词条 | List of ships of the United States Army | |
释义 |
During World War II the U.S. Army operated approximately 127,800 watercraft of various types[1] Those included large troop and cargo transport ships that were Army-owned hulls, vessels allocated by the War Shipping Administration, bareboat charters and time charters. In addition to the transports the Army fleet included specialized types. Those, included vessels not related to transport such as mine vessels and waterway or port maintenance ships and other service craft. The numbers below [1] give an idea of the scope of that Army maritime operation:
Limiting the number to only the named and numbered vessels, discounting the various simple barges and amphibious assault craft, the remaining number is 14,044 vessels. {{TOC limit|2}}OverviewThis fleet and the Army’s Ports of Embarkation[2][3][4] operated throughout the war’s massive logistics in support of the worldwide operations. After the war the Army’s fleet began to resume its peacetime role and even regain the old colors of gray hulls, white deck houses and buff trimming, masts and booms with the red, white and blue stack rings. An example may be seen in the photos[5] of USAT Fred C. Ainsworth.[6] Some confusion may exist in the precise definition of "Army ship" as many ships saw Army service during the Second World War that were never or only briefly (a brief Army time or voyage charter) part of the Army's fleet. Army owned vessels of the core fleet are quite clear, even though some of those switched between Army and Navy during the war. Close to those were the ships that were bareboat chartered by the Army, meaning that only the hull itself was chartered and Army was responsible for crewing and all other operational aspects. Others were long term allocations to Army by the War Shipping Administration so that they operated as Army transports and cargo vessels for much of the war. The more confusing ships are those that were short-term or time or voyage chartered ships.[1] In the South West Pacific Area during the emergency of the Japanese advance throughout Southeast Asia the Dutch East Indies and the Philippines even the chartering arrangements were often vague as ships arriving in Australia were retained by United States Forces in Australia (USFIA) for operations in Australia.[7] Some of these ships, acquired and operating under United States Army Services of Supply, Southwest Pacific Area (USASOS SWPA), achieved some notability in military history in daring voyages to resupply the forces cut off in the Philippines from either Australia or the already collapsing Dutch East Indies.[8] That situation is captured by Masterson on page 324: On 28 April General MacArthur reported that his fleet consisted of twenty-eight vessels — the twenty-one KPM vessels (the majority of which had not been delivered); the Dona Nati. The {{SS|Admiral Halstead|1921|2}}, the Coast Farmer, and the {{MS|Sea Witch|1940|3=2}}, chartered by WSA; and the Anhui, the Yochow and the Hanyang, believed to be chartered by the British Ministry of War Transport (BMWT) for the U. S. Army, though no official information concerning their status had been received.[7] Three of those vessels, Coast Farmer, Dona Nati and Anhui. out of a number sent, managed to run the Japanese blockade of the Philippines and deliver supplies.[8] After the war came the reorganization that led to the U.S. Department of Defense rather than a separate United States Department of War and Department of the Navy with the decision on maritime logistics going in favor of it being administered by the Navy. As a result, the Army lost almost all of its big vessels. Many of the Army vessels were transferred to Navy with the transport types becoming components of the new Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS, now MSC) under the Navy.[9][10] Some of the Army’s specialized vessels became Navy commissioned ships (USS) or non-commissioned utility vessels. Digital photographs[11] of a few of these vessels in Army service are provided at the Naval History and Heritage Command. Others were sold commercially or simply scrapped. The Army heritage of civilian crewed transports and cargo ships continued in the operating model for MSTS and its “in service” non-commissioned ships designated as U.S. Naval Ship (prefix "USNS"). Some Army vessels, still crewed by Army civilians just transferred, were suddenly sailing before fully taking on the new service’s administrative functions and colors.[12] Currently Active Ship Classes
The Army has a fleet of approximately 300 watercraft, operated by units of the U.S. Army Transportation Corps.[13] (The Army's watercraft program is managed by the United States Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command.[14]) These craft are identified by the following hull code and type; {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
The US Army Corps of Engineers has a total of 11 Dredge Vessels, divided into hopper and non-hopper dredges.[15] In total the Corps has approximately 2,300 floating plant assets, including barges, tow boats, floating cranes, survey boats, patrol boats and dredges. Aircraft Repair ShipAircraft Repair UnitSix Liberty ships were converted at Point Clear, Alabama into floating aircraft repair depots, operated by the Army Transport Service, starting in April 1944 to provide mobile depot support for B-29 Superfortress and P-51 Mustangs based on Guam, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa beginning in December 1944. They were also fitted with landing platforms to accommodate four R-4 helicopters, creating the first seagoing helicopter-equipped ships, and provided medical evacuation of combat casualties in both the Philippines and Okinawa.[16] {{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
Auxiliary Aircraft Repair Ship
Seacraft Repair ShipSix ships, allocated by the War Shipping Administration, were converted to repair and spare parts ships. Five, from {{convert|350|ft|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|390|ft|m|abbr=on}} in length, were built on the Great Lakes from 1901 to 1913. The sixth, James B. Houston (1900) at {{convert|202|ft|m|abbr=on}} was the Army owned Kvichak which had grounded off Canada, slipped into {{convert|80|ft|m|abbr=on}} of water and was then salvaged in 1941. All were U.S. Coast Guard-crewed with the Army in administrative and operational control as well as providing the repair detachments from the Army Marine Ship Repair Company (AMSR CO.). All served in the Southwest Pacific Area.[1][7] Houston, which had first served in the Aleutians, was declared surplus while at Mariveles, Philippines and turned over to the Foreign Liquidation Commission in February 1946, reverted to U. S. Army Forces, Western Pacific (AFWESPAC) in April 1946, but was not used as a repair ship after being declared surplus.[7] Army Marine Ship Repair Company (T/O & E 55-47): See "The Forgotten Voyage of the USARS Duluth: Recalling a Coast Guard-Manned Vessel That Fell Through the Cracks of World War II History"[22] for one of the few descriptions. The embarked Army repair units, where noted below, are from Masterson":[7] {{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
Other repair vessels
Depot ShipSeven cargo vessels were converted to spare parts depot ships to facilitate the maintenance of military equipment in oversea areas. The 20 dry cargo barges originally intended for bauxite were taken by the Army and 17 were used in the southwest Pacific for storehouses. Of the 24 steam cargo concrete vessels, 17 were converted by the Army into floating storehouses, 5 were used by the Army as training ships and 2 found an honorable end when sunk to form part of the breakwater protecting the American landing in Normandy at Omaha beach.
Small ShipsThe Army had its own program for small boat construction and directly procured vessels and water craft that were under 200 feet or under 1,000 gross tons. [34][35]Army F-ships (100-dwt) were little freighters built on the lines of a Dutch wooden shoe and had a capacity of about 100 tons with a maximum speed of 8 knots. During the war these little ships plied back and forth between Navy PT boat bases, Crash Rescue Boat bases, and Engineer Special Brigade bases in the pacific for the purpose of transporting personnel, hauling supplies and cargo, or occasionally for towing fuel barges and water craft, to bases along the coasts or to nearby islands.[36][37]
Retrieving VesselEleven of these small ships were built for the U.S. Army Air Corps/Army Air Forces in late 1942 through mid 1943.[42] The official designation was "Design No. 210, 150 Foot Steel Diesel Retrieving Vessel", sometimes termed "Aircraft Retrieving Vessel" in later references. Name format was "U.S. Army" over "H.A.# NAME" as indicated by a builder's model. Dimensions were 158' 3" LOA X 32' beam (moulded) at deck X 8' draft powered by two 300 hp diesels,[43] and was equipped with a 30-ton jumbo lift boom along with regular cargo booms and had a cargo capacity of 500 measurement tons. These vessels were primarily used as supply ships, that could retrieve aircraft if needed.[44][45] {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
SchoonersSWPA CP Fleet, Army CS ships provided communications relays and acted as command posts (CP) for forward elements ashore. CSM (Maintenance) ships, in addition to acting as CS ships, were also equipped for radio repair operations to supply floating maintenance. CSQ (Quarters) ships acted as floating dormitories. CSN (News) ships were used by civilian reporters.[46][47][48]{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Cable laying shipsThe Army had a history of submarine cable work by the time of World War II operations, dating back to the 1899-1900 period.[53] Much of this work had been in relation to communications with far flung Army forces in the Philippines and Alaska.[54] The Army Signal Corps used a number of cable ships for that work including Burnside, Romulus, Liscum, Dellwood and two vessels intimately associated with the Coast Artillery Corps controlled mine work at the coastal fortifications; Cyrus W. Field and Joseph Henry. That cable laying capability had been allowed to deteriorate to the point that the Army had to charter the C.S. Restorer in 1941.[55] The Army entered the field of undersea cable work in connecting the military installations in the Philippine Islands.[53] As with other cable work, some vessels were chartered. For example, the vessel Orizaba (not the later Army owned vessel of the same name) was under Army charter from the Pacific Coast Steamship Company before being lost in 1900.[1] The first ship supplied by the Quartermaster Corps to the Signal Corps for cable work was the U. S. Army ransport Burnside.[56] That Spanish–American War prize was replaced by the larger Dellwood for work with Alaskan cables. There is some confusion on ship designators within even official records. The conventional commercial and nautical term for such ships was “CS (name)” for “Cable Ship.” The mix of USAT, CS and even the simple “Steam Ship” (SS), as seen in postwar construction of the SS William H. G. Bullard, later the USS/USNS Neptune,[57] can be somewhat confusing. All three terms are found in official usage. For example, Smithsonian Institution library records clearly show some of these Army ships as CS Dellwood and CS Silverado.[58] Army ship management lay in the Quartermaster Corps and later the Transportation Corps. Technical management of the cable ships was under Signal Corps and the entire enterprise of undersea cable work was the very specialized realm of several large communications corporations which operated their own cable vessels and provided experts in handling cable equipment and cable. Each appears to have used familiar terms when noting the ships in records as seen in the Quartermaster reference,[56] and records elsewhere.[53][58] The nature of the work is such that specialized crews are required to operate the cable machinery and perform the actual cable splicing and technical work. The ex-Coast Artillery ships involved in mine planting were military crewed.[1] CS Restorer was under charter and used civilians, many from its commercial crew, under Army contract.[59] The remaining ships were probably mixed crews.[1] Eleven Transportation Corps ships under technical management of Signal Corps are known to have been active in WW II:[1] {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
U.S. Army Engineer Port Repair ShipTen ships, nine being Maritime Commission type N3-M-A1 cargo vessel hulls being built at Penn Jersey Shipbuilding for the U.S. Navy or Lend Lease, were transferred to the Army for operation as Engineer Port Repair Ships. The other ship, first obtained for the purpose, was a commercial ship allocated by the War Shipping Administration (WSA). All the ships were managed and crewed by Army Engineers organized into Engineer Port Repair Ship Crew units, named for Army Engineers killed in action during WW II and heavily modified from their original design.
N3-M-A1 types: {{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
Corps of Engineers Dredge VesselsSome of these were substantial vessels, 300 feet long, with a 3,000-ton displacement and a crew complement of 60-plus men. They were seagoing diesel-electric hydraulic dredging vessels, normally functioning under the Army Corps of Engineers control, and used for maintaining and improving the coastal and harbor channels around the U.S. coasts.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]
During World War II, five seagoing hopper dredges already in civil service, were fitted with 3-inch deck guns and 20-millimeter antiaircraft guns. Four were sent to the ETO and last one, Hains, was sent to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO), along with the cutter dredge 'Raymond', additionally four new Hains-class armed dredges were constructed for use in the PTO.
Hains-class hopper dredge
Towed cutter dredge
Mine PlantersThe U.S. Army Mine Planter Service (AMPS), under the Coast Artillery Corps, operated ships designated as U.S. Army Mine Planter (USAMP) to 'plant' the controlled mines guarding approaches to coastal fortifications.[71] Numerous smaller vessels, not designated as USAMP, worked with the planters in a mine flotilla.[72]{{sfn|Berhow|2015|pp=343–352}} Mine Planters & Associated Ships 1904-1909;[73]{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Mine Planters 1917-1919;{{sfn|Berhow|2015|pp=343–352}} {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Mine Planters 1937;{{sfn|Berhow|2015|pp=343–352}}
Numbered Mine Planters 1942-1943;[75][76]{{sfn|Berhow|2015|pp=343–352}} {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Junior Mine PlantersSmaller vessels known as, "junior mine planters", or "pup planters", were occasionally employed as mine planters, but for the most part they served as freight and passenger boats for river and harbor duty. One source states the Army had 30 junior mine planters by 1919.{{sfn|Clay|2010|pp=1175–1176}} Junior Mine Planters 1904–1909 {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Junior Mine Planters 1919-1921 {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Junior Mine Planters 1930-1945 {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
FS (freight and supply vessels)Prior to World War II the Army operated a number of passenger and freight vessels for local transport between installations located on water. These were operated by the Quartermaster Corps. During World War I they were often used to transport troops from training camps to embarkation piers, particularly at the New York Port of Embarkation. For example, the 1918 registry, Merchant Vessels of the United States, under its Quartermaster vessels section lists some 33 small passenger and freight steamers, many former commercial vessels, ranging from the {{cvt|72.1|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} Peterson[81] to the {{cvt|185|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} El Aguila. Among those in the 1918 register were Major L'Enfant, a steamer that served on the Potomac and burned in Baltimore on 3 December 1919[81][82][83] and General Meigs, a Quartermaster Corps passenger and freight steamer built in 1892 by John H. Dialogue & Son, Camden New Jersey, and serving in the early 20th century with a name given to much larger ships later.[81][84] A class of small coastal and inter-island freighters during World War II were first designated "FP" for "freight and passenger" with early acquisitions being a variety of commercial hulls. Early in the war a number of designs were inaugurated. Some, such as "Design 277" (Vessel, Passenger-Cargo, Diesel, Wood, 114') were wooden hull while the "classic" "Design 381" (Vessel, Supply, Diesel, Steel, 177') was a miniature steel cargo vessel with two hatches and central booms. These, as with all the smaller Army ships, were simply designated "U.S. Army name (number)", and not designated U.S. Army Transport (USAT). They were operated by Transportation Corps with a variety of crewing schemes. A few were all military, many were civilian crewed and a large number were U.S. Coast Guard crewed.[85] The USCG crewed vessels have more history preserved than most of these little ships.[86]
A number of vessels were operated by the Army as small coastal freighters and passenger vessels without being formally given FP/FS numbers.[1] These included:
Some vessels were acquired postwar, including:
Hospital ships
Transport shipsThis is a partial list of ships in Army service under one of the following arrangements:
Ships known to fall in each of these categories appear in the list below.[1] In general only ships owned, under long term bareboat charter or allocation to the Army, first through the Quartermaster Corps and later the Transportation Corps, were formally designated as a U.S. Army Transport (USAT).[1] Those under other arrangements continued operating as SS NAME. Essentially all maritime commercial cargo and passenger type vessels were under strict control of WSA under Executive Order No. 9054.[92] Exempted from WSA control were combatants, vessels owned by Army or Navy and coastal and inland vessels.[92] The FS numbered vessels and Army tugs do not normally have "USAT" in their names. They and other smaller Army craft were simply designated as Army with "U.S. Army" over the number.[93]
ANote: "Admiral' and "General" transports were P2 transport design variants, not an indicator of service affiliation. All the Navy's "Admiral" ships were transferred to the Army post war and were then renamed for generals. Those are found below under their Army names. {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
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GNote: The newer, large transports of WW II named for generals were the P2-S2-R2 variant of the P2 transport design, not an indicator of service affiliation. All of the "Admiral" variants that were put into service were transferred to the Army after the war and renamed for generals. The Army did name a number of its non P2 type ships, many pre war, after generals. {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
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TugsArmy tugs were seen as far back as the American Civil War with the 1862 screw tug Terror. World War II era tugs came in two general classifications, though those were not rigid and variances may particularly be seen in commercial vessels taken in early during the war. Seagoing tugs, 92'-100' or greater were designated Large Tug (LT). Harbor tugs were Small Tugs (ST). The Transportation Corps determined that at war's end it was operating 746 tugs of the LT/ST types. A large number of highly varied commercial tugs were taken into Army service above those constructed to Army designs and Army tugs of prewar design dating to the early 1900s. In addition to these there were a variety of small towing craft, numbering in thousands, termed motor towing launches (MTL), sometimes overlapping the STs in length, and marine tractors of 40'and less length, some with the colorful name of "Sea Mules" with dimensions of 40 x 13 x 8 and two Chrysler gasoline engines. All were simply U.S. Army (LT/ST #).[1][105] A construction program in Australia built a number of tugs for the Southwest Pacific Area in both LT and ST size. They were U.S. Army tugs, but not carried in the same central listing as the U.S. built tugs.[24] A number of the tugs became Navy tugs after 1950. Large Tug (LT)Only the first eight World War II-era LT numbered tugs built by Jakobson Shipyard, Oyster Bay New York, were given names during construction.[106] The Army acquired commercial vessels or had in its inventory tugs early during WWII, before standardized design construction met requirements, that were LT in size which retained commercial names and did not have LT numbers. WWII LT construction did not use numbers greater than 935[106] with postwar LTs having four digit numbers until numbers starting with LT-801 were reused with 1993 construction.[107] Named, unnumbered Large Tug (LT) size
World War II numbered Large Tug (LT){{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Postwar numbered Large Tug (LT)
Small Tug (ST){{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
Self-propelled barges (BSP)
Post-1950 USAS
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite book |last= Grover |first= David |title= U.S. Army Ships and Watercraft of World War II |publisher= Naval Institute Press |year= 1987 |isbn= 0-87021-766-6}}) 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/embarkation.htm|title=Port of Embarkation Essay--World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary|website=www.nps.gov}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://ww2.mariner.org/chesapeakebay/century/wwi007.html|title=The Mariners' Museum and Park - America's National Maritime Museum|website=The Mariners' Museum and Park}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oldhickory30th.com/KilmerCampbooklet.pdf|title=New York POE|publisher=}} 5. ^http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-us-cs/army-sh/usash-ag/f-ainsw.htm 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/22/22181.htm|title=Transport (AP)|website=www.navsource.org}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |title=U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941-1947 |last=Masterson |first=Dr. James R. |authorlink= |year=1949 |publisher=Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army |location=Washington, D. C. |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/158378076/U-S-Army-Transportation-in-the-Southwest-Pacific-Area-1941-1947 |accessdate=17 April 2013}} 8. ^1 {{cite book |title=The Fall Of The Philippines |last=Morton |first=Louis |authorlink= |year=1993 |publisher=Center Of Military History, United States Army |location=Washington, D. C. |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_22.htm#p390 |accessdate=18 April 2013}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/books/field/ch4b.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-11-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409030402/http://www.history.navy.mil/books/field/ch4b.htm |archivedate=2010-04-09 |df= }} | History of United States Naval Operations: Korea - Chapter 4: Help on the Way - Part 2. Troops and Supplies 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.msc.navy.mil/N00p/pressrel/press99/press50.htm|title=Military Sealift Command celebrates 50 years of service|publisher=}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-us-cs/army-sh/usash-ag/cantigny.htm|title= Online Library of Selected Images: SHIPS of the UNITED STATES ARMY|publisher=}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/Misc.htm#Keathley|title=USNS Sgt. George D. Keathley (T-AGS 35)|publisher=}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.transportation.army.mil|title=United States Army Transportation Corps|publisher=transportation.army.mil|accessdate=14 January 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/army.htm|title=Army watercraft|publisher=globalsecurity.org|accessdate=13 January 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web|last=Verna|first=Thomas|title=n Overview of USACE Dredging Operations|url=http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/dots/webinar/26June13VernaDredgingOverview.pdf|publisher=USACE|accessdate=12 March 2014}} 16. ^The Hoverfly in CBI, Carl Warren Weidenburner {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022065117/http://cbi-theater-3.home.comcast.net/~cbi-theater-3/hoverfly/hoverfly.html |date=2008-10-22 }} 17. ^http://www.cbi-history.com/documents/2nd_aru_history.pdf 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-001/htmldocs/ships/trident.htm|title=USGS OFR03-001: PHOTO GALLERY - Ships.|website=pubs.usgs.gov}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-001/htmldocs/ships/tridentb.htm|title=USGS OFR03-001: PHOTO GALLERY - Ships.|website=pubs.usgs.gov}} 20. ^FM 55-6, Military transportation service in theaters of operations, DECEMBER 1945, p55 21. ^https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9495/m1/1/ 22. ^1 http://www.uscg.mil/history/weboralhistory/USARS_Duluth_Flynn_Memoir.pdf 23. ^http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Gorman_1944.pdf 24. ^1 {{cite book |title=Forgotten Fleet |last=Lunney |first=Bill |authorlink= |author2=Finch, Frank |year=1995 |publisher=Forfleet Publishing |location=Medowie, NSW, Australia |isbn=0-646-26048-0 |page= |pages= |url= }} 25. ^{{cite book |last=Masterson |first=Dr. James R. |authorlink= |title=U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941-1947 |year=1949 |publisher=Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army |location=Washington, D. C. |isbn= |page=530}} 26. ^{{cite book |last1= Lunney |first1=Bill |last2=Finch |first2=Frank |year=1995 |title=Forgotten Fleet: a history of the part played by Australian men and ships in the U.S. Army Small Ships Section in New Guinea, 1942-1945 |series= |location=Medowie, NSW, Australia |publisher=Forfleet Publishing |isbn=0646260480 |lccn=96150459 |page=147}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxlXegsimNcC|title=Ships for Victory: A History of Shipbuilding Under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II|first=Frederic Chapin|last=Lane|date=21 August 2001|publisher=JHU Press|via=Google Books}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/beachhd_btlefrnt/ChapterXX.html|title=Chapter 20: The Philippines: Leyte|website=www.history.army.mil}} 29. ^http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwtwo/wwiiconcreteships.htm 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shipscribe.com/usnaux/IX4/IX149.html|title=Trefoil (IX-149) Class|website=www.shipscribe.com}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2pacific.com/concship.html|title=Pacific War, Special Ships|first=James L|last=Bauer|website=www.ww2pacific.com}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2pacific.com/conchulk.html|title=Concrete Ship Hulks|first=James L|last=Bauer|website=www.ww2pacific.com}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://grambo.us/fms.htm|title=Floating Marine Repair Shop|website=grambo.us}} 34. ^p256 THE ORGANIZATION AND ROLE OF THE ARMY SERVICE FORCES IN WORLD WAR II 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/ASF/chapter17.htm|title=Chapter XVII: The ASF and Civilian Agencies Concerned With Military Supply and Defense|website=www.history.army.mil}} 36. ^p248 At Close Quarters PT Boats in the United States Navy 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/CloseQuarters/PT-4.html|title=HyperWar: At Close Quarters [Part IV]|website=www.ibiblio.org}} 38. ^*F-76 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://dlaweb.whoi.edu/ships/gosnold.html|title=gosnold|first=|last=MelissaLamont|website=dlaweb.whoi.edu}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-001/htmldocs/ships/gosnold.htm|title=USGS OFR03-001: PHOTO GALLERY - Ships.|website=pubs.usgs.gov}} 41. ^*F-4, F-17, F-18 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/active/bay.htm|title=Shipbuilding History: Bay Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay WI|publisher=}} 43. ^patriot.net{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212220235/http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/rj/fs/fs.htm |date=2012-02-12 }} | Army FP/FS Vessels: An interesting Question 44. ^p133 The 10th ERSB HA-2 in Alaska 45. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p01bFVagOJYC&pg=PA133&dq=air+corps+HA+vessel&hl=en&ei=oOvUTeGiNYSDtgfYo92CDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Alaska at War, 1941-1945: The Forgotten War Remembered|first=Fern|last=Chandonnet|date=15 September 2007|publisher=University of Alaska Press|via=Google Books}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-18/index.html|title=The Signal Corps - The Outcome ( Mid-1943 through 1945 ) - U.S. Army Center of Military History|website=www.history.army.mil}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p4013coll11/id/903|title=U.S. Army transportation in the Southwest Pacific area, 1941-1947. :: General Military History|website=cgsc.cdmhost.com}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/usarmy/usarmysmallships.htm|title=US Army Small Ships in Australia during WW2|website=home.st.net.au}} 49. ^http://www.nwseaport.org/wawona.html 50. ^http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/kitsap/nkh/news/121743614.html 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/P04853.005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925114329/http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/P04853.005|dead-url=yes|archive-date=25 September 2012|title=P04853.005 - Australian War Memorial|date=25 September 2012|publisher=}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/P04853.043|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925114506/http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/P04853.043|dead-url=yes|archive-date=25 September 2012|title=P04853.043 - Australian War Memorial|date=25 September 2012|publisher=}} 53. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/USMilitary/index.htm|title=History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - U.S. Armed Forces Cables|website=www.atlantic-cable.com}} 54. ^Alaska Communications System (ACS) Totally Explained 55. ^{{cite web|url=http://atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/USMilitary/index.htm|title=History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - U.S. Armed Forces Cables|website=atlantic-cable.com}} 56. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.qmfound.com/army_fleet.htm|title=US Army Quartermaster Foundation - The Work of the Army's Fleet by Col. T.M. Knox, QMC|publisher=}} 57. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/27/2702.htm|title=Cable Laying/Repair Ship Photo Index (ARC)|website=www.navsource.org}} 58. ^1 Lemelson Center - Western Union Telegraph Company Records 1820-1995 - Subseries 5: Cable Ships, 1924-1954 (not inclusive) 59. ^C.S. Restorer - Second World War; by Dirk van Oudenol 60. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/o_arc.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-08-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091732/http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/o_arc.htm |archivedate=2008-05-09 |df= }} | ARC-1, ARC-5 & Nashawena (AG-142) - Short discussion of Army Coast Artillery and Signal Corps cable ships with complete list of the ARC designation. (Col. Basil O. Lenoir painting) 61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/49/49142.htm|title=Miscellaneous Auxiliary (AG)|website=www.navsource.org}} 62. ^{{cite web|url=http://atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/Restorer/second.htm|title=History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - CS Restorer: Dirk van Oudenol|website=atlantic-cable.com}} 63. ^https://www.scribd.com/doc/279810/Port-Construction-WWII 64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nap.usace.army.mil/cenap-pa/w0102/marshall.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513103115/http://www.nap.usace.army.mil/cenap-pa/w0102/marshall.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=13 May 2011|title=Dredging under fire|date=13 May 2011|publisher=}} 65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/reference/normandy/TS/COE/COE16.htm|title=Chapter 16 - The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany|website=www.history.army.mil}} 66. ^{{cite web|url=http://140.194.76.129/publications/misc/un16/c-16.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720182644/http://140.194.76.129/publications/misc/un16/c-16.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=20 July 2011|title=Wayback Machine|date=20 July 2011|publisher=}} 67. ^{{cite web|url=http://140.194.76.129/publications/misc/un21/c-17.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723125459/http://140.194.76.129/publications/misc/un21/c-17.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=23 July 2009|title=Wayback Machine|date=23 July 2009|publisher=}} 68. ^{{cite web|url=http://littleships.org/gallery/|title=GALLERY - Littleships|website=littleships.org}} 69. ^{{cite web|url=http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/dots/photos/page1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226091440/http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/dots/photos/page1.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=26 February 2011|title=Dredging Operations Technical Support Program - Historic Dredging Photos|date=26 February 2011|publisher=}} 70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=1094700|title=CHESTER HARDING - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker|website=www.shipspotting.com}} 71. ^The California State Military Museum - Forts Under the Sea - Submarine Mine Defense of San Francisco Bay 72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fortmiles.org/intel/firepower/batteries/batt8.html|title=FortMiles.org - Mine Field|website=www.fortmiles.org}} 73. ^{{cite book | last1 = Berhow | first1 = Mark A., Ed. | last2 = | first2 = | title = American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide, Third Edition | pages = 343–352 | location = McLean, Virginia | publisher = CDSG Press | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0-9748167-3-9 |ref=harv}} 74. ^{{cite book | last1 = Clay | first1 = Steven E. | title = US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, vol. 2 |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/OrderofBattle2.pdf | publisher = Combat Studies Institute Press | location = Fort Leavenworth, Kansas | year = 2010 | page = 1177 | isbn = |ref=harv}} 75. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/army-amps.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927100156/http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/army-amps.htm |archivedate=2011-09-27 |df= }} | Army Ships -- The Ghost Fleet; Coast Artillery Corps - Army Mine Planter Service 76. ^{{cite web |url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/armyminecraft.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623042132/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/armyminecraft.htm |archivedate=2013-06-23 |df= }} | Shipbuilding History - U.S. Army Mine Craft 77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/11011401.jpg|title=NavSource photo showing USAMP name usage format|publisher=}} 78. ^Random Recollections by FQC Gardner; 17. OFFICER IN CHARGE OF THE TORPEDO DEPOT 79. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/New_Hampshire/Fort_Constitution/archives/JMP_Greeley.html|title=JMP Greeley - 1942|website=www.northamericanforts.com}} 80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/14/6601.htm|title=Yard Mineplanter (YMP)|website=www.navsource.org}} 81. ^1 2 {{cite book |year=1918 |title=Fiftieth Annual List of Merchant Vessels of the United States, Year ended June 30, 1918 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Department of Commerce, Bureau of Navigation |pages=496–497 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433023733961;view=1up;seq=511;size=250 |accessdate=17 December 2018}} 82. ^{{cite web |title=Gov't Steamer Major L'Enfant on the Potomac River approaching Camp Humphreys, Belvoir, VA May 1918 NARA111-SC-009889-ac |publisher= |date= |year=1918 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ssave/43415485814 |accessdate=17 December 2018}} 83. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22886292/the_end_of_the_steamer_major_lenfant/ |title=2 Wharves, 7 ships destroyed by fire. |publisher=Washington Times |date=3 December 1919 |page=17 }} 84. ^{{cite web |last=Colton |first=Tim |title=John H. Dialogue & Son, Camden NJ |publisher=ShipbuildingHistory |date=May 18, 2016 |url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/19thcentury/dialogue.htm |accessdate=17 December 2018}} 85. ^http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/FS_Vessels.asp 86. ^{{cite web|url=http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/rj/fs/fs.htm|title=Army FP/FS Vessels|author=|work=|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212220235/http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/rj/fs/fs.htm|archivedate=12 February 2012|df=}} 87. ^http://www.harpoondatabases.com/Encyclopedia/Entry3004.aspx 88. ^{{cite web |url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/5small/inactive/campbell.htm |title=Campbell Industries, San Diego CA |author=T. Colton |date=July 16, 2011 |work=Shipbuilding History |publisher= |accessdate=6 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019224943/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/5small/inactive/campbell.htm |archivedate=19 October 2012 |df= }} 89. ^{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Clarence McKittrick |year=1956 |title=The Technical Services—The Medical Department: Hospitalization And Evacuation, Zone Of Interior |series=United States Army In World War II |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Center Of Military History, United States Army |isbn= |lccn=55060005 |page=410 |url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/thetechnicalservices/thetechnicalserviceshospitalizationevacuation/chapter23.htm |accessdate=17 September 2014}} 90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.med-dept.com/hosp_ships.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726132246/http://www.med-dept.com/hosp_ships.php|dead-url=yes|archive-date=26 July 2011|title=WW2 US Medical Research Centre :: WW2 Hospital Ships|date=26 July 2011|publisher=}} 91. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/33217726/WWII-1944-Army-Hospital-Ships-History|title=WWII 1944 Hospital Ships History - Navies - Hospital|website=Scribd}} 92. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.usmm.org/fdr/wsalaw.html|title=War Shipping Administration Established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt Executive Order No. 9054|website=www.usmm.org}} 93. ^{{cite web|url=http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/rj/fs/fs.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212220235/http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/rj/fs/fs.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=12 February 2012|title=Army FP/FS Vessels|date=12 February 2012|publisher=}} 94. ^Built as BELFAST 1909 Bath Iron Works, Army purchase 31 March '42, inter-island transport Hawaiian Islands, wrecked 2/18/1947 95. ^Albinia, POINT JUDITH, O/N 216656. WSA 17 Jul 42, sub BB same date to War Dept until 17 Feb 45. (McKeller Req1/MARAD VSC) 96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.artfiberglass.com/ship/co.html|title=The Cynthia Olson|website=www.artfiberglass.com}} 97. ^Alaska service. Grover: grounded twice in 1943. VSC shows total loss, then revoked. 98. ^Bareboat charter & involved in prewar construction of air ferry route bases, particularly Christmas Island 99. ^James Otis Pusey & Jones, 1920, Ludington 1931 Army cargo transport 100. ^Doxford turret ship, 1906, Italian when seized, WSA 12 SEP '41, Army BB 22 APR '43, returned Italy as scrap, Newcastle, Australia 4 MAR '48 101. ^Albinia, POINT LOBOS, O/N 216315, ERNEST H. MYER (1930-31), MORLEN 1940. WSA 6 Aug 42, sub BB same date to War Dept until 9 Oct 45. (McKeller Req1/MARAD VSC) 102. ^Lost Irish Sea to sub 1/45 103. ^http://www.armed-guard.com/hisv2b.html (Armed Guard gun crew photo) 104. ^https://archive.is/gc3po 105. ^{{cite web |url=http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/armyhbsd.htm |title=HARBOR BOAT DESIGNATIONS WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES |author= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=17 February 2012}} 106. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web |url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/armytugs.htm |title=U.S. Army Ocean Tugs (LT, ST) Built During WWII |author=T. Colton |work=Shipbuildinghistory.com |publisher= |accessdate=9 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104131603/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/armytugs.htm |archivedate=4 November 2011 |df= }} 107. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/armytugs2.htm |title=U.S. Army Ocean Tugs (LT, ST) Built Since WWII |author=T. Colton |work=Shipbuildinghistory.com |publisher= |accessdate=9 March 2012}} 108. ^Army use as tug, 428 tons, 147' length, built Neafie & Levy 1897 as "Plymouth" to USCG as "Iris" 1899—1934, sold 21 June 1934 as "Plymouth", later "Big Chief" 1938, service with both the Army and Navy during World War II, "B. O. Colonna" 1956, scrapped 1973 109. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=820|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 110. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/14/09746.htm|title=Medium Harbor (YTM)|website=www.navsource.org}} 111. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=2644&fs|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 112. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=532&fs|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 113. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=3000|title=Tugboat Information|website=www.tugboatinformation.com}} 114. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=1331|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 115. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/38/38241.htm|title=Auxiliary Fleet Tug (ATA)|website=www.navsource.org}} 116. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/38/38242.htm|title=Auxiliary Fleet Tug (ATA)|website=www.navsource.org}} 117. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/38/38244.htm|title=Auxiliary Fleet Tug (ATA)|website=www.navsource.org}} 118. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=1318|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 119. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=1323|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 120. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=1325|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 121. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=1315|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 122. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/38/38240.htm|title=Auxiliary Fleet Tug (ATA)|website=www.navsource.org}} 123. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/38/38239.htm|title=Auxiliary Fleet Tug (ATA)|website=www.navsource.org}} 124. ^http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/army-tc.htm 125. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/38/38243.htm|title=Auxiliary Fleet Tug (ATA)|website=www.navsource.org}} 126. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=1344|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 127. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=1345|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 128. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=475864|title=JAMES A. HANNAH - IMO 5200289 - Callsign WU8842 - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker|website=www.shipspotting.com}} 129. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=1391571|title=MARY E HANNAH - IMO 5053777 - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker|website=www.shipspotting.com}} 130. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=1307|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} 131. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/14/11749.htm|title=Medium Harbor (YTM)|website=www.navsource.org}} 132. ^{{cite web|url=http://tugboatinformation.com/tug.cfm?id=1317|title=Tugboat Information|website=tugboatinformation.com}} External links
4 : Lists of ships of the United States|Ships of the United States Army|Transport ships of the United States Army|Hospital ships of the United States Army |
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