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词条 List of spacecraft manufacturers
释义

  1. History

  2. Satellite manufacturers

  3. Launch vehicle manufactures and providers of third party services

  4. Lander, rover and probe manufacturers

  5. Spacecraft component manufacturers

  6. Propulsion manufacturers

  7. See also

  8. References

{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}

History

{{expand section|date=April 2016}}

During the early years of spaceflight only nation states had the resources to develop and fly spacecraft. Both the U.S. space program and Soviet space program were operated using mainly military pilots as astronauts. During this period, no commercial space launches were available to private operators, and no private organization was able to offer space launches.

In the 1980s, the European Space Agency created Arianespace, the world's first commercial space transportation company, and, following the Challenger disaster, the American government deregulated the American space transportation market as well. In the 1990s the Russian government sold their majority stake in RSC Energia to private investors (although it has recently renationalized the Russian space sector in 2013–2014.[1])

These events for the first time allowed private organizations to purchase, develop and offer space launch services; beginning the period of private spaceflight in the late-1980s and early-1990s.

Satellite manufacturers

There are 8 major companies that build large, commercial, Geosynchronous satellite platforms:

Company Location No of satellites launched Comments
Airbus Defence and Space {{EUR}} ({{FRA}}/{{GER}}/{{ESP}}/{{UK}}) formerly Astrium
OHB SE {{EUR}} ({{GER}}/{{ITA}}/{{LUX}}/{{SWE}}/{{FRA}}/{{BEL}})
Boeing Defense, Space & Security {{USA}} formerly Boeing Integrated Defense Systems
INVAP {{ARG}} 6 - SAC-A
SAC-B
SAC-C
SAC-D
ARSAT-1
ARSAT-2		 INVAP is developing new satellites ARSAT-3 SAOCOM SABIA-Mar
JSC Information Satellite Systems {{RUS}} 1160 formerly NPO PM
Lockheed Martin {{USA}}
Northrop Grumman {{USA}} formerly Orbital ATK
Raytheon{{USA}}One of worlds largest space sensor providers.
Space Systems/Loral {{USA}} 240[2] formerly Space Systems/Loral, LLC
Thales Alenia Space {{EUR}} ({{FRA}}/{{ITA}}/{{UK}}/{{ESP}}/{{BEL}}/{{GER}}/{{POL}}) formerly Alcatel Alenia Space

In addition to those above, the following companies have successfully built and launched (smaller) satellite platforms:

Company Location No of satellites launched Comments
AeroAstro, Inc. {{USA}} Closed [3]
Amsat International - {{USA}}, {{CAN}}, {{GER}}, {{ITA}}, {{JAP}},{{BRA}} {{IND}}, {{UK}}, {{ARG}} consortium of amateur satellite constructors
Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. {{USA}}
Berlin Space Technologies{{GER}}Small Satellites (30-150kg) & Components
British Aerospace {{UK}} purchased Marconi Electronic Systems, to form BAE Systems
CBERS {{BRA}} {{CHN}} 5
Compagnia Generale per lo Spazio {{ITA}} part of OHB SE
Clyde Space {{UK}} CubeSats and Nanosatellites (<10 kg)
EnduroSat{{EUR}}CubeSats and Nanosatellites
Fairchild Space and Electronics Division {{USA}} sold to Matra Marconi Space, then sold to Orbital Sciences Corporation
Fokker Space & Systems {{NED}} then Dutch Space, now part of EADS Astrium Satellites
GAUSS Srl {{ITA}} 9 CubeSats and Small Satellites (<50 kg)
General Electric {{USA}} then merged into Martin Marietta, now part of Lockheed Martin
GomSpace {{DEN}} Cubesats and nanosatellites (<10 kg)
Hawker Siddeley Dynamics {{UK}} now part of EADS Astrium Satellites
Dhruva Space[4] {{IND}} Nano Satellites (>8 to <35 kg)
Hughes Aircraft {{USA}} purchased by Boeing
IHI Corporation {{JAP}}
In-Space Missions{{UK}}Launching first satellite in Q3 2019
Innovative Solutions In Space[5] {{NED}} CubeSats
NPO Lavochkin {{RUS}}
MicroSat Systems Inc. {{CAN}} formerly Space division of Dynacon Incorporated
Millennium Space Systems {{USA}} 2
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries {{JAP}}
Northrop Grumman Space Technology {{USA}}
NanoAvionics {{LTU}} 1 CubeSats and Small Sats
Pumpkin, Inc.[6] {{USA}} CubeSat Kit
Philco Ford {{USA}} then Ford Aerospace, now Space Systems/Loral
QinetiQ Space N.V. {{BEL}} 3 then Verhaert Space
RCA Astro {{USA}} purchased by General Electric, then by Martin Marietta, now part of Lockheed Martin
ytheona{{USA}}
Rockwell {{USA}} purchased by Boeing
RKK Energiya {{RUS}} produced Sputnik 1
Satrec Initiative {{KOR}} 5
SPAR Aerospace {{CAN}} 8 - Alouette 1 (1)
Anik-E (1)
RADARSAT 1 and 2 (2)
Olympus-1 (1)
MSAT 1, 2 and SA (3)		 bought by MacDonald Dettwiler
SNC Space Systems {{USA}} formerly SpaceDev, owned by Sierra Nevada Corporation
SpaceQuest, Ltd {{USA}} 16 Microsatellites & Components
SpaceX {{USA}} 2 [7] Starlink constellation
Spectrum Astro {{USA}} bought by General Dynamics
Sun Space and Information Systems (Pty) Ltd {{RSA}}
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd {{UK}} now part of Airbus Defence & Space
Swales Aerospace {{USA}} bought by Alliant Techsystems, now Orbital ATK
TRANSPACE Technologies[8] {{IND}} On-Board Satellite Systems Fabrication, Testing and Reliability Analysis
Turkish Aerospace Industries {{TUR}}
TRW {{USA}} nearly 200 [9] now part of Northrop Grumman Space Technology
TsSKB-Progress {{RUS}} manufacturer of Bion-M, Foton-M, Resurs-P and Persona
Yuzhnoye Design Bureau {{UKR}}
Xovian[10] {{IND}} Nanosat and services

Launch vehicle manufactures and providers of third party services

Company Location No. of successful launches Comments
Arianespace {{EUR}} ({{FRA}}/{{GER}}/{{ITA}}/{{BEL}}/{{CHE}}/{{SWE}}/{{ESP}}/{{NLD}}/{{NOR}}/{{DEN}}) Ariane (rocket family)
Delft Aerospace Rocket Engineering {{NLD}} Suborbital student-built sounding rockets
ISRO {{IND}} 58/71 PSLV, GSLV, GSLV III
COSMOS International {{RUS}}/{{GER}} commercialises the Kosmos-3M launcher
Eurockot Launch Services {{EUR}} ({{GER}}/{{FRA}}/{{UK}}/{{ESP}}/{{NED}}/{{RUS}}) owned by EADS Astrium
International Launch Services {{USA}}
{{RUS}}		date=January 2013}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
Iranian Space Agency[11] {{IRN}}
ISC Kosmotras {{RUS}}/{{UKR}}/{{KAZ}}
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries {{JAP}} 62
Orbital ATK {{USA}} manufacturer of Antares, Minotaur and Pegasus
Rocket Crafters Inc {{USA}} manufacturer of Intrepid-1[12]
Rocket Lab {{NZL}}/{{USA}} manufacturer of Electron launch vehicle
SpaceX {{USA}}2018|04|16}}[13] Falcon 1, Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy
Sea Launch {{USA}}/{{RUS}}/{{UKR}}/{{NOR}}date=January 2013}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} provider of Sea Launch and Land Launch service
Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau {{RUS}}commercialises the Volna and Shtil' launchers
NPO Mashinostroyeniya {{RUS}}commercialises the Strela launcher
Starsem {{EUR}} ({{GER}}/{{FRA}}/{{UK}}/{{ESP}}/{{NED}}/{{ITA}}/{{BEL}}/{{CHE}}/{{SWE}}/{{NOR}}/{{DEN}}/ and {{RUS}}) commercialises the Soyuz launcher
The Spaceship Company {{USA}} Reusable spaceship launched from the White Knight Aircraft for space tourism and zero-g experimentation
TsSKB-Progress {{RUS}} manufacturer of Soyuz launch vehicle
United Launch Alliance {{USA}}
United Start Launch {{USA}}
{{RUS}}		commercialises the Start-1 launcher[14]
Virgin Galactic {{USA}} Space Tourism Using 'The Spaceship Company spacecraft
Virgin Orbit {{USA}} manufacturer of LauncherOne air-launched launch vehicle

Commercial wings of national space agencies:

  • Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213834/http://www.aidc.com.tw/tw/index.asp AIDC]) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213238/http://www.taia.org.tw/eng/ Taiwan Aerospace Industry Association] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213238/http://www.taia.org.tw/eng/ TAIA]) {{flag|Taiwan}}
  • Antrix Corporation {{IND}}
  • China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation {{PRC}}

Lander, rover and probe manufacturers

Company Location No. of probes launched Comments
Brown Engineering Company Huntsville, AL {{USA}} Rover for Apollo lunar program
China National Space Administration {{PRC}} for Chang'e 3 program in 2013
Deep Space Industries Mountain View, CA {{USA}} DragonFly for asteroid material return mission
Lavochkin {{RUS}} rovers for Lunokhod 1
NASA JPL {{USA}} for ATHLETE lunar missions, Mars Pathfinder, Opportunity and Spirit rover
ISRO {{IND}} Chandrayaan-1, Chandrayaan-2, Mars Orbiter Mission
Planetary Resources Redmond, WA {{USA}} Arkyd-100 for asteroid searching

Spacecraft component manufacturers

Company Location Production Notes
Antenna Development Corporation}} Las Cruces, NM {{USA}} Design, Manufacturing, Assembly, and Test of satellite antennas, primarily Low Gain Antennas (Many units in LEO and Deep Space missions) Antenna hats (couplers) and environmental testing.

Supplier of microstrip patch antennas, helix antennas, quadrifilar helix antennas, antenna couplers, circumferential array antennas, and power splitters

Astro- und Feinwerktechnik Berlin, Germany Design, Manufacturing, Assembly, Integration and Verification of small satellite buses (TET-1, launched July 2012) and components. Attitude control components (reaction wheels, gyro system, GPS receiver, magnetometer)

Supplier of space systems and ISS payload NightPod

Dynetics Madison, AL {{USA}} used on Sundancer and Ares I
American Technology Consortium Oxnard, CA {{USA}} Mars Pathfinder Airbag Retraction Actuator Planetary Gearboxes, Mars Pathfinder Camera Pointing Mechanisms, Stardust Scan Mirror Mechanism, Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor (MVACS) Robot Arm Brush Motors, MVACS Camera Pointing Mechanisms, Genesis Array Deployment Mechanism, Shuttle Radar Topography Mapper (SRTM) Mast Deployment Actuators, SRTM Harmonic Drive Actuators, A2100 & A2100M Bus Antenna Pointing Mechanism Linear Actuators, Orbview 3 & 4 Antenna Gimbals, Sirius Satellite Radio Antenna Gimbal Motors, Champollion Cryogenic Comet Drill Actuator, TES Filter Wheel Actuator, Mars Odyssey Mission PanCam Mast Deployment Actuator, Mars Odyssey PanCam Azimuth Twist Capsule and Actuator Assembly, Mars Odyssey PanCam Elevation Actuator, Mars Odyssey Drill Mechanism Gearboxes, and Mars Phoenix Camera Pointing Mechanisms Asset sale to competitor in 2000, Original corporation renamed to Rocketstar Robotics Inc in 2006
Tethers Unlimited, Inc. Seattle, WA {{USA}} De-Orbiting Devices, Deployable Solar Arrays, Propulsion Systems, Radio Communications, and Robotics
RUAG Space {{CHE}} Structures, Fairings, Mechanisms, Opto-Electronics
GAUSS Srl Rome, {{ITA}} Complete Space Platforms, Nanosatellites Structures and Deployers, OBDH, EPS, Radio Communications, Solar Panels and Groundstation systems
Andrews Space Seattle, WA {{USA}}
Jena-Optronik[15]Jena, {{GER}}Attitude and Orbit Control Systems (AOCS) sensors: star sensors, sun sensors, rendezvous- and docking sensors; Optical space instruments and components: multi-spectral imager (e.g. JSS 56 for RapidEye satellite constellation, efficient radiometer (e.g. METimage), electronic as well as opto-mechanical subsystems and components for operational Earth observation (e.g. for Copernicus Sentinel missions)
Pumpkin, Inc San Francisco, CA {{USA}} CubeSat Kits[16]
Mynaric Munich {{GER}} Laser communication equipment for airborne and spaceborne communication networks, so called constellations.
Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace[17] Kongsberg {{NOR}} Kongsberg Adaptive Rotational Mechanism Assembly [KARMA] in configuration as Solar Array Drive Mechanism (SADM), used on Rosetta (spacecraft), Mars Express, Venus Express, Sentinel 1, Sentinel 3 and BepiColombo MTM.

Drive electronics for Sentinel 1 and BepiColombo MTM.

Booster attachment struts, including separation function, for Ariane 5.

Production Corporation Polyot {{RUS}}
Rocketstar Robotics Inc[18] Camarillo, CA {{USA}} Space Interferometry Mission Optical Shutter Mechanisms
SNC Space Systems {{USA}} formerly SpaceDev, owned by Sierra Nevada Corporation
Clyde Space {{UK}} Power System Electronics, Batteries, Solar Panels, Attitude Control Systems Acquired by ÅAC Microtec[19]
Astro Aerospace[20] Carpinteria, CA {{USA}} Deployable mechanisms, spacecraft structures, AstroMesh deployable reflector, deployable booms, large and small aperature mesh reflector antennas, STEM (Storable Tubular Extendable Member), hinge mechanisms, A special business unit of Northrop Grumman
TRANSPACE Technologies[21] Bangalore, KA {{IND}} On-Board Satellite Sub-Systems Fabrication, Testing, Reliability Analysis and PCB Design Approved Vendor for ISRO Satellite Center, India
RadioBro Corporation[22] Huntsville, Alabama {{USA}} Small Spacecraft Communications, Flight Readiness Testing, Training Services[23]
Solar MEMS Technologies[24] {{ESP}} Sun Sensors for Satellites[25]

Propulsion manufacturers

Company name Country Engine Engine type Comments
Moog-ISP (In Space Propulsion) Westcott, Buckinghamshire{{UK}}

Niagara Falls, NY {{USA}}

 All Forms of Chemical Propulsion including Main Apogee Engines and AOCS Thrusters Bipropellant and Monopropellant Product Families Include: LEROS, MONARC Thruster, LTT Thruster Division of Moog Inc.
Busek Natick, Massachusetts {{USA}} BHT-200, BHT-1500, BHT-20k, BET-1, BmP-220, BIT-1, BIT-3, BIT-7, uPPT-3 Hall-effect thruster, Gridded Ion, Electrospray, micro Pulsed Plasma, Green Monopropellant, Electrothermal, Hollow Cathodes, Field Emission Cathode TacSat-2, FalconSat-5, FalconSat-6, ST-7/LISA Pathfinder. Licensed technology for BPT-4000 aboard AEHF 1, AEHF 2, AEHF 3. Propulsion options ranging from CubeSats to GEO Communications Satellites to Asteroid Redirect Mission Spacecraft.[26]
Aerojet Rocketdyne Rancho Cordova, California {{USA}} Numerous liquid rocket engine, Solid rocket engine, Hall-effect thruster, Gridded Ion thruster.
American Rocket Company {{USA}} hybrid rocket intellectual property acquired by SpaceDev
CU Aerospace Champaign, IL {{USA}} PUC, CHIPS, PPT-11 MCD[27] / Resistojet / PPT[28] Small satellite / CubeSat Propulsion Modules [29]
Frontier AstronauticsValencia, CA {{USA}} VIPER liquid rocket engine reusable rocket engine [30]
Asp high test peroxide reusable monopropellant rocket engine
Ad Astra Rocket Company Webster, TX {{USA}} VASIMR magnetoplasma may be used for future Mars missions
Enpulsion GmbH Wiener Neustadt, Austria Propulsion Systems for Cubesats, Small Sats, and Medium/Large Satellites Field Emission Electric Propulsion Enpulsion is commercializing a technology that has been developed for ESA science missions for more than 10 years.[31]
Reaction Engines Ltd. Oxfordshire, England {{UK}} SABRE combined cycle precooled jet engine and closed cycle rocket engine planned to be used in Skylon
SpaceDev Poway, CA {{USA}} hybrid rocket used on SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo
SpaceX Hawthorne, California, {{USA}} Merlin / Raptor / Draco / Kestrel liquid rocket engine used on Falcon Rockets
TGV Rockets Washington, DC, {{USA}} PF-X / Electrocycle liquid rocket engine used on customer vehicles
ArianeGroup Vernon, {{FRA}} Vinci / Viking / Vulcain / HM7B liquid rocket engine used on Ariane rockets
NPO Energomash {{RUS}} liquid rocket engine used on R-7, Molniya, Soyuz, Energia, Zenit, Atlas III, Atlas V, Angara, Antares
KBKhA {{RUS}} liquid rocket engine used on Soyuz, Proton, Energia
KBKhM {{RUS}} liquid rocket engine used on Vostok, Voskhod, Zenit, Soyuz, Progress, Salyut 1, Salyut 4, Salyut 6, Salyut 7, Mir Core Module, Zvezda, GSLV Mk I
NIIMash {{RUS}} liquid rocket engine used on Almaz, Buran, Briz-M
TsNIIMash {{RUS}} used on STEX
Kuznetsov Design Bureau {{RUS}} liquid rocket engine used on N1, Soyuz-2-1v, Antares
OKB Fakel {{RUS}} Hall-effect thruster used on SMART-1, LS-1300
Proton-PM {{RUS}} liquid rocket engine used on Proton, Angara
Keldysh Research Center {{RUS}}
Voronezh Mechanical Plant {{RUS}} liquid rocket engine used on Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, Proton, Energia, Luna
Yuzhnoye Design Office / Yuzhmash {{UKR}}
  • RD-8
  • RD-843
  • RD-855
  • RD-856 etc.
  • Oxygen+kerosene and N204+UDMH liquid rocket engine
  • Solid rocket engine
  • thrusters
  • Hall-effect thruster
  • ammonia jet propulsion system
  • gas-jet propulsion system
 used on
  • Vega, Zenit, Cyclone and lot of soviet missiles
  • Okean-O, Sich-1, EgyptSat 1 and lot of soviet spacecrafts

See also

  • List of private spaceflight companies including only companies with primarily private funding and missions ("NewSpace")
  • Russian aerospace industry

References

1. ^{{cite news |last=Messier|first=Doug |title=Rogozin Outlines Plans for Consolidating Russia’s Space Industry |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/10/09/rogozin-outlines-plans-consolidating-russias-space-industry/ |accessdate=2014-07-31 |newspaper=Parabolic Arc |date=2013-10-09 }}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://ssloral.com/html/aboutssl/overview.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130411215126/http://ssloral.com/html/aboutssl/overview.html |archivedate=11 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://spacenews.com/comtech-shut-down-aeroastro-small-satellite-operation/|title=Comtech To Shut Down AeroAstro Small-satellite Operation - SpaceNews.com|date=16 July 2012|website=Spacenews.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://dhruvaspace.com/ |title=Dhruva Space |accessdate=26 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928035702/http://dhruvaspace.com/ |archivedate=28 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.isispace.nl/ |title=ISIS |accessdate=9 December 2013}}
6. ^{{cite news |last=Werner|first=Debra |title=Builder Packing More Capability into Small Satellites |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/builders-packing-more-capability-small-satellites |newspaper=Space News |date=2012-08-13 |accessdate=26 September 2013}}
7. ^{{cite news |last=Henry |first=Caleb |url=http://spacenews.com/spacex-launches-pair-of-its-demo-internet-satellites-with-spanish-radar-satellite/ |title=SpaceX launches pair of its demo internet satellites with Spanish radar satellite |work=SpaceNews |date=22 February 2018 |accessdate=2 March 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.transpace.org/ |title=TRANSPACE |accessdate=18 August 2014}}
9. ^{{cite news |title = TRW Plays Key Role in Aerospace |url = http://articles.latimes.com/2002/feb/23/business/fi-trw23 |accessdate = 3 Dec 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.xovian.co.in/|title = Xovian|accessdate = 26 December 2014}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/feb/1025.html |title=Iran unveils three new home-made satellites |accessdate=26 September 2013}}
12. ^https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/patent-granted-rocket-crafters-3d-printed-rocket-fuel-102775/
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spacex.com/missions|title=Launch Manifest|website=Spacex.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}
14. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20160111234912/http://unitedstartlaunch.com/
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://productsandservices.bdli.de/#en/manufacturing-groups/aviation-and-aerospace-systems/J/jenaoptronik-gmbh | title=BDLI manufacturer for space |accessdate=18 February 2014}}
16. ^https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/1122/technology-pumpkin-inc-andrew-kalman-toasters-in-space.html#44fcba301e69
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kongsberg.com |title=Kongsberg Gruppen |accessdate=26 September 2013}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rocketstarrobotics.com |title=Rocketstar Robotics |accessdate=26 September 2013}}
19. ^https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-42459554
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.northropgrumman.com/astro |title=Astro Aerospace |accessdate=4 June 2013}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.transpace.co.in/ |title=TRANSPACE |accessdate=18 August 2014}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.radiobro.com/ |title=RadioBro |accessdate=15 September 2014}}
23. ^http://alabamanewscenter.com/2016/08/09/radiobro-entrepreneurs-prep-launch-cyclone-flight-test-system/
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.solar-mems.com/ |title=SolarMEMS |accessdate=1 September 2016}}
25. ^http://www.esa-tec.eu/space-technologies/from-space/sun-sensor-on-a-chip-ssoc-miniaturized-sun-sensor-for-high-accurate-sun-position-determination-in-the-aerospace-industry/
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.busek.com|title=Busek Home Page|website=Busek.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}
27. ^{{cite book|url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2010-6616|title=46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit|first1=Mark de|last1=Chadenedes|first2=Drew|last2=Ahern|first3=Jin-Hoon|last3=Cho|first4=Sung-Jin|last4=Park|first5=J.|last5=Eden|first6=Rodney|last6=Burton|first7=Je Kwon|last7=Yoon|first8=Stephen|last8=Garrett|first9=Hariswaran|last9=Sitaraman|first10=Laxminarayan|last10=Raja|first11=Julia|last11=Laystrom-Woodard|first12=David|last12=Carroll|first13=Gabriel|last13=Benavides|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|accessdate=11 August 2017|via=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|doi=10.2514/6.2010-6616}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2003-5025|title=Geometric Optimization of a Coaxial Pulsed Plasma Thruster|first1=Julia|last1=Laystrom|first2=Rodney|last2=Burton|first3=Gabriel|last3=Benavides|website=Arc.aiaa.org|accessdate=11 August 2017|doi=10.2514/6.2003-5025}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cuaerospace.com/Products/SmallSatellitePropulsion.aspx|title=CU Aerospace - Small-Satellite Propulsion|date=10 August 2014|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=11 August 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810141928/http://www.cuaerospace.com/Products/SmallSatellitePropulsion.aspx|archivedate=10 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}
30. ^https://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-05/rocket-engine-masses
31. ^http://spacenews.com/austrian-startup-ramping-to-mass-produce-tricky-electric-propulsion-thrusters/
{{Space exploration lists and timelines}}

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