses for eighteen years and finally executed for treason against the English queen Elizabeth I. Upon her abdication, her son, fathered by Henry, Lord Darnley, a junior member of the Stewart family, became King as James VI.

James VI became King of England and Ireland as James I in 1603, when his cousin Elizabeth I died. Thereafter, although the two crowns of England and Scotland remained separate, the monarchy was based chiefly in England. Charles I, James's son, found himself faced with Civil War. The resultant conflict lasted eight years, and ended in his execution. The English Parliament then decreed their monarchy to be at an end. The Scots Parliament, after some deliberation, broke their links with England, and declared that Charles II, son and heir of Charles I, would become King. He ruled until 1651 when the armies of Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and drove him into exile.

Third Interregnum (1651–1660)

Monarchy of Scotland restored (third time)

House of Stuart restored (1660–1707)

With the Scottish Restoration, the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more but Scotland's rights were not respected. During the reign of Charles II the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and James was appointed Governor of Scotland. James II himself became James VII in 1685. His Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic. The two were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament, and ruled together as William II and Mary II.

An attempt to establish a Scottish colonial empire through the Darien Scheme, in rivalry to that of England, failed, leaving the Scottish nobles who financed the venture for their own profit bankrupt. This coincided with the accession of Queen Anne, daughter of James VII. Anne had multiple children but none of these survived her, leaving as her heir her half-brother, James, then living in exile in France. The English favoured the Protestant Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of James VI) as heir. Many Scots preferred Prince James, who as a Stuart was a Scot by ancestry, and threatened to break the Union of Crowns between England and Scotland by choosing him for themselves. To preserve the union, the English elaborated a plan whereby the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England would merge into a single Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain, ruled by a common monarch, and with a single Parliament. Both national parliaments agreed to this (the Scots albeit reluctantly, motivated primarily by the national finances), and some subterfuge as a total majority of signatories was needed to ratify the Scottish parliament's assent, bribes and payments. Thereafter, although monarchs continued to rule over the nation of Scotland, they did so first as monarchs of Great Britain, and from 1801 of the United Kingdom.

Jacobite claimants

James VII continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. When he died in 1701, his son James inherited his father's claims, and called himself James VIII of Scotland and III of England and Ireland. He would continue to do so all his life, even after the Kingdoms of England and Scotland were ended by their merging as the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1715, a year after the death of his sister, Queen Anne, and the accession of their cousin George of Hanover, James landed in Scotland and attempted to claim the throne. He failed, and was forced to flee back to the Continent. A second attempt by his son, Charles on behalf of his father, in 1745, also failed. Both James's children died without legitimate issue, bringing the Stuart family to an end.

After 1807, the Jacobite claims passed first to the House of Savoy (1807–1840), then to the Modenese branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1840–1919), and finally to the House of Wittelsbach (since 1919). The current heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria. Neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim.

Timeline of Scottish Monarchs

Acts of Union

The Acts of Union were twin Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, agreed on 22 July 1706, following prolonged negotiation between Queen Anne's Commissioners representing both parliaments. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a united Kingdom of Great Britain.^[71]

Scotland and England had shared a common monarch since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when the Scottish king James VI succeeded to the English throne. Although described as a Union of Crowns, prior to the Acts of Union of 1707, the crowns of the two separate kingdoms had rested on the same head. Three unsuccessful attempts (in 1606, 1667, and 1689) were made to unite the two kingdoms by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the will of both political establishments to succeed, thereby bringing the two separate states together under a single parliament as well as a single monarch.

Coronation Oath

The coronation oath was sworn by every Scottish monarch from James VI to Charles II and approved by the Estates of Parliament in 1567:

The coronation oath sworn by William II, Mary II and Anne was approved by the Parliament of Scotland on 18 April 1689.^[72] The oath was as follows:

See also

Notes

1. ^Broun, Scottish Independence. pp. 71–97.
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/kenneth-i-r-843-858 | title=Kenneth I (r. 834–858)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
3. ^Properly speaking, Coinneach should actually be Cionaodh, since Coinneach is historically a separate name. However, in the modern language, both names have converged.
4. ^Skene, Chronicles, p. 83.
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/donald-i-r-859-863 | title=Donald I (r. 859–863)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/constantine-i-r-863-877 | title=Constantine I (r. 863–877)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
7. ^Skene, Chronicles, p. 85.
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/aed-r-877-878 | title=Aed (r. 877–878)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/giric-r-878-889 | title=Giric (r. 878–889)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
10. ^Skene, Chronicles, p. 87.
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/donald-ii-r-889-900 | title=Donald II (r. 889–900)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
12. ^Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 58.
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/constantine-ii-r-900-943 | title=Constantine II (r. 900–943)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
14. ^Skene, Chronicles, p. 91; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 65.
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/malcolm-i-r943-954 | title=Malcolm I (r. 943–954)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
16. ^Skene, Chronicles, p. 93.
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/indulf-r-954-962 | title=Indulf (r. 954–962)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
18. ^His name is a Gaelicisation of the Norse name Hildufr (or perhaps English Eadulf); it occurs in various contemporary Gaelic forms, such as Iondolbh, found in the Duan Albanach; Ildulb is used by some historians because it correctly represents the name Hildulfr in Gaelic orthography; Eadwulf would perhaps be Idulb, hence that form is also used sometimes. The name never came into wider use in the Scottish world, or the Gaelic world more generally, and has no modern form. The name "Indulf" is a spelling produced by later medieval French influence; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p, 89.
19. ^Skene, Chronicles, p. 94.
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/dubh-or-duff-r-962-967 | title=Dubh or Duff (r. 962–967)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
21. ^Duan Albanach, 23 here; as Dub means "Black", "Dub the Black" is tautologous.
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/culen-or-colin-r-967-971 | title=Culen or Colin (r. 967–971)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
23. ^Skene, Chronicles, p. 95.
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/kenneth-ii-r-971-995 | title=Kenneth II (r. 971–995)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
25. ^Skene, Chronicles, p. 96.
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/constantine-iii-r-995-997 | title=Constantine III (r. 995–997)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/kenneth-iii-r-997-1005 | title=Kenneth III (r. 997–1005)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
28. ^Former probable because later English (speaking) sources called him "Grim"; Old Irish donn has similar meaning to Old Irish greimm, which means "power" or "authority"; see Skene, Chronicles, p. 98; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 105.
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/malcolm-ii-r-1005-1034 | title=Malcolm II (r. 1005–1034)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
30. ^Skene, Chronicles, pp. 99–100.
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/duncan-i-r-1034-1040 | title=Duncan I (r. 1034–1040)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
32. ^Skene, Chronicles, p. 101.
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/macbeth-r-1040-1057 | title=Macbeth (r. 1040–1057)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
34. ^¹Skene, Chronicles, p. 102.
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/lulach-r-1057-1058 | title=Lulach (r. 1057–1058)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
36. ^Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 603.
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/malcolm-iii-r-1058-1093 | title=Malcolm III (r. 1058–1093)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
38. ^¹This name was probably only originally applied to Mael Coluim IV, Mael Coluim III's grandson, and then later confused; see Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 51–52, 74–75; Oram, David I, p. 17, note 1. Cenn Mór certainly means "great chief" rather than "big head", as sometimes thought.
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/donald-iii-r-1093-1094-1094-1097 | title=Donald III (r. 1093–1094, 1094-1097)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/duncan-ii-r1094 | title=Duncan II (r. 1094)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/edgar-r-1097-1107 | title=Edgar (r. 1097-1107)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
42. ^Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 141.
43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/alexander-i-r1107-1124 | title=Alexander I (r. 1107-1124)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
44. ^This nickname however is not attested for another three centuries, in the work of Andrew of Wyntoun.
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/david-i-r-1124-1153 | title=David I (r. 1124-1153)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
46. ^Later nickname. Latin Sanctus also means simply "Holy". David was never canonised.
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/malcolm-iv-r-1153-1165 | title=Malcolm IV (r. 1153-1165)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
48. ^Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10.
49. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/alexander-ii-r1214-1249 | title=Alexander II (r. 1214-1249)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/alexander-iii-r-1249-1286 | title=Alexander III (r. 1249-1286)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/margaret-r-1286-1290 | title=Margaret (r. 1286-1290)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/john-balliol-r-1292-1296 | title=John Balliol (r. 1292-1296)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/robert-i-r-1306-1329 | title=Robert I (r. 1306-1329)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
54. ^Robert The Bruce. Publisher: Heinemann. {{ISBN|0-431-05883-0}}.
55. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/david-ii-r-1329-1371 | title=Robert I (r. 1329-1371)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-balliol-r-periods-1332-1356 | title=Edward Balliol (r. for periods 1332-1356)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/robert-ii-r1371-1390 | title=Robert II (r. 1371-1390)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/robert-iii-r-1390-1406 | title=Robert III (r. 1390-1406)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-i-r-1406-1437 | title=James I (r. 1406-1437)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-ii-r-1437-1460 | title=James II (r. 1437-1460)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-iii-r-1460-1488 | title=James III (r. 1460-1488)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-iv-r1488-1513 | title=James IV (r. 1488-1513)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-v-r1513-1542 | title=James V (r. 1513-1542)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/mary-queen-scots-r1542-1567 | title=Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542-1567)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-vi-and-i-r-1567-1625 | title=James VI and I (r. 1567-1625)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/charles-i-r-1625-1649 | title=Charles I (r. 1625-1649)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
67. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/charles-ii-r-1660-1685-0 | title=Charles II (r. 1660-1685)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-ii-r1685-1688 | title=James II (r. 1685-1688)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
69. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/william-ii-and-iii-r-1689-1702-and-mary-ii-r1689-1694 | title=William II and III (r. 1689-1672) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/anne-r1702-1714 | title=Anne (r. 1702-1714)|website=royal.gov.uk|accessdate=1 July 2018}}
71. ^Welcome {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015044930/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/ |date=15 October 2008 }} parliament.uk, accessed 7 October 2008
72. ^Scottish Parliament Project.